Part 1 Grammar - Transformations - Advanced Language Points Grammar ‘A ADJECTIVES / ADVERBS 1 The following words are both adjectives and adverbs: hard, fast, late, high, deep, low ‘She runs fast. ‘She's a fast runner. (Ge) NoTE: He naraly ever goes 10 the opera. I haven't seen him lately. | She's highly paid. I can highly recommend it We're deeply shocked. 2 Adjectives which end in -ly (friendly, brotherly, silly, ugly, etc.) normally form their adverbial form using in a / an ... manner / way. He spoke to us in a friendly way. 3. The verhs taste, smell and sound are followed by an adjective and not an adverb. This meat smells bad. [NoT: ... badty.] Thia milk taateo sour. It sounds wondertul. 4 compare: The film was disappointing / boring | interesting, etc b We were disappointed / bored / interested, etc. [Adjectives ending in -ing describe what something is like or the effect it has on one; adjectives ending in -ed describe how one feels. about something.] 5 Tho etructure the + adjective is used with ‘groups of people such as: the deaf, the blind, the old, the young, the rich, the poor, etc. The blind must be given special care. ut: The / A blind man knocked an the door and [nor: Fhe--A-blind-knesked ...] PRACTICE Correct all the sentences. 1. ‘Do you like going to the theatre?’ "Yes, but | go rarely.” 2. It was a gold opportunity. 2. twas a most fascinated lecture, 4 They grected their guests friendly. —_—_—— ee SS Ss 6 The performance was most interesting. (= very) 7 Adverbial forms: a playful > playfully expensive > expensively [sur: true - truly] gently -> gently (sur: whole - wholly] happy ~> happily (eur: shy - shyiy] scientific -» scientifically {aur: public - publicly] 8 Adverbs of frequency (always, never, usually, often, etc.) are used before the main verb and after the verb ‘to be’ and modals. We rarely go out to eat. We are rarely at home on Saturdays. bur: these adverbs come before modals / auxiliaries in short answers. ‘Do you help him with his homework?" “Yes, | always do.’ 9 The adverbs cheaply; loudly, quickly, slowly and tightly are often used without -ly in everyday English. Run quick(ly)! Drive slow(ly)! 10 The words hourly, daily, weekly, monthly and yearly can be used either as adjectives or adverbs. attend weekly meetings. ‘Meetings are held weekly. See NoTE: 1. When the following words ending in -ed are used as adjectives, the -ed syllable is pronounced /1d/ [wor: /d/,/t/]. aged, blessed, crooked, dogged, learned, naked, ragged, wicked, wretched 2. silk stocking ur: silky hair a gold watch pur: golden memories / beaches a stone finar rire a sinny look / silence 3. the first two days | months, etc. [nor: the-twe-first days] I 8 The soup tastes awfully. Do you think its edible? 6 A number of poor live in my street. | 7 An early morning walk can be invigorated. ! 8 White tigers seldom are seen nowadays, |Ne ene ee. ‘ b Choose the correct answer. 1 Iwas........ upset by the news. 6 A deep B deeply 2 These playgrounds are bound to appeal to... 7 ‘A young B the young 3 Why did you get home so ..... last night? 8 A late B lately 4 The children were ....... so | decided to take them out. 9 A. boring B bored 5 The island has several....... beaches. A stony B stone 10 B COMPARISONS TYPES OF COMPARISONS: 1 as + adjective + as "1 [in affirmative or interrogative sentences] My brother is as fall as me. not as / $0 ... a8 R [in negative sentences} IMy brother 1s not so | as tall as me. 2 comparative + and + comparative The dog grew fatter and fatter. Things are getting more and more difficutt 3 the + comparative ..., the + comparative The less we sleep, the more tired we get. The harder you study, the better you will become. 4 not such a / an... as ltis not such a difficult exercise as we thought. 5 the same as ... sur: similar to: inferior / superior to His jacket is the same as mine. 6 prefer + gerund (or noun) + to + gerund (or noun) [general preterence] | prefer reading books to listening to music. ‘on: | prefer reading books rather than listening to music. 7 would prefer + to + infinitive + rather than + (to) 3 infinitive I'd prefer to read a book rather than (to) listen to music. 