THE 2000 INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE Final Report Submitted to: The World Health Organization Indonesia CENTER FOR HEALTH SERVICES AND TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. MINISTRY OF HEALTH REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA 2002 DE 18/4/06 i fol febo JblFOREWORD The construction of a life table requires reliable data on a population's mortality rates by age and sex. The most reliable source of such data is a functioning vital registration system where all deaths are registered. Reliable data from routine registration is generally only available in the more economically advanced countries. As the recent available data in Indonesia originated from the national survey such as the National Socio- Economic Survey (SUSENAS), the Health Services and Technological Research & Development has constructed the 2000 Indonesian Life Table using information from the 2000 SUSENAS. This work is an update of the previous work: The Indonesian Abridged Life Table that used the 1996 SUSENAS Data. The 2000 Indonesian Life Table will be used to estimate the National Burden of Disease as well as the Healthy Life Expectancy that is globally considered as a summary measures of population health. In this opportunity, I want to acknowledge the financial support provided by the WHO-Indonesia, as well as the collegial collaboration showed by all members of the Working Group. T hope the 2000 Indonesian Life Table will serve the need of various parties nationally and internationally and might contribute to the achievement of the National Health Development Objectives. Director, Center for Health Services and Technological Research & Development, Dr. Soemartono, DHSAPREFACE The life table provides the most complete description of mortality in a Population. The basic data needed for the life table construction are the age specific death rates from information on deaths by age and sex from vital registration and population data from census by age and sex. In many developing countries including Indonesia, these data are not available due to poor vital registration system or due to incompleteness of coverage. The development of universal model life tables such as UN Model Life Tables and the Coale-Demeny Model Life Tables with varying degrees of sophistication and using the underlying various range of data might be less suitable for specific geographic areas. In 1997, to support the estimation of the National Burden of Disease using the DALY’s (Disability Adjusted Life Year) loss, the Health Services and Technological Research & Development Center and Demographic Institute University of Indonesia constructed the 1996 Indonesian Life Table. ‘Since the more updated demographic data from the 2000 Population Census and mortality data from the 2000 SUSENAS (National Socio-economic Survey) are available; we initiated the construction of the Indonesian Life Table using the latest available data. The updated life table will be used to estimate the National Burden of Disease as well as to estimate the Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) of Indonesia that refers to as a summary measure that estimate the average time (in years) that a person could expect to live in a defined state of health. The newly constructed Indonesian life table is a cooperative effort of the demographers and epidemiologists from the Health Services and Technological Research & Development Center and Health Ecological Research & Development Center - National Institute of Health Research and Development in collaboration with experts from the Demographic Institute — University of Indonesia, Central Bureau of Statistics and Family Planning Coordinating Board. We hope that the results will be widely used nationally and internationally, to fulfil the need within and outside the health sector. Study Coordinator, Soewarta KosenTABLE OF CONTENTS WORKING GROUP OF THE 2000 INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE ...... vi INTRODUCTION... OBJECTIVE ...... METHODOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTING THE INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE A. METHOD B. METHOD IL. CONCLUSIONS ...... REFERENCES ....vi WORKING GROUP OF THE 2000 INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE Coordinator: Soewarta Kosen Members: Suharsono Soemantri 1G. Ng. Agung Aris Ananta Wien Kosdiatmono Salut Moehidin Titiek Setyowati Dina Bisara Siti Isfandari Sri Poedji Hastoety Djaiman Endang Indriasih SLONBARON = °THE 2000 INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE 1. INTRODUCTION. Life tables provide a succinct description of what is the most prominent aspect of the state of human mortality, since it show the varying chances of dying as a function of age. A ‘common weakness