1

.Wh
ati
s21
stc
ent
uryl
it
erat
ure?

21stcentur
yliterature–ass oci
etyandt ech
nol ogy, sodoesl it
eracy.Bec auset echnologyh as
incr
easedt heintensi
tyandc omplex i
li
tyofliterateenv ir
onment s,the21 stc enturydemands
thatalit
erateper sonpossessawi derangeofabi l
itiesandc ompetenc ies.Itchangeal lli
terar
y
workswritt
enandpubl i
shedatthel att
erpartoft h
e21 stcentury(from2001onwar ds).Thes e
worksareof t
enc haract
erizedasg endersensitive,technologic
allyalluding,culturall
y
plural
ist
ic,operatesont h
eex tr
emer ealit
yorex tr
emef i
ction,andques tionsc onventionsand
supposedlyabsolutenorms .I
tdealswithcurrentt hemesandr efl
ectst echnolog i
calcul t
ure.

2.
Def
inel
it
erat
ure

-
Literature,abodyofwr it
tenwor ks.
Thenameh ast radit
ionallybeenappl i
edt ot
h ose
imaginativewor ksofpoetryandprosedi st
inguishedbyt heintenti
onsoft hei
raut h
orsandt h e
perceivedaes theti
cexcellenc
eoft heirexecution.Literaturemaybec lass
ifiedaccor
di ngtoa
vari
etyofs ystems ,
incl
udinglanguage,nationalorigin,histori
calper i
od,genre,andsubj ect
matter.Literatureisaformofh umanex pression.Butnotev eryth
ingex pr
es s
edi nwords —even
whenor ganizedandwr it
tendown—i scountedasl iterature.

3.
Whatar
eth
ety
pesofl
it
erat
ureandi
t'
sdef
inat
ion?

○Poetr
y-Allpoemssharespec
ifi
cch
aracter
ist
ics
.Forex
ampl
e,poet
ryi
swr
itt
eni
nli
nesand
st
anzasins
teadofsentenc
esandparagr
aphs.

○Pros
e-Pr osec
anbedefi
nedasanyki
ndofwrit
tent
extt
hati
sn’
tpoet
ry(
whi
chmeansdr
ama,
di
scussedbel
ow,i
stec
hni
call
yaty
peofprose)
.

○Drama-
Anytextmeanttobeperf
ormedr
ath
ert
hanr
eadc
anbec
ons
ider
eddr
ama(
unl
essi
t’
s
apoemmeanttobeperformed,
ofcour
se)
.

○Non-Fi
cti
on-Poet
ryanddramabot
hbelongt
othebr
oaderc
ateg
oryoff
ict
ion—t
ext
sth
at
feat
ureevent
sandcharac
terst
hath
avebeenmadeup.

○Media-Thenewes
ttypeofli
teraturet
hathasbeendefi
nedasadist
inctgenreismedi
a.This
c
ategori
zat
ionwascreat
edtoenc ompassth
emanynewandi mport
antkindsoftext
sinour
s
ociet
ytoday,s
uchasmoviesandf i
lms,
websit
es,commerci
als
,bi
ll
boards,andradi
oprograms.

4.Li
stdownal
lex
ampl
esofal
it
erat
urewi
thpi
cifany
.

Her
ear
e10oft
hemos
tcommonl
it
erar
ydev
ices
:
Simil
e-Asimi
ledrawsresembl
anc
ebetweent
wot
hing
sbys
ayi
ng“
Thi
ngAi
sli
keTh
ingB,
”or
“Thi
ngAisas[adj
ecti
ve]asThi
ngB.
”.

Ci
rcebyMadel
ineMi
ll
er

Met
aph
or-Compar
est
wos
imi
lart
hing
sbys
ayi
ngt
hatoneoft
hemi
sth
eot
her
.

Nov
elbyFr
anc
esHar
ding
e

AFac
eLi
keGl
assi
sa201
2fant
asyadv
ent
urenov
elbyFr
anc
esHar
ding
e.

I
mag
ery-appeal
stor
eader
s’s
ens
est
hroug
hhi
ghl
ydes
cri
pti
vel
ang
uag
e.

