SINGAPORE STANDARD CP26:1983 (UDC 696.121) CODE OF PRACTICE FOR Drainage of Roofs Copyright Reserved Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research 179, River Valley Road, Singapore 0617 ISBN 9971-67-102-6cP 26 : 1983 ‘This Singapore Standard having been approved by the Building and Construction Industry Standards Committee was endorsed by the Standards Council on 6 July 1983. First published, 1983. ‘The Building and Construction Industry Standards Committee appointed by the Standards Council consists of the following members: Name Organisation Chairman: Mr Sim Hong Boon ‘Standards Council, Deputy Mr Khoo Lee Meng Singapore Institute of Standards and Chairman: Industrial Research Secretar Mr Foong Chee Kwong Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Members: Mr Chee Soon Wah Singapore Institute of Architects Dr Tony Chi Association of Consulting Engineers, Singapore ‘Mr Chua Cheng Yong Singapore Institute of Surveyors and Valuers Mr SP Chua Singapore Contractors’ Association Limited Mr Koh Ming Sham Singapore Manufacturers’ Association Mr V Krishna Development and Building Control Division Mr Lee Bay Tseng ‘Singapore Concrete Institute Assoc Prof David J K Lim School of Architecture, National University of Singapore Mr Lim Sak Lan Institution of Engineers, Singapore Assoc Prof Tam Chat Tim _Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore Mr Tan Teng Huat Ministry of the Environment Mr Robert Tay Housing and Development Board ‘The Technical Committee appointed by the Building and Construction Industry Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard, consists of representatives from the following organisations: Name Organisation Chairman: Mr Chan Sui Him Singapore Institute of Architects Secretary: Mr Robin Low Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Members: Dr Cheong Hin Fatt Institution of Engineers, Singapore Mr Chua Soon Wah Ministry of the Environment ‘Mr Louis Ee Singapore Contractors’ Association Limited ‘Assoc Prof MH Abdul Khadel_ Department of Civil Engineering, National . University of Singapore Mr Khoo Teng Chye Urban Redevelopment Authority Mr Loh Swee Seng Housing and Development Board Mr Tan Tock Eng Public Works Department Mrs Tse Swee Ling School of Architecture, National University of Singapore Mr Yeo Siew Hong Singapore Institute of Building Limited To keep abreast of technological changes and new technical developments in the manufacturing sector, Singapore Standards are subject to periodical review. Revisions of Singapore Standards ‘are announced through the issue either of amendment slips or of revised editions.CP 26 : 1983 CONTENTS Page Foreword ee : 6 SECTION ONE. GENERAL eee cope eee ete eeteteeteeeeeg tee ere eee uemgEe 7 References soe ee ene 7 Definitions Se 7 SECTION TWO. MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 4. Materials and components forrainwater goods = = == 8 4.1 General - - - ee 8 4.2 Aluminium oe eee oe 8 4.3. Asbestos cement oe Soe 8 4.4 Cast iron - se ee 8 4.5 Low carbon (mild) steel : : 8 48 Unplastcied PVC(UPVC) = - = 8 4.7 New materials - Se ee 8 SECTION THREE. DESIGN 5. Meteorological aspects of design = - - 9 51 General - es 9 5.2 Design rates of rainfall - sone 9 B3 Wind = Se 10 5.4 Thermal movement = Se n 6 Runoff - eee mae u G1 Effective catchment area- = = + : u 6.2 Rate of run-off See : 4 7. Hydraulic design of roof drainage = = 15 71 General principles a 18 7.2 Standard method of design = = = 15 73° Galeuation of flows in gutters = = => : 18 7.4 — Eaves gutters omens 7 7.5 Valley and parapet and boundary eal tiers ee 21 7.6 Gutter outlets. - Fee 26 7.7 Rainwater pipes se ee 31 7.8 Connection to sewer system a : a 33 7.0 ie Wertseal surteces ten ute arte utes teeete imeem 33 7.10 Flat roofs, Fe : 33CP 26 : 1983 Page SECTION FOUR. WORK ON SITE eee tye and pacing Of MOlOG dec nae 38 Ql Gutes = = 38 82 Rainwaterpipess = = 3 9 Beer ee ease eee areca eae eeaeaeoae eter 20 a1 gut cee eee ae eee 39 92 ee 40 10 Accesstopipess - = - 40 ete rcp pips gece eee ueeeees teeter eee 40 12 Termination of rainwater pipes - = = = > 40 13. Wamingpipes - = ee a SECTION FIVE. INSPECTION, TESTING AND MAINTENANCE 14. Inspection ae aera eae 42 1 Testing = 42 A Gavia egg 42 16.2 Water test for gutters - So 42 16 Maintenance = = se - : 42 161 Periodic inspection andcleaning- = = => 2 162 Painting eee 42 APPENDICES ‘A. Supplementary design procedure for roof drainage = = == 43 eee Symbicha ee eee eee as 49 C. References See eee eee 52 TABLES 1. Flow capacities of standard eaves gutters (level) - 2 2 : a 2 Reduction factors for capacities of long half-round eaves gutters : 20 3. Reduction factors for capacities of standard eaves gutters containing angles. 2110. m, 12, 13. 4 15. 16, 7, 18. Flow capac discharging freely) = = Recommended minimum outlet sizes for standard eaves gutters Capacity of outlet weirs for flat roofs - Estimated capacities of outlets for flat roofs FIGURES. Design intensity of 5-minute storm in Singapore - Calculation of effective catchment area A, for roofs Calculation of effective catchment area A, for vertical surfaces Division of flow between gutter outlets. - Flow patterns at various roof edges = Flow capacities of freely-discharging half-round gutters Cross-section of trapezoidal gutter - Design chart for freely-discharging trapezoidal gutters Capacity of freely-discharging gutters = = Dimensions of typical box-receivers ‘Types of gutter outlets = : Capacity of circular outlets : Weir overflow at upstream end of gutter - Method for ascertaining standing water level in horizontal pipe Drainage from flat roofs: types of outlets Design chart for trapezoidal gutters with restricted discharge Effect of resistance in level gutters. - Channel cross sections: definition of effective side-slope b Of level trapezoidal gutters conforming to BS 569 and cP 26 : 1983 Page 2 23 26 : 34 4 19 29 35 438cP 26 : 1983 SINGAPORE STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DRAINAGE OF ROOFS FOREWORD This code was prepared by the Technical Committee on Roof Drainage under the authority of the Building and Construction Industry Standards Committee. Rainwater gutters and downpipes are essential for prompt removal of incident rainfall fon the roof. Efficient roof drainage is an important pre-requisite for the economic maintenance of a building. Installation of rainwater gutters and pipes require careful attention to their capacity, position and firmness of support. Factors relevant to the sizing of roof drainage channels under the local rainstorm conditions are discussed and a method for direct design outlined. Equations developed ‘empirically overseas are adopted and specific systems for low and highrise buildings are considered. This code is intended to serve as a guide for architects, engineers, builders and other responsible for the design of drainage systems conveying rainwater from roofs to the point of discharge into the surface drain. In preparing this code, the latest draft British Standard Code of Practice for Drainage of Roofs and Paved Areas was used as a basis, Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from the above reference and the valuable contributions offered by the Meteorological Service Singapore.CP 26: 1983 SECTION ONE. GENERAL 4. SCOPE This code deals with the drainage of surface water from r recommends methods of designing gutters, gutter outlets and rainwater pit fs and walls and 3s. The code also gives guidance as to the choice of materials (Section Two) in connection with fixing and jointing the drainage systems (Section Four). Section Five deals with inspection, testing and maintenance. 2 REFERENCES ‘The titles of the standards publications referred to in this standard are listed on Pages 53 end 54, Other references are listed in the Bibliography in Appendix C and reference in ‘the text by bracketed numbers. 3 DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this code the definitions given in BS 2717, BS 4118 and BS 5168 apply. ‘The symbols used are defined in Appendix B.CP 26: 1983 SECTION TWO, MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 4 MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS FOR RAINWATER GOODS 41 General, All materials and components for rainwater goods should comply with the requirements of relevant Singapore Standards where these exist, otherwise British Standards should apply. Such standards, appropriate to pipes, fittings, and fixing accessories, are listed inside the back cover of this Code. The following materials are widely and successfully used in roof work. They have different physical characteristics which should be taken into account during handling and fixing and reference shall be made to the relevant BS code and to manufacturer's instructions. The system should be able to withstand the maximum hydraulic head which could occur should a blockage take place at the lowest point. Guidance on the avoidance of bimetallic corrosion is given in PD 6484, 42 Aluminium* [BS 2997 And BS 6150]. Avoid galvanic corrosion by contact with or Fun-off to or from cast iron, steel (including stainless), copper, alkaline concrete, mortar oF Plaster. Protect where necessary by bitumen or other suitable coating, Paint or seal joints oF overlaps. Protect overall in heavily polluted atmospheres, 4.3 Asbestos-Coment [BS 569 And BS 3656]. Mechanical working attracts provisions of the Factories (Asbestos) Regulations. Safety guides on the use of Asbestos or Asbestos Containing materials in the building and construction industries are prescribed in the Code Of Practice for Handling of Asbestos materials issued by the Industrial Health Division (MOL). : 44 Cast Iron [BS 416, BS 460, BS 5493 And BS 6150]. Light sections are usually ‘supplied primed, heavy sections with bituminous coating. External pipes should be fitted with stand-off ears, spacing pieces or holderbats so that subsequent painting can be continuous around the pipe. Inside surfaces of gutters should be painted, 4.8 Low Carbon (Mild) Steel [BS 1091, BS 6493 And BS 6150]. Should be hot dip galvanized, painted or stove enamelled. 