of the constructed life tables is the deficiency of the statistical and demographical information, The basic summary measure of mortality from the life table, the expectation of life at birth, is widely understood by the public and trends in life expectancy are closely monitored as the principal measure of changes in population's health status, The construction of a good life table requires reliable data on a population's mortality rates, by age and sex. Based on the type of statistical information used, there are three broad classes of life tables, namely: + life tables based on data supplied by continuous registration systems, such as births and deaths registered by civil authorities ‘life tables constructed from census information alone * life tables calculated on the basis of the joint use of data originating from continuous registration and from an enumeration of the population at a given time In 1955 the Population Branch of the United Nations published a series of model life tables for each sex, computed by using parabolic regressions between qx values of adjacent age groups starting from a specified value of infant mortality. The results have been widely used in research work on the demography of underdeveloped countries. Experimentation with stable population estimates and the need to take into account the effect of different mortality pattems on such estimates were primarily responsible for the development of the model life tables. Four types of mortality patterns were identified and developed into four sets of model life tables. The results are best thought of as four families of one parameter life tables, available separately for each sex. The four families life tables have distinct age patterns of mortality- pattems of a regional nature that were named: “WEST”, “NORTH”, “SOUTH”, and “EAST” of Coale and Demeny Regional Model Life Tables (1966). The other models are: UN Model Life Tables (1955) Ledermann's System of Model Life tables (1959, 1969) Brass Logit Life Table System (1971) UN Model Life Tables for Developing Countries (1955) ‘* WHO System of Model Life Tables (2000) In Indonesia as well as in many developing countries, reliable information on age specific ‘mortality from Vital Registration System is not available. ‘Therefore, in the past estimation of life tables still used a model life table approach and by applying this to observed data (usually on child mortality), the life table is estimated, In the careful review of the results, this approach suggests some limitations, ‘The differences of the estimated resuits from the truth, have major implications for the monitoring, evaluation and reorientation of public health programs, To improve this, in 1998 the Health Services and Technological Research & Development Contre, National Institute of Health Research & Development had constructed the Indonesian Life Table using two types of data: the Population Census (1980, 1990) toobtain the number of population by sex and age and the number of children ever born and living children to women aged 15 ~ 64. From the 1996 SUSENAS data, the information on the number of reported deaths by sex and age were used. AA life table is designed essentially to measure mortality, but it is employed by a variety of specialist in a variety ways. It is used by public health workers, demographers, actuaries, and many others in studies of longevity, fertility, migration, and population growth, as well as in making projections of population size and characteristics and in studies of widowhood, corphanhood, length of married life, length of working life, and length of disability-free life. In the simplest form of a life table, the entire table is generated from age specific mortality rates and the resulting values are used to measure mortality, survivorship, and life expectation. Life tables are, in essence, one form of combining mortality rates of a population at different ages into a single statistical model. They are principally used to measure the level of mortality of the population involved. One of the main advantages over other methods of measuring mortality is that they do not reflect the effects of the age distribution of an actual population and do not require the adoption of a standard population for acceptable comparisons of levels of mortality in different populations. Another is that a life table readily permits making mortality allowances for age cohorts, eliminating the burdensome task of compiling death statistics for age cohorts from annual death statistics by age even when the latter are available. Indonesia, as in many other developing countries, is still facing with lack of vital registration system. Information on reliable age specific death rates is never available, and life table for Indonesia is officially