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Operating System Concepts 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Objectives
To describe the services an operating system provides to
users, processes, and other systems
To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating
system
To explain how operating systems are installed and
customized and how they boot
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Services (Cont.)
One set of operating-system services provides functions that are helpful to
the user (Cont.):
File-system manipulation - The file system is of particular interest.
Programs need to read and write files and directories, create and
delete them, search them, list file Information, permission
management.
Communications Processes may exchange information, on the
same computer or between computers over a network
Communications may be via shared memory or through message
passing (packets moved by the OS)
Error detection OS needs to be constantly aware of possible errors
May occur in the CPU and memory hardware, in I/O devices, in
user program
For each type of error, OS should take the appropriate action to
ensure correct and consistent computing
Debugging facilities can greatly enhance the user s and
programmer s abilities to efficiently use the system
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
A View of Operating System Services
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Bourne Shell Command Interpreter
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Touchscreen Interfaces
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Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System Calls
Programming interface to the services provided by the OS
Typically written in a high-level language (C or C++)
Mostly accessed by programs via a high-level
Application Programming Interface (API) rather than
direct system call use
Three most common APIs are Win32 API for Windows,
POSIX API for POSIX-based systems (including virtually
all versions of UNIX, Linux, and Mac OS X), and Java API
for the Java virtual machine (JVM)
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System call sequence to copy the contents of one file to another file
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Example of Standard API
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Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
API System Call OS Relationship
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Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Parameter Passing via Table
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Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Types of System Calls
File management
create file, delete file
open, close file
read, write, reposition
get and set file attributes
Device management
request device, release device
read, write, reposition
get device attributes, set device attributes
logically attach or detach devices
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Information maintenance
get time or date, set time or date
get system data, set system data
get and set process, file, or device attributes
Communications
create, delete communication connection
send, receive messages if message passing model to host
name or process name
From client to server
Shared-memory model create and gain access to memory
regions
transfer status information
attach and detach remote devices
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Types of System Calls (Cont.)
Protection
Control access to resources
Get and set permissions
Allow and deny user access
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Standard C Library Example
C program invoking printf() library call, which calls write() system call
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System Programs
System programs provide a convenient environment for program
development and execution. They can be divided into:
File manipulation
Status information sometimes stored in a File modification
Programming language support
Program loading and execution
Communications
Background services
Application programs
Most users view of the operation system is defined by system
programs, not the actual system calls
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.26 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System Programs
Provide a convenient environment for program development and
execution
Some of them are simply user interfaces to system calls; others
are considerably more complex
Status information
Some ask the system for info - date, time, amount of available
memory, disk space, number of users
Others provide detailed performance, logging, and debugging
information
Typically, these programs format and print the output to the
terminal or other output devices
Some systems implement a registry - used to store and
retrieve configuration information
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
System Programs (Cont.)
Background Services
Launch at boot time
Some for system startup, then terminate
Some from system boot to shutdown
Provide facilities like disk checking, process scheduling, error
logging, printing
Run in user context not kernel context
Known as services, subsystems, daemons
Application programs
Don t pertain to system
Run by users
Not typically considered part of OS
Launched by command line, mouse click, finger poke
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Design and Implementation (Cont.)
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Implementation
Much variation
Early OSes in assembly language
Then system programming languages like Algol, PL/1
Now C, C++
Actually usually a mix of languages
Lowest levels in assembly
Main body in C
Systems programs in C, C++, scripting languages like PERL,
Python, shell scripts
More high-level language easier to port to other hardware
But slower
Emulation can allow an OS to run on non-native hardware
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Structure
General-purpose OS is very large program
Various ways to structure ones
Simple structure MS-DOS
More complex -- UNIX
Layered an abstrcation
Microkernel -Mach
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Layered Approach
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Operating-System Debugging
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Performance Tuning
Improve performance by
removing bottlenecks
OS must provide means of
computing and displaying
measures of system
behavior
For example, top program
or Windows Task Manager
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition 2.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Operating System Generation
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System Boot
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End of Chapter 2
Operating System Concepts 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013