46 Unplasticized PVC [SS 213, BS 4576 And BS 4660]. Impact strength reduces with temperature and care should therefore be taken in handling at or below freezing point. Allow for a relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion. 4.7 New Materials. This code shall not be interpreted to’ prevent the use of materials not specifically referred to herein. NOTE: may te necssry to eek approval from the relevant Statutory Authority forthe ute of new materi * These materia are suitable ago for nonstandard and decorative sections.cP 26 : 1983 SECTION THREE. DESIGN 5, METEOROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DESIGN 5.1 General. In design it is usually impracticable to guard against the extremely heavy rainfall in the form of cloudbursts which may occur very infrequently. The aim of the designer should normally be to achieve a balance between the cost of drainage system and the frequency and consequences of flooding. ‘The capacity of roof drainage should be adequate to dispose of the intense rains which usually occur in association with thunderstorms. Allowance should be made where necessary for the effect of wind concurrent with rain, 5.2 Design Rates Of Rainfall. A rate of rainfall as given in Category 1 below is generally satisfactory for roof gutters where overflow is not likely to occur inside a building and for other gutter where some risk to the contents of the building may be acceptable. For other cases, rates of rainfall corresponding approximately to a chosen return period should be used. The return period (T years) of an event can be defined approximately by the chance (1/1) that the event will be exceeded in any given year. It should be noted that 1/T does not exactly represent the chance of exceeding the chosen rate of rainfall in a given year, but is @ good approximation if T is more than five years. Since it may be the contents Of the buildings that are at risk, this chance per year can be related to the contents. The probability (Pr) of exceeding the chosen rate of rainfall may be assigned a value between 0.0, representing assured safety, and 1.0, representing cortainty that the rate will be exceeded for values of the return period equal to or greater than § years. Pr and T are approximately related by the equation: Pro= 1-(1-1/T)y (for T > 5 years) a where, Pri the probability of exceeding the chosen rate of rainfall; Tis the return period of the chosen event (in years); Ly is the anticipated life of the building or the period for which the contents eed to be protected (in years), whichever is being used as the drainage criterion, ‘The maximum rate of run-off will result from a storm whose duration is equal to the time of concentration which is the minimum time for the whole area of the roof to contribute flow at the point of discharge. A time of concentration of several minutes is typical for many roofs, The following categories of design risk are proposed based on rainfall records in Singapore [12]:cP 26: 1983 Category 1. Three rates of intense rainfall are recommended, giving three different degrees of risk of overloading the drainage system. These are: i) 165 mm/hr for the design of flat surfaces on which ponding can be tolerated during an intense storm and for a few minutes after the storm has ceased, Rainfall at this intensity may be expected to last: 5 minutes once in 1 year 15 minutes once in 10 years ii) 200 mm/hr for the design of stoping surfaces where ponding normally cannot be folerated. A design based on this rate when freeboard is not provided will ‘occasionally overflow or pond. Rainfall at this intensity may be expected to last: 5 minutes once in 4 years 15 minutes once in 60 years iii) 330 mm/hr for the design of surfaces where any overflowing or ponding is to be avoided (except during those rare storms for which design is impracticable). Rainfall at this intensity may be expected to last: 3 minutes once in 50 years 4 minutes once in 100 years Category 2. Pr = 0.5 may be considered in cases where the building or its contents require an additional measure of protection, In this category the return period T can be estimated using the equation T = 1.5 Ly, and the chosen intensity of rainfall may be found using Figure 1. ‘The designer should choose the intensity of rainfall which at the chosen location has ‘a return period equal to or greater than the recommended return period. Greater accuracy is unnecessary. Category 3 Pr = 0.2 should be used if an even higher degree of security is desirable. In this caso the return period T is given by T = 45 Ly. The chosen intensity of rainfall may be found using Figure 1. Category 4. Where the highest possible security (Pr approaching 0.0) a return period of 35,000 years is recommended; the chosen intensity of rainfall should then be 500 mm/hr. 5.3 Wind. The entrance to a rain gauge lies in a horizontal plane and, as a result, recorded rates of rainfall take no account of the driving effect of wind concurrent with the rain ‘Allowance for the effect of the wind is not required when designing drainage for horizontal surfaces, or for other surfaces protected from the wind by nearby objects, but should be considered where sloping or vertical surfaces occur that are freely exposed to the wind. Information on the strength of the wind concurrent with intense rain is very limited, ‘A recent analysis has shown that at times of peak rainfall an average angle of descent of wind-driven rain of one unit horizontal for each two units of descent should be allowed (26° to the vertical). ‘The method of determining the effect of wind on the run-off from pitched roofs and vertical surfaces is described in Subclauses 6.1.3 and 6.1.4. 10cP 26 : 1983 5.4 Thermal Movement 5.4.1 Gutters. Supports and fixings to gutters should allow for thermal movement to ‘take place and, in addition, expansion joints may be necessary. The spacing of expansion joints depends upon the flexibility of the jointing material used, the method of jointing and supporting, and the coefficient of expansion of the material of which the gutter is made. Except where the methods of jointing and fixing provide adequate allowance for movement, very long lengths of gutter may have to be divided into suitable sections. In such cases the allowance for expansion may be by means of a gap provided between sections and weathered by a suitable material. Where the ends of gutters abut a structure (eg. gutters fixed between brick walls) a suitably weathered gap should be left between the end of the gutter and the structure. Where structure expansion joints are provided in a building, éxpansion joints should bbe provided in the gutter to coincide. 5.4.2 Rainwater pipes. The type of jointing used for rainwater pipes should allow for thermal movement to take place without leakage, distortion and displacement of fittings. Particular care is necessary when rainwater pipes of long length are used. 6 RUN-OFF 6.1 Effective Catchment Area 1.1. General. The effective catchment area of a sloping or vertical surface depends upon the angle of descent of the rain. It may normally be assumed for purposes of design that the rain falls at an angle of one unit horizontal to two units vertical (but see Subclause 5.3), and that its direction is such as to produce the maximum rate of run-off; this is the basis of the recommendations in Subclauses 6.1.2 to 6.1.4. Air flow patterns around buildings can however affect the local angle of buildings and buildings in exposed positions. 61.2. Flat roofs. The effective catchment area A, of a freely exposed horizontal surface is equal to the plan area of the surface (see Figure 2a). Where sloping or vertical surfaces drain to a flat roof, the additional area of catchment should be calculated as described in Subclauses 6.1.3 and 6.1.4. 