4 8 Twice (three times, etc.) as... 8 She paid twice as much as | did. 9 no/any + comparative [in negative and interrogative sentences] Can't you talk any quieter? ‘She seems no better than yesterday. 10 Before the comparative we can also use a bit, ot, far: Let's go by bus; it's a lot cheaper. He drives far too fast. They greeted the actress ...... A enthusiastic B_ enthusiastically For the ....... days, the weather was very good, A first three B three first, There is a attend. A week meeting which everybody must B weekly "Does James eat fish?’ ‘No, he .. ‘A does never —B_never does 1 B fantastically That pizza smelis A fantastic Before the superlative we can also use by far, asi This is by far the best hotel in the city. farther / further (adverbs) are used for places or distances: I can't walk any farther | further. further (adj. / adverb) can also be used ‘meaning ‘more / extra / additional’ There will be no further delays. [Nor: ... fartherdelays.] much + adjective in the comparative dearee: He's much better now. wor: He's very better now.] much too + adjective / adverb | It's much too hot for the baby. too much + uncountable noun 1 drink too much coffee. My older / elder brother is a dentist. ur: I'm older than my brother. wor: elderthaa] When we compare two qualities, we use more, not -er. She was more sad than angry. ‘COMPARE: He spoke to us as a teacher. (= he was a teacher) He spoke to us like @ teacher. (= he wasn't a teacher)40 | Order of adjectives The usual order of adjectives before a noun is as follows, but it can occasionally vary. ve Personal opinion [Size /Weight| Age | Shape | Colour | Origin | Substance | Noun abrave young __| Chinese man| a small square oak | table a dirty old grey suit a large red | Greek rug [The use of more than three adjectives before a noun is rare.] | Common similes as busy as a bee _| as cold as ice ‘as cunning as a fox ‘as drunk as a lord as dry as a bone as easy as ABC as good as gold as mad as a hatter as poor as a church mouse ‘as quick as lightning as quiet as a lamb as white as snow PRACTICE a Rewrite the sentence using the word given. 1 Every day our town becomes more polluted. and Our town: 2 | spend £50 @ week Un fou, bul iy sister spends £150. times My sister 3 Andy used to be careless, but he’s not anymore. much Andy ... 4 Ifyou try harder, you will improve. more The ... 10 —, I would rather stay in than go out. than 'd prefer His wi no He writes four worse Ua yours. The theory isn't so convincing after all a Its not b Choose the correct answer. 5 Lisa's easily more thoughtful than anyone else. by Lisa’s 6 Her feet were freezing. as Her feet .... 7. Ito loco complicated than | expected. so It's | can’t drink this - it's too much / much too sweet. Karen's dress is exactly the same as / with yours. Actually, | think the flm is just as / so good as. the book. The water was more cold / colder than warm. The children prefer to play / playing tennis to go / going swimming. | will need further / farther information before | can make a decision. Joe is elder / older than the other children in the class. Why doesn't she make it no / any easier for him? Aunt Loulse was as busy as a mouse / pee all morning. Horse riding was far more enjoyable / enjoyable than they had expected.LAR MEANING IN ANOTHER WAY. ‘Study these examples. 1. Jane sleeps more heavily than John. John sleeps less heavily than Jane. Jolin) doesn’t sleep as eavily as Jee. John is not as heavy a sleeper as Jane. John is not such a heavy sleeper as Jane. 2. There is too much sugar in this coffee, she said. This coffee is much too sweet, she said 3. I've never seen such a good film as Speed. I've never seen a better film than Speed. Speed is the best film I've ever seen. 1 4. I've got the same number of stamps as you. I've got as many stamps as you 1 § His hair and mine are the came colour. His hair is the same colour as mine. 6 Heis the fastest swimmer of all. 1 No one (else) can swim as fast as he does. He is faster than any other swimmer. He is a faster swimmer than anyone else. He swims faster than anyone else. PRACTICE. 