not exist. The use of life table function for mortality analysis is usually dependent on life table model Recently BPS-Statistics has collected information on number of deaths in its national survey on social economy, known as the National Socio-economic Survey (Susenas). Susenas is a regular survey conducted every year by BPS-Statistics with the sample size of ‘more than 200,000 households spread out in all provinces in Indonesia, Susenas 2000, carried out around the month of March 2000, also collected data on number of deaths classified by age since January 1997, that occurred in the sampled households. Age specific death rates can be calculated that make possible to construct an up-to-date life table for Indonesia. 2. OBJECTIVE. The objective of the activities is to construct the 2000 Indonesian Life Table using the SUSENAS Data and the latest Population Census Data. 3. METHODOLOGY OF CONSTRUCTING THE INDONESIAN LIFE TABLE. A. METHOD I. 3.1. Data Preparation Data on population and mortality were derived directly from the data source. The data were then tabulated by age and sex. With regard to age, it was prepared both in a single year age and five years age groups. Not only male and female data were considered, but also total (male & female) data were provided. Deaths data were considered during the last three years, while the 2000 Susenas was conducted in January 2000. Thus, the mortality datacould be grouped into three different periods, namely: 97/98 (Feb97-Jan98), 98/99 (Feb 98- ‘Jan99), and 99/00 (Feb 99-Jan2000). In addition, the data for period 1997/2000 (three years period) were also calculated. As the life table analysis is concerned, this present study used the period data (ie. as she hypothetical cohort data). Detailed method for calculating the input data is elaborated at an Excel File. Table 1 shows the observed data for mid-year population and number of deaths during the periods considered. ‘Table 1. Observed Mid-Year Population and Mortality Data ‘Mid-year population ‘Nuniber of death Age 9972000 98/1999 97/1998 9672000 98/1990 97/1908 Male 04 9105316 9687514 10064852 82940 79843, 65055 59 10601442 10580998 10624047 sss = 7790» 10080 40-14 10790829 10861957 10921346 6865744693849 15-19 10685937 10386029 9807498 13077 1108610854 20-25 9429597 8315404 8312795, 8539 ©8702, (8633 25-29 e271881 83184218 137845, 14499 =—-10598 8479 30-34 743i776 = 7396836 7299261 1304483864833 35-39 7295505 7134114 7061469 14542 © 124087936 40-44 6275507 6039785 6759109 16359 1679214948 45-49 5236731 4871473 «4630954 27524 = 2008814141 50-54 3776669 3575366 3426400 28104 © 28013-22198 55-59 3232663 3250866. 3122998 30710 © 2877721196 60-64 2605298 «2323129 2145530 56372-36084 «(29869 65-69 1814447 1781096 1718049 50683 3540830518 70-74 1280075 1070200 «896899 55668 «38764 «29067 75-79 878808 = 621342468266, 20080 1838315969 80-84 24034 = 198938154471 24753 1736813732 85+ 164601 148181132649 30274-23748 «(29164 Female 04 8607111 9083677 9430784 69053 6108649449 52 9941780 9977826 10008114 6554077239143 10-14 10103622 10155230 10241342 6189 = 6402, 4266 15-19 10160283 10049918 9635415 626368118743 2025 8871160 8880157 8960068, 8734 «68773710 25.29 8955603 8832022 8553466 10765 «= 93178681 30-34 7792422 7833370 7802303, 1120365826140 35-39 7716167 7440343« «7202344 1185382317497 40-44 5973181 5654249 5348569 1432499628495 45-49 4830852 4662746 4576861 12427 12284 «12700 50-54 4026984 3774593 3658613. 20187 14010-16801 55-59 3237430 3227956 «3177666. 22058 «11250-9610 60-64 2895687 2677930 2462263, 37160 2358717582 65-69 2009169 1896039 «1816168, 30191 2057517395 70-74 1278851 1063838889589 34708 2578418744 75-79 616381 557699516109 2274015976972 80-84 322674 251414 203416 27568 © 1038910426 a+ 267636 = 236801205625, 36224 «21869195343.2. Data Assessment: Under-reporting? Since the main focus of the Susenas is the socio-economic information, then, it has been argued that the mortality data in Susenas were under-reported. Hence, we need to evaluate the completeness of the data. Manual X (UN, 1983) offers two methods in order to evaluate the completeness of the data. These are proposed by Preston and Coale (method P-C) and Brass (method B). The first method uses the regional model of life table (Coale-Demeny model) for adjusting the data, while the second method uses directly the observed data. Considering the fact that Indonesian mortality may be different from the existed regional models, then the second method (Brass method) was chosen for the assessment of Indonesian mortality data. Table 2 and Figures 1, 2 and 3 present the assessments results. Detailed techniques used is elaborated in an attached Excel File It was revealed that the completeness of mortality data in the 2000 Susenas in general was lacking, In general, the