6.1.3. Sloping roofs. The effective catchment area A, of a freely exposed roof drainage to an eaves or parapet-wall gutter is equal to the plan area of the roof, plus half its maximum area in elevation (see Figure 2b). For a valley gutter one side of the roof will tend to be exposed to the wind and the other side will tend to be sheltered; the method of calculating the effective catchment area A, is illustrated in Figure 2c. ‘The effect of wind can be appreciated by noting that, compared to a horizontal roof of the same plan width, the run-off will be 25 per cent greater if the roof has a slope of one Unit vertical to two units horizontal and 50 per cent greater if it has a slope of one unit vertical to one unit horizontal. 61.4. Vertical surfaces. Wind-driven rain will cause run-off from walls and other vertical surfaces which are freely exposed to the wind, For a single wall, the effective catchment A, should be taken as half the exposed vertical area of the wall. Where two or more walls form an angle or bay, the direction of ‘the wind should be assumed to be such that the walls, considered together, present the u :cP 26: 1983 005 oor 002 (ue94) ooniad NUNLas (aya ALisnaantcP 26 : 1983 He An (c) Valley gutter: Ag = Any + Anz + % (Ava — Aut) Figure 2. Calculation of effective catchment area A for roofs 13cP 26 : 1983 maximum vertical area to the rain. The method of calculating the effective catchment area ‘Ac is illustrated in Figure 3. For an enclosed area, the value of A, will be equal to the horizontal plan area unless the surrounding walls are of unequal height. In the latter case the value of A, should be increased by half the area in elevation by which the higher wall exceeds the lower wall. Some rain directed at the wall of a structure will be diverted by cross.winds caused by the presence of the structure, Some drops reaching the wall will bounce, be blown-off, ‘or be discharged from the wall by its surface features. These drops are retained in the cross-winds and do not return to the wall. The proportion of rain remaining on the wall is not calculable with present knowledge. Its distribution depends on the surface-tension and surface-roughness, For designing wall-drainage the total rain approaching the wall may bbe used, bearing in mind that the resulting figure will normally have a large margin of safety. 62 Rate Of Run-Off. Run-off from roofs and vertical surfaces should be calculated assuming that the surfaces are impermeable. The rate of run-off Q in litres per second is siven by: (2) where A, is the effective catchment area in m? (see Subclause 6.1) and | is the design rainfall intensity in mm/h (see Clause 5). A VERA TAEg PA Ay 3 os) 1 2 nee Ay x and Aya ace areas ofthe vertial wall, 8 shown, contributing tothe Fow of the gutter Figure 3. Calculation of effective catchment area Ag for vertical surfaces 4cP 26 : 1983, 7. HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF ROOF DRAINAGE 7.1 General Principles. A roof drainage system generally comprises three parts: (2) The gutter or channel which collects the flow from the roof. (b) The outlet into which the flow from the gutter or channel discharges. (c)_ The pipework which conveys the flow from the outlet to the below-ground drainage system. (The design of the below-ground drainage system is dealt with in British Standard Code of Practice 301 ‘Building drainage’.) ‘The three parts of the drainage system can be designed separately if the outlet and the pipework are made large enough for the flow to discharge freely from the gutter; this is the basis of the standard mothod of design described in Subclauses 7.2 to 7.7. Occassionally it is necessary to use outlets or pipework that are smaller than those required by the standard method. When this occurs the capacity of the gutter is less than the capacity which it has when it discharges freely, and a more complicated method of design is necessary (see Subclause 7.2 and Appendix’A). Gutters and downpipes may be omitted from a roof at any height provided that it has an area of 6m? or less and provided that no roof or other surface drains on to it. Consideration may be given to the omission of gutters and rainwater pipes from tall structures where run-off would be dispersed before reaching the ground, or where the runoff could be directed so as to avoid undesirable pattern straining and splashing of windows. 7.2. Standard Method Of Design. The method of design described in Clause 7 is based on the following assumptions: (a) The gutter slope is not steeper than 1 in 350 (i.e. it is nominally level). {b) The gutter has a uniform cross-sectional shape. (c)_ The outlets are large enough to allow the gutter to discharge freely. (d) The distance between a stop end and an outlet is less than 50 times the overall depth of the gutter, or the distance between two outlets is less than 100 times the overall depth. Eaves gutters should always be designed to discharge freely; if the length of an eaves, gutter exceeds the limits given in (d) it is necessary to reduce its design capacity. Methods ‘of designing valley gutters that do not discharge freely or that exceed the limits in (d) are described in Appendix A. 7.3. Calculation Of Flows In Gutters 7.3.1. General. The method of determining the design rate of run-off from the roof of 2 building is described in Clause 6 After the run-off has been collected by the gutter. Its direction of flow is determined by the position of the outlets. If a length is served by two outlets, the flow will split equally between them even if the flow does not enter the gutter Uniformly along its length, Figure 4a shows how the flow at each outlet in a length of gutter Gan be caleulate I strong wind blows slong gute, the flow may be inereasod in thet rection, 15cP 26 : 1983 02 (NON-UNIFORM INFLOW! Oy —— O52 232 —— 1 V1 (a) tb) 4 4 o4 to o4 4 { 1 ‘ on on —— « NOTE: For the same total flow, the gutter in (c) requires twice the capacity of the gutter in (b) Figure 4. Division of flow betwoon gutter outletscP 26 : 1983 Figures 4b and 4c show how the capacity of a gutter can be used most efficiently. In Figure 4b, the outlets split the gutter into three sections, the middle one of which collects half the total flow and discharge at both ends; if the total flow from the roof is Q, then each section of gutter needs to have a discharge capacity of Q/4. Figure 4c shows a less efficient arrangement in which the outlets are positioned at the ends of the gutters; in this case a larger gutter is required since each section needs to have a discharge capacity of /2. 7.3.2 Additional factors. Although there is an optimum arrangement for the outlets (see Subclause 7.3.1), their number and position will often be determined by the layout of ‘the building. For eaves gutters, an outlet should be located, where possible, near to each angle i.e. where there is a change in direction of the flow. The reduction which such angles ‘cause in the capacity of eaves gutters is detailed in Subclause 7.4.4 For valley and parapet wall gutters, an outlet must be positioned at or very close to each change in flow direction. Where overflowing of such a gutter cannot be tolerated, a minimum of two outlets is desirable. It may also be necessary either to provide a weir overflow at the end of the gutter (see Subclause 7.6.6), so that any flow in excess of the design rate is discharged clear of the building, or to design for a rate of rainfall that corresponds to a high degree of security (see Subclause 5.2). 7.4. Eaves Gutters 7.4.1. Gutter location. The spread of water as it leaves the roof edge depends on the rate of rainfall, the roof covering used and the pitch of the roof. The most satisfactory roof ‘edge is one with the upper corner rounded and the lower corner sharp. The gutter should, where practicable, be fixed centrally under the roof edge and close beneath it, particularly ‘where roof edges that give a wide spread of water are used (see Figure 5). This also ensures ease of access for cleaning. 