7 Isn't there a larger size than this? Is this the largest size there is? 8 AHolls Hoyce is (much / tar / a lot) more expensive than a Fiat. ‘A Fiat is (much / far / a lot) less expensive than a Rolls Royce. A Fiat isn’t as / so expensive as a Rolls Royce. 9 As she studies harder, she loarns mor. The harder she studies, the more she learns. 10 He's such a hard worker, isn't he? He works so hard, doesn’t he? }1 There is no comparison between your mansion — and my bedsit. My bedsit can't compare with your mansion | 12. This diamond ring is twice as much as the other one. | This diamond ring Is twice the price of the other one. The other ring is half the price of this diamond one. ‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words. 1 Pete is such a meticulous worker, isn't he? 50 Pete ..... , doesn’t he? 2 Give the charity a generous donation and we will be grateful. to Donato = will be grateful. 3 My colleaque is a more competent translator than me. ‘than My colleague ... 4 Light flashed suddenly from the room. flash There . from the room. 5 Your poems are much better than mine. compare My yours. 6 ‘Is this the best composition you can write?” asked the teacher. better ‘Can't .. asked the teacher. 7 Leeds has the same annual rainfall as Edinburgh. as Annually, I Edinburgh. 8 ‘There is too much salt in the stew,’ he said. is “The stew . do. ww this?” he said, 9 1am a more frequent letter writer than my brother. writes My brother... : 10 Your opinion on the matter is like mine. have We .. ... on the matter. 41 As he Uiouyhit about il, he becare happier with his decision the The he became with his decision. 12 I've never had such an enjoyable night out as tonight have Tonight ie tho... soe 13 Indian restaurants are not as common as Chinese restaurants in Greece. less Indian restaurants are _ Chifiese restaurants in Greece. 14. His composton and mine are ofthe same standard as His composition 15 You'll calm down as you stop worrying so much, less The you'll be. 16 That professor always gives me a friendly smile when | walk in. emilos That professor always .... 3 when I walk in. .. than | do, on had. mine. a_ Extra Transformations ‘Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words. 1 Thoy aro cortainly not etupia. means They .. stupid. I'd rather we started work at eight o'clock. preference 1 work at eight o'clock. Don’t pay any attention to what he says. notice Don't... what he says, | don't feel like going to the party. mood I to the party. The new plans for the library have been approved by the authorities. met The new plans for the library wns .. the authorities The economic situation seems unlikely to improve in the near future, sign The economic situation = ..in the near future, "You don’t appreciate me,’ she complained. granted "You she complained. | have great difficulty in reading her handwriting. difficult I to read. Caroline doesn't look anything like her sister bears Caroline her sister. I didn't go to work loot Friday. off 3 i last Friday. They will have to accept your offer option TEY weer to accept your offer. After the scandal, he was asked to resign immediately. hand Ajter the scandal, he was asked ... .. immediately. That's none of your business. nothing That ... you. Rachel's arrival was completely unexpected. took Rachel's arrival «Surprise. We can't stand that terrible noise any longer. enough We that terrible noise. Money counts for little on a desert island. value Money .. on a desert island. | certainly won't change my mind about resigning question There . my mind about resigning. Being a tennis coach doesn’t really suit him, you know. cut He's not really . ., you know.Advanced Language Points a. Fill In pay or pay for. ‘one’s mistakes .. a phone call . afine . ataxl acrime . adebt abill b He has something about him meat a there's something all round him. b there's something impressive about him © there's something wrong with him. © COLLOCATIONS: Fill in the correct form of the appropriate verb. arouse, commit, fit, tre 1 Aman... soneenune the description was arrested at the airport. 