Ch
arlot
te'
sWebi
sac
hil
dren'
snov
elbyAmer
icanaut
horE.
B.Wh
iteandi
ll
ust
rat
edbyGar
th
Wi
lli
ams
Symboli
sm-authorstur
ntotangi
blesymbolst
orepresentabs
trac
tconceptsandideasi
nth
eir
stor
iesSymbol
st ypi
cal
lyder
ivefromobjec
tsornon-h
uman—f orins
tance,
adov emight
repres
entpeac
e, orrav
enmightrepr
esentdeath
.

Th
eGr
eatGat
sbyi
sa1
925nov
elwr
itt
enbyAmer
icanaut
horF.
Scot
tFi
tzg
eral
d

Flash
backs-t
oprevi
ousev
ent
sspl
ituppr
esent
-days
cenesi
nas
tor
y,us
ual
lyt
obui
lds
uspens
e
towardabigr
eveal
.

GoneGi
rli
sat
hri
ll
ernov
eli
nth
emy
ster
yandc
rimeg
enr
es,
byt
heAmer
icanwr
iterGi
ll
ianFl
ynn.
For
esh
adowi
ng-i
swh
ent
heaut
horh
int
satev
ent
syett
ocomei
nas
tor
y.

Th
eVi
rgi
nSui
cides(
1993)i
sth
edebutnov
elbyt
heAmer
icanaut
hor
,Jef
freyEug
eni
des
.

Moti
f-What
everfor
mamot
ift
akes
,itr
ecur
sth
roug
houtt
henov
elandh
elpsdev
elopt
het
heme
oft
henar
rati
ve.

AnnaKar
eni
nai
sanov
elbyt
heRus
sianaut
horLeoTol
stoy
,fi
rstpubl
ish
edi
nbookf
ormi
n1878.
All
egor
y-i
sat
ypeofnar
rat
ivet
hatus
esc
har
act
ersandpl
ott
odepi
ctabs
trac
tideasand
th
emes.

Ani
malFar
misanal
leg
ori
calnov
ell
abyGeor
geOr
wel
l

Jux
taposi
tion-placestwoormoredi
ssi
milarchar
act
ers
,th
emes
,conc
ept
s,et
c.s
idebys
ide,
andtheprofoundcont
rasthi
ghl
igh
tst
heirdi
ffer
ences
.

ATaleofTwoCit
iesi
san1859hi
stori
calnov
elbyCh
arl
esDi
ckens
,seti
nLondonandPar
is
bef
oreandduri
ngtheFr
enchRevol
ution.

​
Poi
ntofv
iew-i
s,ofc
our
se,
themodeofnar
rat
ioni
nas
tor
y.

Bri
ghtLi
ght
s,Bi
gCi
tyi
sanAmer
icannov
elbyJ
ayMc
Iner
ney
,publ
ish
edbyVi
ntag
eBookson
August1
2,1
984.

5
.Ex
plai
nwh
ati
sfi
gur
ati
vel
ang
uag
einl
it
erat
ure.

Figurati
v elanguager eferstoal anguaget hatdev iat
esf romt heconventi
onalor derand
meani nginor dertoc onveyacompl icatedmeani ng,colorfulwr i
ting
,c l
arity,orev oc
at i
ve
compar ison.Itisalang uagethat’si
ntendedt oc reateani mag e,association, orothereff
ec ti
n
themi ndoft helist
enerorr eadert hatgoesbey ondt hel iteralmeani ngorex pecteduseoft he
words .I
tus esanor dinarysentencetor efertos omet hingwi thoutdir
ec t
lys tatingit
.
Under standingfig
ur ati
velanguag eisani mportantpar tofr eadingtheManag ementDi sc
us si
on
andAnal ys
is(MD&A) ,wheremanag ementmayus eamet aph ortohelpex plainc omplicat
ed
concept sordi r
ecti
onst hatthec ompanyist aking .Usingf ig
ur ati
velanguag emakest hethings
wes aymor eexpress i
veandmor eeng agi
ng.