completeness of data for male was higher than for female, For mortality data in the period 1997-2000, the completeness was 46 percent for male, 38 percent for female, and 42 percent for both sexes. Table 2. Completeness Factors on Mortality Data in the 2000 Susenas Period Wale ‘emale__ Male+Female joer-7908__0.4BGESTT 02971802 0.3736526 1998-1999 0.430886 0.207904 0.3659251 1999-2000 0.5174109 0.485460 0.4993758 1997-2000 0.4853760 0.37499530.4188482 Figure t Pott pra te ace ‘The completeness of data = I/slope = 1/2.1488 = 0.465370Figure 2 Figure 3 3.3, Data Adjustment Using the completeness factors obtained from the previous sections for adult mortality data (aged 10+), the age specific death rates were calculated. For child mortality data (aged 0-9 years) were not adjusted. Figure 4 and Table 3 show the mortality data both before and after the adjustment had been done. Figure 4 ar sot tr ot 208 ae pg)‘Table 3. Adjusted and Non-Adjusted Age Specific Death Rates: Indonesia 1997-2000 Borers ‘er Sox Age —VaR000 ATID STORE OTRO — — SwRB —SarIBSS—_B77T988 877200 Male 0 0.03291 0.03449 0.02908 003203 «0.03231 0.03449 0.02908 003203 1 0.00416 0.00245 0.00287 0.00317 0.00416 © 0.00245 0.00297 0.00317 59 (0.00088 0.00074 0.00085 0.0008 0.00085 0.00074 0.00095 0.00084 10-14 0.00084 0.00069 0.00088 0.00073 0.00123 .00166 9.00186 0.00156 1549 000122 0.00107 00111 0.00113 0.00237 0.00288 9.00241 0.00244 20-25 0.00101 0.00105 0.00104 0.00103 0.00198 9.00263 0.00226 © o.00222 25-28 0.00175 0.00127 0.00104 000138 | .00339 0.00308 0.00227 o.00292 3034 0.00176 0.00114 0.00066. 0.00119 0.00389 0.00275 O.00T44 © 0.00285 3539 0.00199 0.00174 0.00112 .001G2 «0038s a.00K2t 0.00245 0.00! 40-44 0.00261 0.00278 0.00280 0.00266 0.00504 © 0.00673 0.00565 0.00572 4549 0.00526 0.00412 0.00308 0.00818 © G.01018 0.00896 0.00863 0.00899 5054 0.00747 0.00808 000648 0.00738 © Ids OOT9Se §— O14 0.01581 55-59 0.00860 0.00885 0.00579 0.00840 0.01836 0.02143 0.01477 0.01805 6066 0.02164 0.01553 oOt392 001729 a.4182 0.09760 103029 O.0RTIE 6569 002783 0.01088 001776 002195 0.05309 o.0KBI2.0zEES © O.0A7IG 70-76 0.04349 0.03622 osAA 0.03803 «0.08405 © 0.08768 0.07052 0.08172 75-78 0.05024 0.03525 003410 0.04044 © a.os7t0 0.08638 © 0.07421 0.08690 0-84 0.08375 0.08730 0.08888 | 0804S OLBIIDO2N134 © 0.19344 0.19488 85+ 18382 0.16028 0.21986 0.18572 «0.38828 038797 047843040122 Fomalo 0 0.02399 0.03084 0.02333 002565 0.02339 0.03034 0.02333 0.02865 14 .oode2 0.00282 0.00245 © 0.00317 0.0082 0.00232 «0.00245 «.00317 59 0.00068 0.00077 0.00081 0.00078 0.00068 0.00077 0.00081 0.00078 10-14 000061 0.00063 0.00042 0.00055 0.00128 aonte7 0.00143 0.00147 4519 0.00082 0.00068 0.00060 0.00063 0.00127 a0oz14 0.00205 0.00169, 20:25 0.00088 0.00075 0.00041 00072 .00203 0.00234 © 00142 © 0.00191 2529 0.00120 0.00105 0.00066 00098 © 0.00248 0.00329 0.00227 0.00261, 3034 0.00144 0.00084 0.00079 coot02 0.00298 o.00262 © 0.00270 0.00272 3539 0.00154 00111 .00104 0.00123 0.00316 | 00S 0.00957 0.00329 40-44 0.00240 0.00176 0.00153 0.00183 0.00494 © 0.00549 0.00545 0.00515 4549 0.00257 0.00263 0.00277 0.00265 «400830 0.00820 0.00853 0.00709 5054 0.00501 0.00371 000475 0.00480 01038. OOT1ST 0.01630 0.01189 5659 0.00681 0.00349 0.00002 00445 00T403 0.01086 .01a39 O.01187 054 0.01283 0.00881 0.00714 O.0087Sa02B4 0.07748 .02452 0.02598 6569 0.01503 0.07085 0.00958 GOTI91 0.03095. 0.03383 0.03289 0.03177 7074 0.02714 0.02424 0.01769 002358 «0.0559 0.07855 0.06077 0.06289 75-79 0.03689 0.02865 0.01693 002869 «0.07600 0.08830 008502 007850 80.84 © — 0.08544 0.08132 0.05125 0.06223 0.17599 0.12881 0.17602 0.16504 a5+ 0315 009235 0.03800 0.10789 «027091 028769 0.32625 028770 3¥ ‘Smoothing the Irregular Data by Using the Heligman-Pollard Model ‘Assuming that the mortality rates for Indonesia have regularity in terms of age patterns, then we applied the Heligman-Pollard model to smooth the irregular patterns observed. Table 4 presents the parameters obtained from the model. Based on the goodness of fit, it ‘was revealed that the model fit very well for male and total mortality patterns, but not for female mortality pattems (see Table 4 and Figure 5).Table 4. Parameters of Heligman-Pollard Model for Smoothing Indonesian Mortality Data ‘Coors Cri Rae Eetiy oft A 8 ¢ Dit ereeee! co ae 1999.2000 0.2708 0016 0585 0314 0.002 2.225 20370 0.0001 1.0952 ‘96-1999 02179 0.006 0.188 ©0245 © coor «4.819 17082 0.0002 1.0872 1997-1998 0.4545, 0006 0454 0.189 0.002 $.132 16544 0.0001 1.0982 1997-2000 0.1871 0.008 0271 0.248 = 0.002 «3.763 17.419 0.0001 1.0916 Female 1999-2000 3.3604 0.04 1.281 0.458 0.000 0.01 0.000 0.0000 1.1076 1998-1999 10.2298 0331 2438 1.084 0,002 0.004 0145 0.0001 1.1026 1997-1998 18.4593 0.028 0462 0282 0.000 9.018 | 0.000 0.0001 1.0967 1997-2000 3.2396 ooze 0ss2 0.420 © 