2 Dan asked a lot of questions, which .». their suspicions, 3 Itis unlikely that he .. offence. ‘such an 4 Several passengers were for shock after the accident. __-—~ d Punetuate the following. _— Paul where Mary had had had had had had had had had had had the teacher's approval Tick only the correct sentences. 1 Somebody open the door! 2 Everybody shut your eyes. He hit her in the face. She has a heart condition. They were dancing from joy. Ido it or my name isn’t Brown. He's drunk or something, We slept at ten o'clock last night. eer aan He is the very man you want. 10 You're being jealous. Choose the correct verb. 1 Do you have any 4 your homework? 2. Flying is perceived / expressed by many as being the ideal means of travel. 3 Their new house is being equipped / fitted with new carpets. 4 Our new boss declares / advises against our taking any time off at the moment. 5 Rumour has it that they have landmarked / earmarked that old site for development. 6 What you're saying is in no way consistent / allied with what I'm saying. 7 That perfurne has no prospect / scope of ‘commercial cuscose. 8 My son has a real sense / feel for languages. ire / intention of doing 439. Use the word / phrase given in brackets to rewrite the sentence without changing its meaning. 1 I'm determined to stay. [intention] ; 2 You ought to move house. [high time] 3. Generally speaking, it was a good film. [large] 4. I'm certain he'll be here by twelve. [bound] 5 She couldn't understand the message. [sense] Choose the correct endings to complete the following proverbs. 1 One good turn .. [ > is another man's poison 2 One man's meat...... » begins at home 3. Charity > is the mother of invention | 4 Necessity .. | D deserves another i Fillin the correct phrase. sort qneself out, sort itself out, of sorts, , aut af sorts, a sort af today and seems to do nothing but ory. 1 The baby is a bit . in the end. 2 Stop worrying; everything will... ; 3. It's time you stopped complaining all the time and 4 He wrote an answer .. . and handed it in to the teacher. 5 We went to that new restaurant yesterday and had ... f'm not sure exactly what it was. soup — noon ON fad fol burst fox eared pot tuned shot- j Complete the sentences using the words in the box. j chain, spin, blow, ill, 1 YOU SHOUIAN't ...reiesenntteat that animal. 2 Dont... -dry wool pullovers. 3 Doyou... dry your hair? 4 He should cut down; he ..... 5 The defendant was .. smokes, .-examined. Tick the correct answers. 1. | found the book absolutely a best-selling b gripping © absorbing 2 I'm sorry, but I don't... at all @ sympathise with you b feel sorry for you © sympathise you 3. He ...... TV while she ...... lunch, ‘a was watching ... cooked b watched ... cooked © watched ... was cooking | Use the words in the box to complete the phrases and explain what they mean. tear, blue, off, square Fa by ANd sn profits 2] a fair and deal 3] wear ANG ee zs to shreds | 4/@ onand..... ob ~ve the record | : in|. = Geonuen mel How do you pronounce these words? Aesop 'isop/ aged (= very old) etdsid/ aisle fail/ ambush /embuj/ amiable /etmisbi/ among /a'man/ anaemic /animik/ ancient /emfont/Part 2 Language Development A VERBS, ADJECTIVES, NOUNS WITH PREPOSITIONS 8 Choose the correct preposition 1 He was arrested for / on forging the documents, 2 Sam doesn't like his son associating to / with those boys. 3 There was an attempt on / at the President's life thio morning. 4 Your attitude towards / against marriage is very old-fashioned. 5 Are you aware for / of your rights? 6 The government has imposed a ban in / on hunting endangered species. 7 Whatever became with / of him? He used to be a household name. 8 The prisoner begged about / for mercy. 9 He's a great believer in the benefits of / from this therapy. 10 Motorists were warned to beware of / about slippery roads. B IDIOMS ‘a Match the idioms with their definitions. get someone's back up at the back of one’s mind get off someone's back know a place like the back of one’s hand put one’s back into stab someone in the back get one’s own back turn one’s back on go back on one’s word you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours the back of beyond on one’s back b Complete the sentences with one of the prepositions in the box. with, for, about, to, into, from 1 The introduction of computers will be beneficial ............ the whole school. 2 Who will benefit most ... 3 Kate was blamed 4 He is blind ... .. the new law? .. the accident. all her faults. how much 5 Jack is always boasting money he earns. 6 The travel agency booked us .. the wrong hotel. 7 |'m getting very bored .. this entire business. 8 Stop bragging . 9 Now I've been promoted, I'm burdened even more responsibilities. YOUF NeW car. 10 I've been busy... the children all day. in one's thoughts but not of immediate importance know somewhere very well betray in bed due to iliness stop annoying someone reject / refuse to help sb / sth try hard break a promise somewhere isolated annoy sb got rovongo . you help me and I'll help youb Complete the sentences with one of the idioms. ‘save sb’s bacon, a bad lot, get a bad name, take the good with the bad, a bag of bone: in the bag, let the cat out of the bag, set the ball rolling, on the ball, have a ball 1 We... one .inFrance- 6 ‘Who wants to... ae it was fantastic! by opening the discussion?” 2 Jason when 7 Its. ~ the job is he told Anne we were planning a surprise party yours. for her. 8 Heis . and | don't 3 You have to. i. want you associating with him. | Things don't always run smoothly. oie a. 4 CAFO! nem sennnnineaneneee WHEN when somebody got food poisoning after eating she lent me that money. there. 5 Lucy was just... 10 Ask Jane if you want to know about current affairs; when she went into hospital. she is always .. C PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES a Complete the sentences with the correct prepositional phrases. at last, at least, at length, at once, at peace, at present | 1 I'm afraid we haven't got any vacancies lou won't go to the wedding, The two countries are finally .. Clean up your room .. It's wonderful they've found a cure ... ou ee We discussed the project all the details. . and managed to cover Match the prepositional phrases with their definitions. Get it completed by Monday at the latest. 3 At the present time, the research team is trying out anew drug. 4. I didn’t catch what he said as | wasn’t A now lh ittention at the time. really paying attention at the time. a a 5 Don't act hastily as there’s too much © atrisk at stake and you might lose more than ca you can afford to. D without conscious choice At times, | doubt his sanity. E then F no later than a certain time / dateD CORRECT OR INCORRECT? Tick the correct sentence(s). 1 a The detective eyed at her suspiciously. 4a Thecarisn't b The detective eyed her suspiciously. b The car isn’t 2a His hair is falling down. 5a b His hair is falling out. b © His hair is thinning. ee 3a Whales feed with plankton. b She had her b Whales feed on plankton. 75 b E COLLOCATIONS a Tick the appropriate boxes. moving because you've no gear. moving because it's not in gear. He drank it in one gulp. He drank it with one gulp. She wore her hair in a ponytail. hair as a ponytail. We waited for one and a half hour. ‘We waited for one and a half hours. body [behaviour] culture |appearance| place | affairs language strange | foreign I ih b Put the nouns In the box with the adjective(s) they are commonly used with. (eyesight, education, imagination, soil, history, sound, health, colours, conditions poor: F PHRASAL VERBS 7 suffering or misfortune 2 bear with show considerable patience 8 bring off | oreus 9 bring on 3 black out —_lose consciousness 40 bring out 4 blast off leave the ground (of a rocket) 41 bring round 5 blow up enlarge 2 exaggerate cause to happen (usu. of situations) 6 bring about (1 bear up be positive / hopeful, despite 7 bring forward 1 advance to an earlier date / time 2 raise for discussion (formally) succeed in doing sth difficult cause (sth negative / unpleasant) cause to be seen; make clear 1 revive 2 persuade 3 bring to sb’s house4 Mum refused at first, but we managed to fe DOF sae 2 Try to. so her: she's under a lot of pressure. 3 Its typical of the press to the whole matter. 4 Frank is .. .. 48 well a8 can be expected under the circumstances. 