7.42. Capacity, The capacities of standard sizes of true and nominal half-round gutters are given in Table 1. Capacities of half-round gutters whose sizes do not correspond exactly to those in Table 1 may be estimated from Figure 6 which shows the relationship between the capacity Q and the top width W, of the gutter. The figures in Table 1 and Figure 6 assume that the gutters discharge freely, and that the depth of the flow at the downstream end is 6/9 the depth of flow at the upstream end when the gutter is just flowing full. These igures provide a small margin of safety compared with experimental measurements of the capacity of cast iron and plastics eaves gutters when just flowing full [4]. The capacity of other types of eaves gutters should be determined by the generat design method given in Subclause 7.5. WCP 26 : 1983 Figure 5. Flow patterns at various roof edges (spread of water shown dotted) 18cP 26: 1983 i yo topjoedea moi “9 sinbiy As ing atv 3 van 18cP 26: 1983 TABLE 1 FLOW CAPACITIES OF STANDARD EAVES GUTTERS (LEVEL) Goa ae Flow capacity Us mm ‘True half-round Nominal half-round 5 0.38 0.27 100 0.78 | 0.55 | 115 ant } 0.78 125 1.37 0.96 150 216 1.52 CAUTION. Capacities should be determined for the actual internal dimensions which may not equal the nominal dimensions given in British Standard, 7.4.3 Long gutters. Frictional resistance reduces the capacities of long gutters and should be taken into account if the length Ly of the gutter is more than 60 times its overall depth Y,; the gutter length is defined as either the distance between a stop end and an outlet, of as half the distance between two adjacent outlets. If the length of a gutter exceeds this limit, the design capacity obtained from Table 1 or Figure 6 should be multiplied by a reduction factor estimated from Table 2 TABLE 2 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR CAPACITIES OF LONG HALF-ROUND EAVES GUTTERS Reduction factor ] 1.0 0.93 0.86 0.80 Lilo 7.4.4 Effect of angles. If a length of eaves gutter includes an angle, the flow in the gutter will be impeded and its capacity reduced, Table 3 gives factors by which the capacity of a gutter (as found from Table 1) should be reduced, according to the position and type of the angle; the factors in Table 3 were determined from experiment [4]. Where an angle ‘occurs in a length of gutter served by two outlets, the reduction factor from Table 3 should only be applied to that part of the gutter in which the angle is situated. 20cP 26 : 1983 TABLE 3 REDUCTION FACTORS FOR CAPACITIES OF STANDARD EAVES GUTTERS CONTAINING ANGLES Reduction factor Angle less than 2m | Angle between 2m from outlet and 4 m from outlet Sharp corner 0.80 Type of Angle Round corner 0.90 7.5. Valley, Parapet And Boundary-Wall Gutters 7.5.1 Cross-sectional shape, Gutters to British Standard specifications are available, although in the case of valley gutters the shape may often be chosen so as to conform to the cross-sectional shape of the roof. Gutters should be large enough to enable a person to work along them for maintenance purpose; for valley gutters the recommended minimum top width is 500mm, and for parapet and boundary-wall gutters it is 300mm. A satisfactory shape of valley gutter is that gives the required flow capacity, and if the sides are then turned vertically upwards in order to provide the required amount of freeboard (see Subclause 7.5.3 and Figure 7). TOP WIOTH OF GUTTER We (OVERALL DEPTH OF GUTTER Yj Mum DEPTH FLOW Yy L 7 SOLE WIDTH 8, {200 mm MIN) Effective side-slope b Figure 7. Cross-section of trapezoidal gutter 2cP 26 : 1983 7.5.2 _ Fall, The fall to which the gutter is laid will depend on structural considerations ‘and on the material used for gutter or gutter lining Where manufactured gutters (eg asbestos-cement, cast iron, pressed steel) are fitted, a fall may not necessarily be required but supports should be adjustable in order to avoid ponding. The standard method of design described in Subclauses 7.5.4 to 7.6.7 assumes that the gutter is level; a gutter laid to a fall will have a somewhat higher capacity, but this increase should be viewed as an additional factor of safety. 7.5.3. Freeboard, The overall depth of-a gutter should be greater than the depth needed ‘to give the design capacity, so as to prevent it being overtopped by waves produced by strong winds. For valley and parapet wall gutters, the amount of freeboard shofMd be taken as two-fifths of the maximum depth of flow in the gutter, with an upper limit of 75 mm. For eaves gutters, no allowance for freeboard need normally be made provided that any overflow from the gutter falls clear of the building (see Subclause 7.5.7). 7.5.4 Principles of design method. In a level gutter the depth of flow is greatest at the upstream end and decreases towards the outlet. Subtracting the allowable freeboard from the overall depth of the gutter therefore gives the design depth of flow Y,, at the upstream tend; the discharge that produces the depth Y, is the design capacity of the gutter, A level gutter attains its maximum capacity when the outlet is largo enough to allow the gutter to discharge freely; when this occurs the depth of flow in the gutter just upstream of the outlet is equal to what is termed the critical depth Y.. ‘The ratio of the depth of flow Y, at the upstream end of the gutter to the critical depth Y, at the downstream end depends only upon the cross-sectional shape of the gutter (provided that the requirements of Subclause 7.2 are met). The effect of flow resistance is ‘Normally small so that the length of the gutter does not affect the value of Y,/Y. unless ‘the gutter is longer than the limit given in Subclause 7.2(d). The discharge corresponding to the critical depth Y, can be calculated directly if the cross-sectional shape of the gutter is known. Rectangular and triangular gutters may be considered as special types of trapezoidal gutter, and can therefore be designed in the same way as trapezoidal gutters (Subclauses 7.5.5 and 7.5.6). 7.5.5 Capacity of freely-discharging trapezoidal gutters. The design capacities of level trapezoidal gutters whose cross-sectional shapes comply with the requirements of BS 569 are given in Table 4. The figures assume that the gutters discharge freely, and include a freeboard allowance equal to 2/7 the overall depth of the gutter (Subclause 7.6.3). Table the depths of flow at the downstream ends of the gutters for the specified design, The capacities of other types of gutter may be determined by means of the following procedure if their size and shape are given: ) Determine the design depth of flow Y, at the upstream end of the gutter by subtracting the required amount of freeboard (Subclause 7.5.3) from the overall depth Y, of the gutter. For eaves gutters Y, = Yq. For valley, parapet and boundary wall gutters Y, = 5Y,/7 or Y, = Yq — 75mm, whichover gives the greater value. 2CP 26 : 1983 TABLE 4 FLOW CAPACITIES OF LEVEL TRAPEZOIDAL GUTTERS CONFORMING TO BS 569 AND DISCHARGING FREELY Depth of flow (Ye) | Type of gutter Flow capacity | at downstream end {cimensions in mm) Vs of qutter (em) Valley gutter 406 x 127 x 254 a7 47 | Valley gutter 457 x 127 x 152 68 51 Velley gutter 610 x 152 x 229 127 60 Boundary wall gutter No. 1 pattern 279 x 127x178 60 a7 Boundary wall gutter No. 1 pattern 305 x 152 x 229 97 55 | Boundary wall gutter No, 1 pattern 457 x 152 x 305 134 56 | Boundary wall utter No. 1 pattern | 558x152 x406 17.3 55 | NOTE, Flow copcitis include an allowance for fesbourd (7.5.3) b) Find the value of the critical depth Y- at the downstream end of the gutter. ‘The ratio Yu/Ye depends upon the shape factor B,/B, of the gutter, where B, is the sole width and B, is the width of flow corresponding to the depth Y,. Calculate the value of B,/B, and use Figure 8 to find the corresponding value of Y,/Ye: thus determine Y.. Note that for rectangular gutters B,/B, = 1 and the critical depth is equal to half the depth at the upstream end, c) The capacity Q of the gutter is found from the value of critical depth Ye. First calculate the cross-sectional area A, and the surface width of flow Be corresponding to the depth Y.. Then determine Q from Figure 9 or from equation (3) of Appendix A- ‘The calculated value of Q assumes that the outlet is large enough to allow the gutter to discharge freely (see Subclause 7.6). The method of determining the capacity of trapezoidal gutters with restricted discharge is described in A.2. 23cP 26 : 1983 20 18 16 Ye Ye 1a 12 10 07 0a 08 08 7.0 me ey Figure & Dosign chart for freely- discharging trapezoidal gutters 1 gutters. If the capacity of a gutter, is specified, a trial-and-error procedure may be used to find the required dimensions of ‘the gutter. If, for example, the sole width and side-slopes are fixed, the unknown quantity is the overall depth Y, of the gutter. Therefore an estimated value of Y, should be chosen and the capacity Q determined by means of the procedure in Subclause 7.6.5. If the calculated value of Q does not equal the required capacity, the procedure is then repeated using a revised value of Yq. 7.5.7 Capacity of freely-discharging true half-round gutters. The relationship between the capacity Q and the top width W, of true half-round gutters is shown in Figure 6 (Note that this type of gutter contains a provision for freeboard and therefore has a lower capacity than a similar eaves gutter). The design curve allows for the recommended amount of freeboard (Subclause 7.5.3) which is equal to 2/7 the overall depth of the gutter. For comparison with Subclause 7.6.5, the depth of flow Y, at the upstream end of the gutter is 1,69 times the critical depth Ye at the downstream end. The methad of determining the capacity of true half-round gutters with restricted discharge is described in A.2 7.5.8 Other cross-sectional shapes of gutter. An approximate method for designing gutters of non-standard cross-sectional shape is described in A.3 24cP 26 : 1983 é o 8 SMOS OSSSSES Se re ° 2x10? x10? 