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.0000 1.1031 Total 1980-2000 0.1203, 0.052 1.477 0481 0.0021.275 21.958 0.0001 1.0967 1998-1999 0.179 0.008 0344 ©0308 0022648 16.785 0.0002 1.0880 1997-1998 0.345 0.008 0.183 0.199 0.002 4.308 16.008 0.0001 1.0890 1997-2000 0.364 001 0561 0328 ©0220 17.381 0.0001 1.0910 Figure 5 ‘brane a eninstes bal rg coe 65 200 "aneotn by tare he Honan? mos) Ese be Lg sate) ee ee ee od ‘Aer Life Tables Using adjusted data with and without smoothing, Indonesian life tables for males, females and total were generated. Table 5 presents the results of life expectancy at age 0 for the different time periods.Table 5. Results of the Adjusted and Smoothed and Only Adjusted Life Tables Adjusted and smoothed Adjusted but not smoothed Period _~Malo__Female Total Male Female Total 1999-2000 6226 «67.47 «64.45 6226 © 66.58 64.21 1998-1999 62.38 «62.61 «63.71 6197 65.30 63.38 1997-1998 65.61 «61.76 66.07 6497 66.19 65.51 1997-2000 6338 «64.12 64.74 63.02 66.31 64.45 3.6. Discussions of Method I. If'we use the mortality data for 1999-2000 period that has been adjusted for under-reporting using the Brass method, we find the life expectancy at birth for males: 62.26 years, for females: 66.58 years and for males & females (combined): 64.21 years. If we use the mortality data for 1999-2000 period that has been adjusted for under-reporting using the Brass method and smoothed by the Heligman-Pollard Model, we find the life expectancy at birth for males: 62.26 years, for females: 67.47 years and for males & females (combined): 64.45 years. Since the resulted life tables using the mortality data for 1999-2000 period show big, differences between life expectancy of males and females (more than 4 years), we also constructed life tables using the mortality data for 1997 - 2000 period. ‘The results are as follows: If adjusted for under-reporting using the Brass method, we find the life expectancy at birth for males: 63.02 years, for females: 66.31 years and for males & females (combined): 64.45 years. if we use the mortality data for 1999-2000 period that has been adjusted for under-reporting using the Brass method and smoothed by the Heligman-Pollard Model, we find the life expectancy at birth for males: 63.38 years, for females: 64.12 years and for males & females (combined): 64.74 years. Since the life tables constructed from the mortality data for 1999 - 2000 period either adjusted or adjusted and smoothed do not look sensible, we have to use a more straight forward statistical smoothing program, If failed, probably we have to use average mortality data for the period of 1997-2000 instead of 1999-2000, Besides, we will exercise other methods of constructing life tables, such as using Time Series Analysis using cohort males and females data from the Population Census (1971, 1980 1990) It is suggested that the Indonesian Life Table constructed using average mortality data for the period of 1997-2000 instead of 1999-2000 is more acceptable. The results show that the Life Expectancy at birth for the Indonesian in 1997-2000 were: 63.02 years for males and 66.31 for females.B. METHOD II. 3.7, Data Preparation, Data on population and mortality are derived directly from the data source (the 2000 Susenas). The data on number of deaths can be tabulated by age, sex and year of death. With regard to age, it is prepared both in a single year age and five years age groups. Similarly data on total number of population are tabulated by age (single and five years age group), and sex. Based on tabulation by single year age groups, data on number of population are converted from survey date distribution into mid-year population distribution. For this life table construction only use number of deaths reported in 1999, Mid-year population distribution in 1999, converted from survey data population distribution of the 2000 Susenas, and number of deaths reported in 1999 are used to calculate age specific death rates by sex. Table 6 shows observed age specific death rates by sex in 1999 in Indonesia. Table 6 Observed age specific death rates by sex in Indonesia, the 2000 Susenas pa MALE FEMALE Mid year | Number of | ,spa | Midyear | Numberof | aspa population | _ deaths population | _deaths 0 1478313, 39857 | 003792 | 1478313 49170 | 0.03326 14 muons 19482 0.00255] 7210728 17348 | 0.00241 59 9963464 #463} 0.00080] 9963464 5916| 0.00059 10-14 | 10096508, 6346 | 0.00059] 10096508 6189 | 0.00061 1519 | 10186443 12922| 0.00121} 10186443 5480} 0.00054 20-24 8865112 7735 | 0.00092 | 8865112 8546 | 0.00096 25-29 3962099 13986 0.00168 | 8962099 9990} 00111 30-34 7785025 12390} 0.00167 | 7785025 10831 | 0.00139 35:39 7684589 13454] 0.00185 | 7684589 i198 | 0.00146 40-44 5894491 16040 | 0.00258} 894491 13966 | 0.00237 45.49 4797932 26808} 0.00520 | 4797932 12427 | 