5 Her high temperature was, by going out in such bad weather. 6 The increase in responsibility has her best qualities. 7 What her de house? 8 Who the idea of electing a new treasurer? 9 The new director business deal, abig 40 Can't you tho party so the Smiths can come? G WORDS EASILY CONFUSED Choose the correct word to complete the sentence. The game of chess has been in A existence B dur Ifyou are A confident B secure A. straight B straightforward ‘A outward B outgoing A open B available 6 Why don't you take the A start B initiative Aon Bin The cause of the problem A occurs B lies . for hundreds of years. of your ability to succeed, you will do so. You have to agree with his reasoning; his plan is so, 4 Lucy is an extremely ..... person and that’s why she has lots of friends. 5 The estate is ..... to the public every Sunday from April to October. and decide what should be done next? Chris’ skilful play put his opponent ..... the defensive. ... in unemployment. ‘a Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs given on the previous page. 11 There was a tremendous noise when the rocket 12 Fortunately, we were able to .. him: . by slapping hi face. 13 Ifyou can't see the map in detail, have it “ John for coffee one day. 15 Even though the boxer fora few seconds, he still refused to give up. b NOMINAL FORMS: Fill in the correct nominal form. {_ blackout, bi: 1 After , the rocket disintegrated. 2. The doctor said the she had could be a symptom of a number of conditions. 2. Would it he passibla to get a of this photo?Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form. border / frontier 1 The .. .. was temporarily closed by soldiers for security reasons. 2 The bedsheets had a... white lace. of 3. The garden had a beautifully kept lawn with a «of white rosebushes, shiver / tremble 1 He was seomneone With anger, but said nothing, 2 The house .. as a convoy of lorries drove by. 3. The homeless man stood in the doorway _.. violently with cold. 4 They grew up in a remote... 4 Her legs ... . with fear. eoeenent 5 When he started to . with fever. he took himself off to bed. H DERIVATIVES 2 Complete the table below. e ~ [Adjective (+ opposite if exists) ‘Abstract Noun Concrete Noun F 1 announce (un)announced announcer | 2 annoy annoyed, annoying 5 e 3 apologise apology ne 4 apply (in)applicable, applied ... applicability] applicant, applicator, appliance 5 (dis)approve (dis)approving Pear rSit - 6 argue (un)arguable, argumentative eS 7 assist (unjassistad assistance 8 astonish astonished, astonishing os Es = (non-jattendance, 9 attend » (unattended |i.) aention,(inattentiveness attendant 10 attract attraction / attractiveness - b Complete the sentences with the correct form of the word given. 1 He arrived No one was expecting him. ANNOUNCE 2 We all found his refusal to help extremely... ANNOY 3. They were most ..and insisted on paying for the damage. APOLOGISE 4. Use the special .. to put a layer of glue there. APPLY 5 Carl frowned, showing his APPROVE: 6 Diana's a very . person and never agrees with what anyone says. ARGUE 7 Ineeded some .. .., but the nurse ignored me. assist 8 Tu Rob's 1 Tre wes offered Ue job asronisn 9 The flight... . told me to fasten my seat belt. ‘ATTEND 10 I really can't see the of snowboarding. ATTRACT¢ Fill in the correct word each time. 1 (anxious, anxiously, anxiety a. By the look on her face, | could tell she was full of b Feeling sure she was being followed, she peered 2 (avoid, (un)avoidable, avoidance a. The aim of this site is to inform the public of the dangers of using tax . schemes. b Though nobody believed them, the managers told the workforce that the recent job losses were behind her. 3 ((Un)aware, awareness ) a We need to increase public .. b Unfortunately, she was 4 (bear, (un)bearable, bearer a The pain was x0 ... b I don't mean to be the as to the seriousness of the problem. that people were watching her and made a fool of hersel. thal he had to call an ambulance. .. of bad news, but heavy rain is forecast for tomorrow. 