10! Ae nm2 Figure 9. Capacity of fresly-discharging guttors 25cP 26 : 1983 7.6 Gutter Outlets 7.6.1 General. Factors affecting the number and position of outlets that are required are detailed in Subclause 7.3, Two types of gutter outlet may be used, The rainwater pipe may either be connected directly to the sole of the gutter, or it may be connected to a box-receiver into which the flow from the gutter first discharges. Box-receivers are preferable to outlets in the sole of the gutter because they ensure that the flow discharges freely from the gutter, reduce the risk of overtopping due to partial blockages, and may allow smaller rainwater pipes to be used. The use of box-receivers is recommended for valley, parapet and boundary wall gutters designed according to the standard method of design described in Subclauses 7.2 and 7.5. The design of the structural framework should ‘take account of any internal box-receivers (see Figure 10b) or outlets in the side of the gutter. Gratings are always a potential source of blockage and should be used only on outlets of 150 mm nominal bore and above. The inclusion of a protective grating will in general reduce the capacity of the outlet, During the course of construction, outlets should be protected in order to prevent building materials and loose chippings from entering the rainwater pipe. 7.6.2 Outlets for eaves gutters. Circular outlets in the sole of the gutter are often used ‘for eaves gutters, and suitable sizes are given in Table 5. Box-receivers may be used as an alternative, and are preferable as they reduce the risk of overtopping due to partial blockages; the design of box-receivers is described in Subclause 7.7.3. TABLE 5 RECOMMENDED MINIMUM OUTLET SIZES FOR STANDARD EAVES GUTTERS inal sizo* Throat diameter | Throat diameter Let Parhoad Romer ete | __ of outlet at of outlet not at (mm) Sutet | one end of gutter | one end of gutter (mm) (mm) s 50 50 6 R 50 50 s 63 63 Ae R 50 50 s ) 63 75 115 . 8 2 s +75 89 125 R 63 75 | s 29 100 150 | | 100 i i | + The ‘nominal seo it defined se » numerical dination of the sae of 2 unt, whichis 8 convenient round number oproximately equal 1's manufacturing dimension 26CP 26 : 1983 7.6.3 Box-receivers, The dimensions of a box-receiver need to be large enough to allow the flow to discharge freely from the gutter to which it is connected Typical designs for box-receivers are shown in Figure 10, The minimum width of the box should not be lesé than the width of flow in the gutter at a depth equal to half the overall depth of the gutter Y, (for gutters with the depth of freeboard recommended in 7.5.3). If flow enters the box-receiver from only one direction (see Figure 10a), the length of the box in the direction of flow should not be less than 0.75 Y,. If flow enters the box-receiver from opposite directions (see Figure 10b), the length of the box should not be less than 1.5 Yp. The top of the box should be level with the top of the gutter except where the box is external to the building (soe Figure 10a), when the outer edge of the box may be lowered to act as an emergency overflow. The depth of the box below the sole of the gutter should not be less than h + 25 mm where h is the depth of water above the inlet to the rainwater pipe; the method of determining h is given in Subclause 7.6.4. If it is necessary to make the dimensions of a box-receiver smaller than those recommended above, the gutter may be prevented from discharging freely. The method of designing such end box-receivers is described in A.5.3. 7.6.4 Outlets in box-receivers to rainwater pipes. At small depths of flow the perimeter of an outlet to a rainwater pipe acts as a weir, while at larger depths of flow the outlet acts as an orifice, An outlet with a rounded edge has a larger capacity than a sharp-edged outlet having the same size of throat. A suitable type of round-edged circular outlet is shown in Figure 11b; in terms of its discharge capacity this type of outlet has an effective D equal to 0.9 times its top diameter D Suitable types of tapered outlet allow smaller sizes of rainwater inlet to be used without reducing the capacity of the inlet. A tapered outlet with a top diameter of D, will have the same discharge capacity as a sharp-edged outlet of diameter D, provided that the diameter of the throat is not less than 2D, /3 and the transition is gradual over a distance not less than D, (see Figure 11¢). Equations relating the depth of water h above an outlet to the size of the outlet and the discharged passing through it are given in A.4. The capacities of circular outlets are shown in Figure 12, The use of a grating over an outlet will reduce its capacity, the method of designing grated outlets is described in A.5.. 7.6.5 Outlets in gutters to rainwater pipes. If a rainwater pipe is connected directly to the sole of a valley, parapet or boundary wall gutter, it is necessary to determine whether the outlet to the rainwater pipe is large enough to ‘allow the flow to discharge from the gutter. The method of designing such inlets is described in A.6.3. Outlets connected to the sides of gutters are inefficient and their use is not recommended. 7.6.6 Overflow weirs. Overflow weirs are used to discharge water clear of a building when the flow in a gutter exceeds the design rate, or when a partial or complete blockage ‘occurs at an outlet, An overflow weir may be either of two types depending upon whether it is installed ‘at the upstream or the downstream end of a gutter. When installed at the upstream end, the crest of the weir needs to be above the design depth of flow in the gutter at the upstream end (see Figure 13). At the design rate of flow, such overflows do not generally have sufficient capacity to prevent the gutter overflowing along its length if a complete blockage ‘occurs at the outlet. A suitable type of overflow weir for installation at the downstream end of a gutter is shown in Figure 10a; this type of overflow has the advantage that it can discharge the whole flow from the gutter if the outlet should become completely blocked. 2cP 26: 1983 25mm (a) External receiver: Ly = 0.75 Y5 {b) Internal rect + Yginchdes the amount of froboard recommended in 7.5.3. Figure 10, Dimensions of typical box-recalvers 28cP 26 : 1983 Effective diameter B= Dy (a) Sharp-edged outlet Effective giometer 2805 {b) Round-edged outlet Effective diameter D= Dy Or (c)_ Tapered outlet Figure 11. Types of gutter outlets 29 iapne sejnoua yo Asjoedeg “ZL ni (in! sowvHasia oy ot oz cP 26 : 1983, (uu) 4 134M ano8Y oval oe cor 00s 30CP 26 : 1983 Yu = Upstream depth of flow Figure 12. Weir overflow at upstream end of gutter The capacity of an overfiow weir can be calculated using equation (9) in A.5.1, where Ly is the length of the weir, and h is the depth of water above the crest of the weir assumed level). 7.7 Rainwater Pipes 7.7.1 Vertical pipes. Rainwater pipes for standard eaves gutters (Table 1) should have ‘the same nominal bore as the gutter outlets to which they are connected, For valley and parapet wall gutters, tapered outlets may be used to reduce the size of the rainwater pipe to not less than 2/3 the top diameter of the outlet (soe Subclause 7.6.4). Pipes sized according to these criteria will tend to flow full so that joints between the rainwater pipes and the gutter or box-receivers should be sealed. Standard offsets and shoes do not significantly restrict flow in vertical pipes. 7.7.2 Horizontal pipes. Horizontal lengths of pipe should be given where possible a small fall to prevent the ponding of water. Long runs of pipework need to be designed according to standard hydraulics principles for steady flow in pipes. Calculations should be made to determine whether the horizontal pipe flows full at the rates of flow used in the design of the gutters and its outlets; if the pipe does flow full, it is necessary to calculate the water levels in the connections between the gutter outlets and the horizontal pipe (see Figure 14). Pressure head losses along a pipe are of two types: uniform frictional losses due to the hydraulic roughness of the pipe and concentrated losses at fittings such as bends ‘and tees. The frictional losses in the pipe are determined from resistance equations such as the Colebrook-White equation [6]; a suitable value of surface roughness for use with this equation is 0.15 mm, The calculations should begin at the downstream end of the horizontal pipe where the pipe should be assumed to be just flowing full. If the hydraulic gradient lies above the soffit of the pipe (see Figure 14), the pipe will be surcharged and water will back up in. the connections between the gutter and the horizontal pipe, If the level of the water surface in such a connection is higher than the base of the inlet to the rainwater pipe, the flow will back up in the gutter or box-receiver to which the inlet is connected; to correct this larger size of horizontal pipe should be used. atcP 26 : 1983 oss ms did nuozpoy, 4d juonvoy 1 soem Suypuers Busurer096e 10} POMROW “PL eAnbLy <4 purpes sre | ‘quapo.6 2nnDspAH 2) J =cP 26 : 1983 All joints on horizontal pipes should be sealed, and access for inspection and rodding should be provided in accordance with Clause 10. 