0.00259 50-54 3966363, 27085 | 0.00727 | 3966363 19794| 0.00499 35-59 3249275 29754| 0.00913 | 3249275 21526 | 0.00662 60-64 2854950 49042 | 0.01928 | 2854950 33502 | 0.01173, 65-69 1975021 4sze2| 0.02511 | 1975021 27681 | 0.01400 10-74 1227501 sosst | 0.0414 | 1227501 29465 | 0.02400 75-79 607331 24307 | 0.04270 | 607331 16834) 0.02772 | 80-84 304449 20547 | 0.08299 304449 23925] 0.07858 85+ 260697 23186 | 0.08804 | 260697 25988 | 0.09969 “Number of population and number of deaths are inflated population figures derived from sample figures of the 2000 Susenas 3.8, Data Assessment for Under-reporting. The 2000 Susenas was a cross-sectional study (survey), and data of vital events obtained from such cross-sectional study is usually prone for underreporting. Evaluation of the completeness of number of deaths reported in the 2000 Susenas employed Brass Growth Balance Method of Manual X (UN, 1983). Brass method assumes that the population being studied is stable. Itis fairly robust to violations of the assumption of stability, particularly torecent changes in fertility and to gradual changes in mortality. The method uses deaths in a year classified by five year age group and by sex and mid-year population classified by five-year age group and by sex as input. Completeness of death reporting in relation to population coverage is one of estimated parameter produced by the method. The Growth Balance Brass method is based on the equation = NON(xt) = r#D*(cH/NGcH); where N(x) is the mumber of persons of exact age x; ‘NG&t) is the total number of persons aged x and over; D*(xt) is the total number of deaths occurring to persons aged x and over; and r is the growth rate, The equation is exact for stable, closed populations. Suppose that instead of observing D*(x+) (the total number of deaths over age x), only a proportion of them was reported, say D(x+), where D(x+) = COND*(x+); Cox) being a factor representing the completeness of deaths reported from survey at age x and over. If it is assumed that the completeness of death reported by the survey does not vary with age, at least over age 5 or age 10, C(x) can be replaced by a constant C that does not change with age. Letting K=1/C, the following relationship is obtained: N(WNGct) = r+ K(D(c+)/N(x#)). For a closed, stable population, where the completeness of death registration is the same at every age and where age-reporting is accurate, the equation provides a method by which to estimate the completeness of death report. The relation between D(x+)/N(x+), N(X)/N(x+) is linear; and the slope of the line defined by the points [D(x+/N(x+), N(xVNGct)] is the value of the adjustment factor K. Hence to estimate K, one need only to find the slope of the line defined by the points [D&HYNGc+), NOO/NGc+)]. In practice, the points [DoctVN(x+), NGO/N(x+)] seldom fall ‘exactly on a straight line, and K is obtained by selecting the line that best fits the observed points, Observing the lines defined by the points [D(x+VNOc+), N(xVNOc+)] from the survey (2000 Susenas), shows the lines that best fits the observed points are derived from data set of age groups over age 10 (see Graphs 1 through 4). The estimates of coefficient of. regression will be used as adjustment factors (K) of death rate. Adjustment factor for male death rate is 2.26 and for female is 2.52. These yield the completeness of death reported from the survey for male 44% and for female 39%. The completeness of mortality data in the 2000 Susenas is generally too low. The completeness of mortality data for male is higher than for female, Figure 6 Plot of partial birth rates and death rates (adjusted age 5+): Indonesia Males 1999 j 02 | 020 018 010 NOOING+)Figure 7 Plot of partial birth rates and death rates (adjusted age 10+): Indonesia Males 1999 N(X)IN(x+) 000 001 002 003 0m 005 00S |Our 008 Dox )IN(xt) Figure 8 Plot of partial birth rates and death rates. {adjusted age 5+) : Indonesia Females 1999 NOY) | 2s | | | 0.00 | 0.00 002 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 | D(x+)/N(x+) EAE ese EEE Ete dAFigure 9 Plot of partial birth rates and death rates | {adjusted age 10+) : Indonesia Females 1999 018 ose 014 02 0.10 0.08 0.06 004 02 0.00 0.00 003 | N(X)ING+) Dex+)IN(x+) 3.9. Adjustment of Death Rate, To obtain an adjusted death rate or adjusted age specific mortality rates, one simply multiplies the observed rates by K. The adjustment factors of K=2.26 for male and K=2.52 for female are employed for adjustment of age specific death rates of age groups from age 5 years. For specific death rates under 5, adjustment is not necessary since the rates obtained from the 2000 Susenas are in accordance with the rates from projection derived from direct. and indirect estimates of childhood mortality from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) 1991, 1994 and 1997. Similarity may be due to both under reporting of ‘numerator (under five deaths) and denominator (population under five). Tables 2-4 show the mortality rates both before and after adjustment for male and female, and both sexes. 