Workplace spirituality refers to employer recognition that employees have an inner life which

nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work taking place in the context of community.
[Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualization and measure.
Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134-145.]
Work alienation refers to dissociate state of individual in relation to the product or process of
work. [Shantz, A., Alfes, K., Bailey, C, and Soane, E., (2015). Drivers and Outcomes of Work
Alienation: Reviving a Concept. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1-12].
Machiavellianism refers to a complex set of personality characteristics such as the tendency to
distrust others, to engage in amoral manipulation, to try to maintain interpersonal control and to
accumulate status for one-self. [Dahling, J.J., Whitaker, B.G., and Levy, P.E. (2008). The
Development and Validation of a new Machiavellianism Scale. Journal of Management 35(2),
219-257.]
Servant leadership is an other-oriented approach to leadership manifested through one on one
prioritizing of follower individual needs and interests, and concern for wellbeing for others
within the organization and the larger community. [Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van
Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant Leadership: A systematic review and call for
future research. The Leadership Quarterly,30(1), 111-132].