7.8 Connection To Sewer System. Roof and rainwater outlets shall not be connected to the sewer system, but to the surface water drainage system. 7.9. Vertical Surfaces. The behaviour of run-off from a vertical surface depends upon the texture of the material and its wetting characteristics [3, 5]. Some of the rain runs down tthe face of the wall, but may be shed by projections such as window ledges and architectural features. The remainder of the rain falls as a curtain of drops at a distance of up to 150 mm. from the wall. Provision should be made to intercept or divert the run-off from a vertical surface at points where it would cause damage or inconvenience such as at an entrance to a building On tall and highly-exposed buildings consideration should also be given to the provision of garlands, that is gutters similar to eaves gutters but placed part way down the wall. The run-off from the wall above the gutter should be determined from Subclause 6.1.4, and the gutter and its rainwater pipes should be designed according to the methods described in Subclauses 7.4, 7.6.2 and 7.7.1 7.10 Flat Roofs 7.10.1. General. For the purposes of this Code i.e. where safety for walking is not a criterion, a flat roof is defined as one having a pitch of 10° or less to the horizontal. Flat roofs should be designed to avoid ponding except during heavy storms when some degree of temporary accumulation of water may be permitted if the roof covering is specially designed to remain water-tight under such conditions. 7.10.2 Layout of roof. Flat roofs may be drained in two ways: a) towards the outer edges of the roof; b) towards channels or outlets within the perimeter of the roof. Falls are required in both cases, and minimum values are given in British Standard CP 143 and British Standard CP 144, Falls can be provided by tilting the roof or by screeding. In general an economic scheme will include few outlets, but the number needed may often be determined by the plan shape of the roof rather than by the area to be drained. 7.10.3 Rate of run-off, On a truly horizontal roof part of the rainfall during the storm is stored in a relatively uniform layer of water over the surface. On a roof laid to falls the depth of water during a storm is small except near outlets and other low points; the recommended rainfall intensity for such a roof is 165 mm/h, but higher intensities may be appropriate if it is necessary to reduce the risk of flooding (see Subclause 5.2). ‘The design rate, of run-off from a flat roof should be calculated assuming that the roof is impermeable (see Subclauses 6.1.2 and 6.2). Allowance should be made for water that drains from adjacent sloping roofs (Subclause 6.1.3) and vertical surfaces (Subclause 6.1.4). 7.10.4 Depth of water on roof. The depth of water that can be allowed upon a flat roof depends upon the method of construction, and upon the height of the upstand around parapets and other features that project through the roof. Experience shows that it is difficult to maintain the watertightness of a flat roof if the depth of ponding is too great. 33 5cP 26 : 1983 On @ truly horizontal roof it is recommended that the maximum depth of water produced by the design storm should not exceed 15 mm. On a roof laid to falls a water depth of up to 30 mm may be acceptable if it is confined to a relatively small area around ‘the outlets, 7.10.5 Discharge at edge of roof. Runoff from a flat roof may be discharged into: a) aneaves gutter (see Figure 15a); b) a chute connected to a hopper head (see Figure 156). ‘The eaves gutter should be designed according to the method described in Subclause 7.4, The entrance to a chute acts as a weir and the width that is required can be estimated from Table 6; alternatively, equation (9) in A.5.1 can be used in which Ly is the width of the chute and h is the head of water above the invert of the chute. If a sump is formed in front of the chute, it is possible to make the head h greater than the maximum depth of water allowed on the roof (Subclause 7.10.4). TABLE 6 CAPACITY OF OUTLET WEIRS FOR FLAT ROOFS | Depth of Discharge | ‘Area drained per unit length of weir at flow above per unit rainfall intensity of invert length of weir of weir Q, 165 mm/hr | 200mm/hr | 350 mm/hr (mm) (Ws/rmm) (mm? per mm) | (m? permm) | (m? per mm) 5 4.66 x 10-* 0.0102 0.0084 0.0051 10 1.32 x 10-9 0.0287 0.0237 0144 15 2.42 x 10-2 0.0527 0.0435 0.0264 20 3.73 x 107% 0.0814 0.0671 0.0407 25 5.21 x 10-9 0.1136 0.0937 0.0568 30 6.85 x 10-* 0.1495 0.1234 0.0747 7.10.6. Discharge within perimeter of roof. Runoff from a flat roof may discharge to: a) channel formed within or by the roof (see Figure 15d); b) _asump containing an outlet; ©) an outlet draining the roof directly (see Figure 15c). Roof channels and their outlets should be designed in the same way as valley gutters (Subclauses 7.5 and 7.6). Sumps and roof outlets normally act as weirs, and should be sized 80 as to limit the depth of water on the roof to 30 mm or less (see Subclause 7.10.4). The depth of a sump is determined by the capacity of the outlet that drains it, and should not be less than h + 25 mm where h is the depth of water above the outlet. Design procedures ‘of sumps and roof outlets are given in Subclauses 7.10.7 and 7.10.8 34CP 26 : 1983 o/ E (a) Eaves gutter (b) Chute into hopper head — (c) Vertical pipe with bellmount and grating (d)_ Vertical pipe either from channel or box-receiver Figure 15. Drainage from flat roofs: Types of outlet 35cP 26: 1983 7.10.7 Design of sumps. The following procedure may be used for deter required dimensions of a sump. ing the @) Locate the position of the sump and calculate the effective catchment area that it drains (Subclause 6.1). Where possible the sump should be positioned centrally. b) Choose the design rate of rainfall (Subclauses 5.2 and 7.10.3) and calculate the total rate of runoff Q assuming that the roof is impermeable (Subclause 6.2). ©) Consider the distribution of the run-off and determine the rate of flow approaching each side of the sump. d) Select the design depth of water on the roof (Subclause 7.10.4) and use Table 6 to find the rate of flow Q, (I/s) that can be drained per mim length of the sump. Alternatively, the value of Q, can be found by putting Ly equal to 1 mm in equation (9). ¢) If a flow Q approaches side A of the sump, the required length in mm of side A is Q/Q,, Thereby determine the dimensions of the sump so that the depth of water on the roof will not exceed the design figure selected in (3) f) Select a suitable outlet to drain the sump. 9) Calculate the head h required to pass the total discharge Q. through the outlet using the relevant equations in A.5.1; if the outlet is covered by a grating see A.5.2. h) The depth of the sump above the level of the outlet should be minimum of ht 25mm, i) The rainwater pipe connected to the outlet should be designed according to Subclause 7.7. 7.10.8 Design of roof outlets. Some types of outlet that are suitable for asphalt roofs are included in Tables 17a, 17b, 17c and 17d of BS 416. Approximate areas that can be drained by these outlets at a rainfall intensity of 165 mm/h are given in Table 7; these figures are calculated from equation (9) of A.5.1, and are only intended as a guide in the absence of experimental measurements. The following general procedure is suitable for the design of ungrated outlets if the design depth of water is less than half the effective diameter of the outlet (see A.5.1). The capacities of grated outlets are best determined experimentally; if suitable measurements are not available the following procedure may be used provided that the flow is of weir-type (see A5.2). a) Calculate the effective weir length of the outlet (see A.5.1). For grated outlets this is equal to the total length of the openings measured around the perimeter of the grating, b) Select the design depth of water on the roof (Subclause 7.10.4) and use Table 6 to find the rate of flow Q, (V/s) that can be drained per mm length of wetted perimeter. 36cP 26: 1983 TABLE 7 ESTIMATED CAPACITIES OF OUTLETS FOR FLAT ROOFS ‘Area in m? drained at rainfall intensity of 165 mm/h Outlet 8S416 | Pine size om Type Table no. | (mm) Depth of water in mm 5 | 10 | 15 | 20| 25 | 30 Square flat 17a 100 | 7.7 | 22.3] 409 | 614] saa | 116 rating | | Circular flat 17 so | 21 | 55| 105) 164) 2a2| 305 grating 1% 65 | 25) 68|127| 195| 277| 364 17) —|75,90,100 | 4:4 | 123 | 22.7 | 380 | 474| 636 'D shapedflat | 170 6s | 24| es5| 123] 191] 264) 350 rating 176 7 | 25| e8| 127| 195] 27.7] 364 ve | 90,100 | 35 | 95 | 17.7| 273] 385] S00 Circular flat 174 so | 21| 55| 105 | 164) 2a2| 305 grating with 17d | 75,100 | 3.2 | 91) 168 | 259| 304) 478 horizontal pipe °) 4d) e) oi a) h) Calculate the flow capacity Q = Ly Q,; alternatively Q can be calculated directly from equation (10). Choose the design rate of rainfall | in mm/h (Subclauses 5.2 and 7.10.3). Caleulate from equation (2) of (Subclause 6.2) the effective catchment area ‘A, that can be drained by the outlet. Divide the value of A, into the total effective area of the roof in order to find the minimum number of outlets that are required. Additional outlets may be dictated by the plan shape of the roof and by the positions of walls and columns within the building. Where possible each outlet should be positioned centrally within the area that it drains. Rainwater pipes connected to the outlets should be designed according to ‘Subclause 7.7. 