3.10. Life Table Generation Using adjusted data with and without smoothing, Indonesian life tables for males, females and total were generated. Tables 7 - 9 present the results,Table7 ASDR for Male Before and After Adjustment, the 2000 Susenas Mid year Deaths in. Unadjusted Adjusted ‘Age group pop. in 1999 1999 ASDR-ASDR* 0 1878939 59887 0.03791-——0.03791 14 7632856 19482 0.00255 0.00255 59 10625791 8463 0,00080——0,00180 10-14 10785531 6346 0.00059 (0.00133 15-19 10668350 12922 0.00121.——(0.00274 20-24 8405343 7155 0.00092 0.00209 25-29 8308663 13986 0.00168 (0.00381 30-34 7422043 12390 0.00167 (0.00377 35-39 7271877 13454 0.00185 0.00418 40-44 6222800 16040 0.00258 0.00583 45-49 5158617 26808 0.00520 0.01175 50-54 3718981 27055 -0.00727-——0.01645 55-59 3259526 29754 0.00913 0.02064 60-64 2543322 49042 0.01928 0.04360 65-69 1802559 45262 0.02511 (0.05677 70-74 1226897 50851 0.04145 0.09371 75+ 975861 68040 0.06972 (0.15764 Table 8 ASDR for Female Before and After Adjustment, the 2000 Susenas Mid year Deaths in Unadjusted Adjusted ‘Age group pop. in 1999 1999 ASDR —ASDR* 0 1478313, 49170 0.03326 (0.03326 14 7210728 17348 0.00241——0.00241 59 9963464 5916 0,00059 0.00150 10-14 10096508 6189 0.00061 (0,00155 15-19 10186443, 5480 0.00054 0.00136 20-24 8865112 8546 0.00096 0.00243 25-29 8962099 9990 0.00111 0.00281 30-34 7785025 10831 0.00139 0.00351 35-39 7684589 11198 0.00146 0.00368 40-44 5894491 13966 0.00237 0.00598 45-49 4797932 12427 0.00259 0.00654 50-54 3966363 19794 0.00499 0.01260 55-59 3249275 21526 0.00662 0.01673 60-64 2854950 33502 0.01173 (0.02963 65-69 1975021 27641 0.01400 0.03534 10-74 1227501 29465 0.02400 0.06061 5+ 1172477 66747 0.05693 0.14374Tabled ASDR for Male & Female Before and After Adjustment, the 2000 Susenas Mid Year Deaths in Unadjusted Adjusted Age group Pop. in 19991999 ASDR ——ASDR* 0 3057252 109027 0.03566 0.03566 14 14843584 36830 0.00248 0.00248 59 20589255 14379 0.00070 0.00165 10-14 20882039 12535 0.00060 0.00144 15-19 20854792 18402 0.00088 0.00206 20-24 17270456 16301 0.00094 0.00226 25-29 17270762 23976 0.00139 (0.00329 30-34 15207068 23221 0.00153 0.00364 35.39 14956466 24652 0.00165 (0.00392 40-44 12117291 30006 0.00248-——(0.00590 45-49 9956549 39235 0.00394 (0.00924 50-54 7685344 46849 0.00610 0.01446 55-59 6508801 51280 0.00788 0.01869 60-64 5398272 82544 0.01529 0.03621 65-69 3777581 72903 0.01930 0.04557 70-74 2454397 80316 0.03272, 0.0715 15+ 2148338 = 134787 (0.06274——(0.15005 Table 10 Indonesian Life Table for Male, 2000 Age intowal—- mx x Pe ea & * ar) ow @ oe ay o © @ ® (01) 1037316 0.038886 0.96308 100000 S64 7KIS —Btt6987 61.1705 115) 4 0.002552 0.010946 O.980054 96306 1054 419018 © eotssez 25020 (5.10) 5 @00NBoT 0.008863 O.eT037 85252 BEA «ATAN2T © S60KSES 8885 25 10.15 5 0.001330 o.00sez9 o.ges371 94308 = 628470428 ISDA 84728 520) 50002738 0.013800 o.eeHmI 93773 H2TS_BBGTS 4862009 4B.72 25 (2025 5 -——.002086 0.010076 0.868624 2487860460083 4196933 45:37 25 (2520) 5.003806 O.0T8REO 0.861150 S38 ©1725. ASS75. 736248 © 408225 035) «0.008774 0.018885 O.SeI305 89812 «TTD aaee«28B71 305525 (2540) 5 O.004t#s 0.020508 o.97e302 8133 TeA 36108 2838007322026 lao4s) 0.005828 0.028720 0.871280 8608 «2479258484100 27.8325 (45.80) 0rt749 0.057070 0.042590 3800784 «407190 «19785532358 25 5055) 5.016448 O.07ESGO O.SzI0I0 —7eNdG~—=scaad-—« 706201588083 19.8525 (560) 5.020608 O.cgetz8 o.g01872 728027144 MENS 118874218425 (e065) 5.043586 0.196588 O.noR442 5888 12008 «28602743692 1285 25 (e570) § 0.088771 0.248575 0.751425 52753 «13113 «30880 SA7EES «103825 (7075) «0.088707 O.379K08 0.670384 39540 «150A «—««t8OSTD.«6S8S «7.99 28 s+) 0.187637 1.000000 0.000000 245824582 ««156005 «1560084Table 11 Indonesian Life Table for Female, 2000 Age interval mx * x & ra be % ex AG) tH) o @ @ 7 ©) o} o @ @ fo.) + ose61 032604 0.967436 1000002507125 GABE «GAS OS (18) 4.002408 ootcsts o.gs9se2 96750 BS aNaGZ GEOR ENT 20 15.10) §~—=—.001499 007488 0.992532 95781 1S 476969 S971871 6237 25 110.15) 0.001548 a.007703 osezze1 95096 733 a7aMO © SANKGO2S7AZ 25 11520) 0.001358 O.0067E9 nears! ansod «638 asu02 | SNTISSZ 53.25 25 (2025) 5 -—=—«0.002434 0.012087 0967003 93665 1133 assHOg 4551630 488925 12590) 5 «0.002815 0.018975 0988025 925921293 45842B «ARES aE, 1035) 5 ~—=—«0.003513 O.OTT«T2 o9ezseB 91289 «1889482228 «576708 «30.7525 (3540) § +~—»—«0.003679 0.016229 0.981771 806501638 4e67 © 3174485 «38.6125 04s) § +—=«0.005983 0.070472 0970628 SHOT 2594 | aN59B 2700918 © 31.0225 145.50) 5 ©=——«0.006540 O.oRRt74 o9s7e26 §— 8642227482040 2006722 8.25 (5055) 5 0.012601 0.051060 093820 8274 5050 4007451876482 270-25 155.60) 5 0.016728 0.080282 Omta71B 77624 «625272841 ATSTSA 19.0125 6085) 5 ©~—=0.029630 0.137933 0882067 71392 S8AT «3824431103197 154525 (85,70) 5 0.035338 0.162348 aBsTES2 61545 9902 28ZTAS «770854 «1253-25 170.75) 5 0.080610 0.268174 0736826 5155313567 220847 wast 84725 175+) (0143743 1.000000 0.000000 37986 © «37088 2642612842816. 