!

" + %= $ + # & σ ='

( &

) (

" * !+ ! ,
• ! - -

& = . = ,
#πε ' $

ε' /ε' = & 0, −

/ -
#π , ' − %

+ ,
" ε' ≈ , '6 0, −
≈ 3 34# 3 3%, ' − % 0, −
2 ' − 1, ,
$5π
• " * % !+ ( ,
( ! = % &

% 7

• (
- ! 8 ,
• 1 & ( 8 ,

" & ,,, ! = ,

=
 7

" ρ& = ∈ τ
& ( 8
τ

-
& &

ρ, τ
" = = =
∈ τ #π ,ε ' $
#πε ' $

" ( ,
" = ='
∈ τ
,

" = ρ, τ
#πε ' $

" & = ρ& τ

#πε ' $

1 + 9 - ,
1
" * ρ ( & ρ < ρ'
& = & + & . 9 - -
( 8 ( ,

%
 " & (
ρ'
& ≤ ρ' τ=
#πε ' %
ε'
7 ( - ,
7 ! ( ,

% 1 !

" & = σ&

#πε ' $

! ,

$ 1

& = λ&
#πε ' $

# 1 *

" = ρ= δ& −
#πε ' $

:
& = = −∇
#πε ' $
#πε '
−∇

7 & = −∇ . = + ,
#πε '

% ;

• +
& = ρ& τ
#πε ' $

−∇

$
 ∇ 9 9
ρ&
& = −∇ τ = −∇
#πε '
ρ&
". = τ+
#πε '
• -
-+ ( ( ,
- <

7 ( 8 =
ρ' %
& ≤ ρ' τ=
#πε ' %ε '
7 - (
! ( ,

$ ; !

• +
= σ&
#πε '
• !

& = & + & &

σ' %π , , σ'
& ≤ σ' = =
#πε ' #πε ' % ε'
• 9

" % − = %
− + %
−
%
− < -
!! % !! - - ,
" < %
<
σ' σ'
< ,7 − < − →'
% ε' %
ε' % →'

;
- ! ( (
*,

#
) ,

" = −∇ =− ⋅
⋅ = & − &

1 !
7 !

•
- - & = & - !
•
- ( Γ 9 Γ ∧ =' Γ
Γ ⋅ >'

• +
- =' ⋅ =' (
9 - ,
• > -

" ⋅ >' <'

7 ; ,
*

"
= −∇ ⇔ ∇ ∧ =',

% 7

∂
• - ( - & ∇∧ =−
∂
• ∇∧ ='⇔ 9 ,
• ( ,

4
 ! "
? * @

0 + 9 !

" φ= & ⋅ = ⋅ = Ω
#πε ' $
#πε '
= Ω

1 φ= Ω
#πε '

% 0 + 9 ! !

•
1 9Σ Ω = #π φ=
ε'
1 + 9Σ

Σ
" Ω = − Ω% Ω=' φ =',
• (
Σ

" = ,7 φ= φ = =
ε' ε'
• ;
ρ τ
" φ=
ε'
ρ τ
! ⋅ =
ε'

$ ? * @

⋅ =
ε'

5
 # ? * A

•
-+ -+ ( -
,
& + ( ! &
- / + !
B +
• 7
1 + + (
& > -
φ >' 8 ,
•
" ! * ,
=9 - 8
- ( ( ! !

&". # !+ (
< = -
!+ ,

) 7 ,
7 +*

Σ
ρ&
" & = τ
#πε ' $

ρ&
7 ∇ ⋅ & = ∇ ⋅ τ
#πε ' $

&" 9
" $
= −∇ ,7 ∇ ⋅ $
= −∇ % = −∇ % = #πδ &

ρ& ρ
∇ ⋅ & = ∇⋅ =
ε' ε'

% 7

• - ( ( <
- ,
• " - 9 * @ ,
 • : #
& + ! - , !

∇∧ =' ρ
• ρ ⇔ = τ+
∇⋅ = #πε ' $
ε'

$ -

ρ = δ& ∇⋅ = δ& !
ε'
. - ! ,

# - ! C

- < ,
;
" * @
↔−
#πε '

# " $ ! % &
,
" ( ( ! ! ,

) ,
7 9 !