37cP 26: 1983 SECTION FOUR. WORK ON SITE 8 TYPES AND SPACING OF FIXINGS 8.1 Gutters. Domestic eaves gutters, especially when fixed on rafter brackets, should be given a fall to allow for any settlement and a recommended rate of fall is 1 in 350. Too steep a fall should be avoided, as this leads to an excessive gap between the lowest edge of the roof and the top of the gutter. In all cases, roof felting should be extended to just below the top edge of the gutter to prevent wind blowing water behind the gutter. The roof covering should not extend so far into the gutter as to prevent easy cleaning and maintenance. Gutters should be adequately supported so as to prevent sagging and ponding. Sagging causes back-falls which reduce the gutter capacity, and ponding which reduces the durability of the gutter, Care should be taken to see that there is no sideways tilt of the gutter as this reduces the gutter capacity. Eaves gutters are usually supported by means of fascia or rafter brackets which should be fastened with corrosion resisting wood screws of minimum size 25 mm long x 6 mm and. fitted not more than 11m apart. Additional brackets should be fitted to or near angles and outlets to prevent sagging. Where eaves gutters are fixed on brackets, special restraining brackets should be used which prevent the gutter being dislodged by strong winds. To avoid 1, the gutter discharges freely; if F, <1, the outlet restricts the discharge of the gutter. 43CP 26 : 1983 ce) d) iit Find the depth of flow Yy at the upstream end of the gutter. The ratio Yu/Yo depends upon Fe and upon the cross-sectional shape of the gutter. Calculate the value of the shape factor B,/B. where B, is the sole width of the gutter, and use Figure 16 to find the value of Y,/Y.; thus determine the upstream depth of flow Yo. Determine the overall depth Y, of the gutter by adding the required amount of freeboard (Subclause 7.5.3) to the upstream depth of flow Y,. For valley and Parapet wall gutters Y, = 7Y,/5 or Yq = Yy +75 mm, whichever gives the smaller value. is required to find the capacity of a particular combination of gutter and outlet, it is necessary to assume various values of Q and to repeat the above procedure until the calculated value of Y, equals the actual depth of the gutter. 20 a? 2 18 : peel a Be 16 lo Y 12 = 19 Figure 16. Design chart for trapezoidal gutters with restricted dischargeCP 26 : 1983 A.3 GUTTERS OF NON-STANDARD CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE ‘An approximate method of designing gutters of non-standard cross-sectional shape is to represent them by means of equivalent trapezoidal gutters. Assume that the depth of flow at the upstream end of a non-standard gutter is Y, and that the corresponding cross-sectional area and width of flow ere A, and By respectively. {t is then possible to define an equivalent trapezoidal gutter that has the same values of Y, , Ay and B,; the sole width B, of the equivalent gutter is given by: 2Ay aia (& i 7 (5) ‘The design methods for trapezoidal gutters (Subclauses 7.5.5 and A.2.2) can then be applied using the equivalent value of B, and the actual values of depth, width and cross-sectional area, This approximate method is only suitable for gutters where the sides are steeper at the ‘top of the gutter than they are at the base, If the discharge from the gutter is restricted (A2.2), a trial-and-error method is necessary because the equivalent value of B, must always be calculated in terms of the flow conditions at the upstream end. A4 RESISTANCE EFFECTS IN LONG GUTTERS A.A.1 General. Flow resistance reduces the capacity of a gutter because it causes the depth of flow at the upstream end to be somewhat greater than it would be if the gutter were hydraulically smooth. In short gutters the effect of resistance is small, and can usually be neglected because the design methods in Clause 7 and A.2 contain a sufficient factor of safety. However resistance can be significant if the length of the gutter is large compared to the depth of flow. As an approximate guide, the increase due to friction in the upstream. depth of flow will be less than 5 per cent if the length of the gutter is less than 50 times its overall depth (see Subclause 7.2). AA2 Increase in Depth Of Flow Due To Resistance. The depth of flow Y, at the upstream end of the gutter and the depth of flow Yq at the downstream end should be calculated first using one of the design methods described in Subclauses 7.5.5, 7.5.7 or A.2. If the gutter discharges freely (Subclause 7.5.5 or 7.5.7), the downstream depth Yq is equal ‘to the critical depth Ye ; if the discharge from the gutter is restricted (A.2), Ya is equal to the depth Yo at the outlet. Flow resistance causes the depth of flow at the upstream end of the gutter to be somewhat greater than the value of Y, calculated above. The increase in depth may be estimated as follows: a) Determine the Froude Number Fo of the flow at the downstream end of the gutter. If the gutter discharges freely, F, > 1; if the discharge is restricted, Fp is found from equation (4). b) Calculate the value of the ratio Lg/Ya, where Lp is the length of the gutter (measured from the outlet to the point ’at which the maximum depth of flow ‘occurs), and Yu is the depth of flow at the downstream end. 45cP 26: 1983 ©) Estimate from Figure 17 the percentage increase X in the upstream depth of flow. ‘The depth Yur at the upstream end taking into account the effect of friction is: - ~| Yor = Yu ( + ‘s) (6) The effect of resistance can be neglected if the value of X is found to be less than 5 per cent. ‘The curves in Figure 17 are based on a Manning roughness coefficient of about 2.015 in smalt gutters and about n = 0.020 in large gutters, AS DESIGN OF OUTLETS TO RAINWATER PIPES AS.1. Outlets Of Box-Receivers. At small depths of flow an outlet acts as a weir and the flow is controlled by the wetted perimeter of the outlet. At larger depths the outlet acts as an orifice and the flow is controlled by the plan area of the outlet, The capacity of an outlet is affected by several factors including the position and relative size of the outlet and the amount of swirl in the flow. If the flow at a circular outlet is of weir-type: Dns D = F500 forh <-> 7) and if itis of orifice-type pens 7 Oe te oon forh> > (8) where O; is the total flow entering the outlet, D is the effective diameter and h is the head above the top of the outlet. The effec diameter D for a sharp-edged outlet is equal to the top diameter D, (Figure 11a); for a round-edged outlet of the type shown in Figure 11b, D = 0.90; for a tapered outlet of the type shown in Figure 10c, D = D,. Equations (7) and (8) are plotted graphically in Figure 12. The behaviour of rectangular outlets 2a sharp-edged outlet is of weir-type: imilar to that of circular outlets. If the flow at nts * 26000 be Anes O57 000 (10) where L,, is the length of the perimeter along which flow enters the outlet and A, is the plan area of the outlet. A transition from weir-type to orifice-type flow occurs when the head exceeds the value h = 2Ai/Lu. 46cP 26 : 1983 i 5 3 BE i WIVSULSN NI 3SVSHONI INZO URE X MOTs 40 Hia30 4acP 26 : 1983, Figure 18, Channel eross sections: Defi idestope b A5.2_ Grated Outlets. The capacities of grated outlets for box-receivers and flat roofs are best determined experimentally. Where measurements are not available their capacity may be estimated from equation (9) and (10). If the outlet acts as a weir, the required value of Ly in equation (9) is the total length of the openings measured around the perimeter of the grating; the head h is the depth of water above the perimeter of the outlet. If the outlet acts as an orifice, the value of A; in equation (10) is the total area of the openings that are submerged by the flow; the head h is the depth of water above the mean level of the openings. Alternative values of the water level at the outlet should be calculated from equations (9) and (10); the higher of the two levels is the one which actually occurs. Outlets In Gutters, Flow at an outlet in the sole of a gutter may either be of weirtype or of orifice-type. The capacity of an outlet, or of a box-receiver whose dimensions are smaller than those recommended in Subclause 7.6.3, may be calculated from ‘the equations for outlets in box-receivers (see A.5.1.). ‘The depth of flow h around a circular outlet is found from equations (7) or (8) in which Q; is the total discharge entering the outlet; for a rectangular outlet or box-receiver the value of h is calculated from equations (9) or (10). The flow is of weir-type if the weir-fiow equation gives a greater value of head than the orifice-flow equation, and vice versa. In order to determine whether a gutter will discharge freely it is necessary to compare the head h at the outlet with the corresponding value of critical depth Y, in the gutter (found from Subclause 7.5.5) If an outlet receives unequal flows from two or more directions it is necessary to calculate separate values of critical depth for each length of gutter. If the head h at the outlet is less than the critical depth Y., the length of gutter will discharge freely; if h is greater than Y, the discharge of the gutter will be restricted, and the depth of flow Y. at the downstream end of the gutter will be equal to the value of h (see A.2). 