4.

1: a) For the magnitude of the sum to be the sum of the magnitudes, the forces must
be parallel, and the angle between them is zero. b) The forces form the sides of a right
isosceles triangle, and the angle between them is 90 . Alternatively, the law of cosines
may be used as
F2  F2   2F  2
 2 F 2 cos  ,
from which cos  0 , and the forces are perpendicular. c) For the sum to have 0
magnitude, the forces must be antiparallel, and the angle between them is 180 .