7
ρ ρ
Σ σ

+∞
σ= ρ&
−∞

7 ρ → ρD& = σδ &
! ! & - 9 * -

" '
∇∧ =' σ
" ρ − =
∇⋅ = %
ε'
ε'
D 9 - 8
,

3
%

" & % − & <ε & % − & <εD

7 & % − & −& & % − & < ε DD
& % − & % −& & − & < ε DD
" % ⋅ − ⋅ < ε DD
7 & % − ⋅ =' ∀ Σ
1 %
− =' & - ! ∇∧ ='

$ 7

δ
" δφ =
ε'
σ
1 δφ + δφ% + δφ = & δφ !+
ε'
+ *
δφ → '
δφ% = δφ = −
% ⋅ , ⋅ ,
σ
7 & %− ⋅ =
ε'
σ
" − =
%
ε'
ρ
&" - ! ∇⋅ =
ε'

# ; (

σ
− = ,
ε'
% %

6
'
+

∇∧ ='⇔ = −∇ −ρ
ρ ∇% =
∇⋅ = ε'
ε'

7 .ρ = ' ∇% = '
;
∂% ∂% ∂%
" + + =' <
∂ % ∂ % ∂ %
& * A

) ;
+

• 7
ρ

−ρ
∇% =
ε'
- & E
• F
ρ
∂
=∇ ⋅ =− ⋅
∂
−ρ
∇% =
ε'
9 *,

" +
ρ τ
• - ( & =
#πε '
G ! > ρ - ,
−ρ
• ∇% =
ε'
" -( ρ

'
 ; !
ρ τ
= =
#πε ' $
#πε ' $

,
0 + !
= −∇ ? * @
ρ
∇⋅ =
∇∧ =' ε'
σ
− =
%
− =' %
ε'
−ρ
∇% =
ε'

'
G ,

•
= ρ τ
#πε ' $

$ 9 ,
•
,
" + ,
! ,
• : * @
⋅ =
ε'
( ( 8 ,

) !

1 =
7 ρ = +ε '∇ ⋅ = '
=− ⋅ =− =− +
; ! + *

ρ = ' ρ = ρ' ρ ='

18
9 ,
7 = & ,
8 9
7 & = &− , 7 & = − &−

>'

" φ = φ! + φ + φ
φ! = ' & &' = '
φ =' CC
φ = &
7 φ= &
ρ' ρ'
1 '≤ ≤" = ρ' & = & =
ε' ε'
ρ'
1 ≥" = ρ' " & = "
ε'
&

"→' ρ ' → +∞ %"ρ ' = =σ

&

− σ C %ε '

%
7 0 !

18
? -+ ,
; ,
= &

φ= ,
ε'
λ# λ#
" ⋅ = = ,
ε' ε'
λ
7 =
%πε '

+∞ λ
" & =
= −∞ #πε ' D

" ! ( = θ D=
θ
π
π C% λ θ π C% λ θ λ θ π %
& = = = +
θ = −π C % θ = −π C % #πε θ #πε ' % #
#πε ' %
θ ' −π

θ %

- ,

−λ
=− ⋅ =
%πε '
λ
7 = −
%πε '
'
'

$
7 !
-+

σ
" = & ,: ! =
#πε ' $

σ
= θ,
#πε ' %

σ
7 = θ, ( = %π D D,
#πε ' %

" = D= θ,
θ
7
σ α
%
θ σ α
= × %π θ θ θ= θ θ
#πε ' θ =' % %
θ %ε ' '

σ σ
= & − α = −
%ε ' %ε ' %
+ %

& >'
1 >> ,

% -+

& θ

" & θ θ & θ & θ

" 8 ,
∂
7 & θ = =' &
∂θ

9 -
∂
& = &' + = ' + ,α &
∂ ='

∂
& = &' + = &' + ,β &
∂ ='

#
 *
∇⋅ ='
& -8
∇∧ ='
α β,

"
δ% = ' = &' + Dα & + D− & − Dα & D
' '
' %&
% &'

= &α & + −α & %

− β&
%
7 α D& , = β &
%
7 - ' β& ='
& α D& =' (
9 7 -9 - ' ,
0 +

" δφ = '
1 π , % & &' + − &' + %π , × & =' &
&'
7 π, %
+ %π , , × & ='
− &' − &'
7- . & = α=
% %
;
" - 8
& ! - -8 9 . -
" 8 - ,

7 9

− C"
" & = . " ,
#πε '

4
 8

* 8 ,
−ρ
" ! ∇% = ! > ∇%
ε'
/ < ! -
! ,

% ,

"
−∂ − − C" −
= −∇ = = −
∂ #πε ' %
"
− C"
= +
#πε ' %
"

$ φ& ,

" φ& = − C"

+ &= × #π , %

ε' "

# ρ,

#π , %
,ρ
" φ& + −φ& = & + *
ε'
8 (
ε' φ −
7 ρ= = − C"

#π , %
#π "

(*
" ρ <' φ& = '
→ +∞
+∞
7 - * * @ & H - I ρ ='
'
8 ! & -
H I * +
( 9 -+ ,

5
4

" φ& = ," B

→' ε'
ρ& ,

" * ( ( !
& φ = +∞ !
- -8 * ,
!
J KA - - !
− !% − C" !%
)= . ≈ #4,
#/