48APPENDIX B SYMBOLS ‘The following symbols are used in this code: Ay Cross-sectional area of flow in gutter or channel Cross-sectional area of flow corresponding to depth Y, Effective catchment area of roof or wall Plan area of roof Plan area of outlet to rainwater pipe Cross-sectional area of flow at downstream end of gutter with restricted discharge Cross-sectional area of flow at upstream end of gutter ‘Area of roof or wall in elevation Cross-sectional area of flow corresponding to depth Y; Surface-width of flow in gutter or channel Surface-width of flow at downstream end of gutter with restricted discharge Sole-width of gutter ‘Surface-width of flow at upstream end of gutter Surface-width of flow corresponding to depth Y; Effective side-slope of gutter or channel such that width of flow increases b units per unit increase in depth Effective diameter of outlet to rainwater pipe Top diameter of outlet to rainwater pipe Diameter of throat of outlet to rainwater pipe or didmeter of rainwater pipe Froude Number (dimensionless) of flow in gutter (equation B.4) Depth of flow above weir or outlet to rainwater pipe Intensity of rainfall 49 CP 26 : 1983 Unit mon? mm? mm mm mm mfhcP 26 : 1983 z4° Z Length of box-receiver in direction of flow Length of gutter (A.3.2) Length of rectangular outlet to rainwater pipe ‘Transition length of tapered outlet Length of weir, or length of perimeter of outlet acting as weir Life of building Manning's roughness coefficient (dimensionless) Wetted perimeter of channel Probability of exceeding given rate of rainfall ischarge in gutter or channel, or discharge entering outlet to water pipe Discharge entering outlet to rainwater pipe Rate of flow per millimetre length of weir Radius of lip of round-edged outlet Longitudinal slope of channel Return period of an event Plan width of roof perpendicular to the eaves Top width of gutter Width of rectangular outlet to rainwater pipe Percentage increase in depth of flow at upstream end of gutter due to frictional resistance Depth of flow in gutter or channel Depth of flow at downstream end of gutter discharging freely, or critical depth of flow Depth of flow at downstream end of gutter Depth of freeboard in gutter Overall depth of gutter Unit mm mm mm mm. years mm Us Us Ws mm mm mmcP 26: 1983, Unit Depth of flow at downstream end of gutter with restricted discharge mm Depth of flow at upstream end of gutter mm Depth of flow at upstream end of gutter taking into account effects of frictional resistance mm 5cP 26 : 1983, 10, n 12, APPENDIX C REFERENCES BEIJ K.H. Flow in roof gutters, Research Paper RP 644, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards, 1934. CHOW V.T. Open-channel hydraulics. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959 pp 98-114 and pp 327-349. COUPER R.R. Factors affecting the production of surface runoff from wind-driven rain. 2nd International CIB/RILEM Symposium on Moisture Problems in Buildings, section 1.1 CRABB F.J., SAN FR. & TURNER P.F. An investigation into roof discharge by eaves gutters, Building Research Establishment, Note E 811, 1958, HERBERT M.R.M._ The behaviour of water on walls. Building Research Establishment, N 96/74, HYDRAULICS RESEARCH STATION. Tables for the hydraulic design of pipes (metric edition), HMSO, 1977. MASSIAS A. Investigation into the factors controlling surface water run-off into a gully grating. Birmingham University, School of Water Resources Technology, Research Report, 1969. MAY R.W.P. Design of gutters and gutter outlets: theory and experiment. Hydraulics Research Station, Report IT 205, 1981. NATURAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH COUNCIL. Flood Studies Report. Whitefriars Press, London, 1975. RUSSAM K. The hydraulic efficiency and spacing of B.S. road gulleys. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Report LR 277, 1969. STORM DRAINAGE RESEARCH PROJECT. The design of storm-water inlets. Johns Hopkins University, Report of the Storm Drainage Research Committee, 1956 RAINFALL INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVES FOR SINGAPORE ISLAND (derived by the Station-year method and partial duration series based on 365, station-years of pluviometer records up to December 1972) — Meteorological Service Singapore. 52cP 26: 1983 Publications referred to: BS 65 Bs 416 Bs 437 Bs 460 Bs 497 Bs 569 Bs 1091 Bs 1178 Bs 1431 BS 1494 8S 2717 Bs 2997 BS 3656 Bs 4118 BS 4514 BS 4576 BS 4660 Bs 8168, BS 6493 BS 6572 BS 5911 BS 6150 British Standard cP 143 cP 144 cP 301 PD 6484 (published by BS!) Vitrified clay pipes, fittings and joints Cast iron spigot and socket soil, waste and ventilating pipes (sand cast and spun) and fittings Cast iron spigot and socket drain pipes and fittings Cast iron rainwater goods Manhole covers, road gully gratings and frames for drainage purposes Asbestos cement rainwater goods Pressed steel gutters, rainwater pipes, fittings and accessories Milled lead sheet and strip for building purposes Wrought copper and wrought zinc rainwater goods Fixing accessories for building purposes Glossary of terms applicable to roof coverings Aluminium rainwater goods Asbestos-cement pipes, joints and fittings for sewerage and drainage Glossary of sanitation terms Unplasticized PVC soil and ventilating pipe, Fittings and accessories Unplasticized PVC rainwater goods Unplasticized PVC underground drain pipe and fittings Glossary of rheological terms Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures against corrosion Code of practice for sanitary pipework (formerly CP 304) Precast concrete pipes and fittings for drainage and sewerage Code of practice for painting of buildings ‘Sheet roof and wall covering Roof coverings Drainage of buildings Commentary on corrosion at bimetallic contacts and its alleviationCP 26 : 1983 88213 Unplasticized PVC pipes and fittings for soil, waste and vent applications Singapore Factories (Asbestos) Regulations 1980 Regulations Safety guides on the use of Asbestos or Asbestos containing materials, (published by Industrial Health Division of Ministry of Labour) 1981 Building Control (Construction) Regulations of Development and Building Control Division 1974 034510 54cP 2 SINGAPORE INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ‘The Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research (SISIR) was formerly organised in January 1969 as a division of the Economic Development Board (EDB) to replace the former Singapore Industrial Research Unit which was first established in May 1963. In October 1973, SISIR was incorporated as en independent statutory body in accordance with an Act of Parliament, the Singapore Institute of Standards and Industrial Research Act (No 48 of 1973), One of the principal functions of SISIR is to promote standardisation in industry and trade with a view to improving the quality of commodities as well as industrial efficiency and productivity. The Institute is also vested with the authority to appoint a Standards Council to assist and advise in establishing Singapore Standards, to prepare and publish Singapore Standards and promote their adoption. Standards are in the form of specifications for materials and products, codes of practice, methods of testing, nomenclature, etc. These standards are drawn up by the various Technical Committees under the supervision of the Industry Standards Committees, the final approval body being the Standards Council. To ensure adequate representation of all viewpoints in the preparation of standards, ‘the Technical Committees and Industry Standards Committees appointed all consist of representatives from the Government departments, statutory bodies, professional institutions, manufacturers’ associations and organisations representing consumers. This wide-ranging representation is also reflected in the composition of the Standards Council, Besides being engaged in standardisation work, SISIR also provides engineering, technical and consultancy services to industries and undertakes research and development work in areas of interest to Singapore's manufacturing sector, The Institute is also the National testing authority and operates quality certification, certification mark and export inspection schemes, 55