98 Table 12 Indonesian Life Table for Male & Female, 2000 ‘Age interval mm ~ x ve & i ex aK) wn) o 2 @ « fo} © ® @) 01) 1 0.038682 0.034783 0.985207 100000 a9 g7864 20683629705 1.5) 0.002481 o.oto6st | o.9ssase 96521 t07 = atse4a 6190272 64.2320 [.0) 0.001655 0.008240 o.991760 E0878 «a78801 5788328 GOES 28 (10,15) 5 0.008435 0.007181 o.9sz849 © Sa7OT.-« 7771840 © 5209827560725 115.20) 5 0.002084 O.010269 0.980731 4029 «888 ET7S3 | ABSTORT © S145 25, (20,25) § 0.002284 0.011258 0898742 85064 1048462700 ©—4370253 «a6 | «25 (25,30) § +—«.003291 0.016323 0.982677 60S 1502486325 «380755342725 (30.35) 5 +~—=«0.003641 O.018038 osste62 —o0S14 ©1633 uBR MBI228 EIS 25 (9540) 5 ©——0.003524 O.0T7468 0.982532 eR 1553440528 © 3002738 «337825 (40.45) 5 0.005909 0.029088 870914 873292540 «430284 «862213 204-25 5 0.008239 0.045152 o.9s4e48 ©4789 «3828 ANAS7B. ZIBB 5.1425 (50.55) 5 «0.014482 0.069789 0.930211 808608680 S80BTT—I7ITSAS 121 25 (6560) +=» OTBsBE .08GE1 o.stO7sa 75310 © «gr22 STAG 1926858 178225 (e065) 086210 0.188021 .8sz079 © BasaB 11387 31447387122 14.1025 (65,70) $= (.0455B5 0.204528 O.795472 57201 «11600-26757 SEM T1425 17075) 5 + aovrtss 0.323305 o67e605 ass02 «14715 «190722 «39580287025 5 0.150055 1.000000 0.000000 30787 «3078705171 205171668,4, CONCLUSIONS. After analysing both methods of Life Table Construction, we decided to use METHOD I that only make adjustment of mortality data aged 5 years and above. The 2000 ‘Susenas data provided information on number of population and number of deaths which can be classified by age groups. Age specific death rates are calculated from the data after correction of the revealed under reporting of deaths and adjustment of the survey population, to estimate the mid year population. Correction for the under reporting of deaths aged 5 years and over, using adjustment factor obtained by applying Brass Growth Balance Method of Manual X. The completeness of mortality data in the 2000 Susenas is generally too low. The completeness of mortality data for male is higher than for female. Life tables for male, female and both sexes have been generated based on adjusted age specific death rates for age 5+ and unadjusted age specific death rates below 5 year. The life tables are based on mortality condition in 1999, and give figures of life expectancies for various age by gender as follow: Table 13, Life Expectancy of the Indonesian Age Life Expectancy (years) Male Female | Male& Female Oat birth) C2, 8 63.0 I 625 66.1 C42 3 589 O24 00.6 15 497 332 S14 6 10.4 12.5 114 Life expectancy at various ages for female are higher than for male. At birth the difference of life expectancy between male and female is 3.6 years. The constructed Indonesian life table based on the 2000 Susenas still has some limitation. Adjustment of mortality is based on underlying assumption of the method used, including the use of stable population assumption and the assumption of similarity in the completeness of reported deaths by age. ‘Age specific death rates as the bases for life table construction may also be influenced by age misreporting by respondents that is common in many developing countries including Indonesia. Due to the quality of mortality data by age and sex (under reporting) and the non existence of other data sources with better quality than current SUSENAS data; itis decided that the Indonesian Complete Life Table will not be constructed. In the future, if Vital Registration data is available, the Indonesian Complete Life Table could be constructed,REFERENCES. 1, Central Bureau of Statistics, Results of the 2000 Population Census, Jakarta 2001. 2. Central Bureau of Statistics, National Socio-economic Survey Data, 1997 - 2000. 3. Coale AJ., Demeny P., Vaughan B., Models of Mortality and Age Composition. In: Coale, et al., eds., Regional Model Life tables and Stable Populations, 2" ed., Academic Press, New York 1983. 4. Lopez. AD., Salomon J., Ahmad O., Murray CJL, Life Tables for 191 Countries: data, methods and results (GPE Discussion paper No. 9), WHO, Geneva 2000. 5. Shyrock HS., Siegel JS et al, Methods and Materials of Demography; Condensed ed by Edward G. Stockwell, Academic Press, New York 1976. 6. Soewarta Kosen et al, The Indonesian Abridged Life Table, Health System Development Series No. 10, Health Services Research & Development Center, ‘National Institute of Health Research & Development, Jakarta 1998.