5 (Gis)believe, (un)believable, (dis)belief a itwas a truly . ‘moment when Katie won the gold. b When he announced his engagement, everyone just looked at him in, 8 a Inher old age, Mrs Grey became the b Contrary to popular opinion, computers can have a education. 7 a No matter how hard you try. | will never re . Simon's confidence. b The children knew that what they had done was, a. of their father's trust. . of the local dogs’ home. ‘effect on young people's 8 (breathe, breathless, breathing a_| knew his condition was worsening because his was getting heavier and neavier. b Watching him open the letter, we were with anticipation.Part 3 Vocabulary Practice 1 Choose the correct answer. 1 | found the training exhausting as the coach always pushed us to the ... A restriction B border C limit D frontier 2 The doctor had a complete ..... for his patients’ feelings. A disinterest B dismissal C negligence D disregard 3 You look tired. Why don't you go to that new health farm? I'm sure you'd find It..... . A beneficial —B essential © profitable valuable 4 They prepared to ..... their leave, believing the meeting to be over. A set B wave C offer D take 5 Jack .... e90ing the doctor until it became absolutely necessary A held over B waited C put off D refrained 6 He painted a gloomy..... of life as a student. | A image B picture drawing OD illustration 7 I bought the car, .... that | would get a pay rise and be able to afford the instalments. A speculating B considering C assuming D estimating 8 When you pack, ..... in mind that the weather could turn cold. A bear B hold C retain D reserve 9 The football stadium was illuminated by ..... . A spotlights B searchlights ‘flashlights —_D_floodlights 10 We made an agreement ..... 10 one would use the computer for more than two hours. ‘A whereas B allowing © wherahy supposing 11 Frank has a ..... unusual collection of old toy cars. A little B somewhat C far D greatly 42. He would only ....to violence if provoked. A move B resort C fall D attempt - nn 2. Fill in the correct word in the appropriate form. A assorted, matching C[ notice, observe | 1 The twins were dressed in s 1 She spent years in Africa the clothes. behaviour of gorillas. F 2 Itwas a(n) group of vicars 2 He actually thought nobody would F and lawyers. ithe went out wearing odd socks. / 3 Ifher shoes and handbaa aren't 3 Few motorists actually seem to be | ..y She refuses to go out. the new law. 4 We both attended the same lecture yesterday, but me. | & He bought her a box of . 3 chocolates to cheer her up. he didn’t | D[_ lessen, reduce j 1 For many years, the people had been 1 You should eat less fat to .... the risk by those in power, and the time ff haart disease. had come for them to fight back. 2 After he was made homeless, he was .. to begging on the streets. 3. The amount of help she needed .. 2 The dark and gloomy weather me, making me feel anxious and uncomfortable. 2 Tho information wae by the she bevarne ior inueperidetit government 4. The warmth of the sun .. 4 The schoolboy could not a wore on. \gle and his teacher gave him an angry look.3 Choose the correct preposition / particle. 1 If we could all live a life free of / for tension, how much healthier we would be. 2. In.some jobs, employees feel under / in constant pressure to impress the boss. 3. Studies have shown that too much stress is detrimental for / to our health. 4 There is a lower incidence for / of heart disease in most Mediterranean countries, and this can be attributed on / to diet. 5 It seems that our attitude for / to life can make a difference to / at our health. Match the expressions with mind with their definitions. spring to mind cast one's mind back have a (good) mind to do sth know one’s own mind put one’s mind to sin speak one's mind intend to do sth devote energy and effort to sth ‘come into one’s mind ‘cay openly what one thinke about sth eaoce be sure of one’s opinions; not be easily influenced {think back to a time in the past 5 Fill in the correct preposition / particle to complete the phrasal verbs with put. { down, through, out, up, aside 1. Pll get a taxi from the airport ~ | wouldn't want you to put yourself con my account. | | | 2 We agreed to put our differences, at least over Christmas. 3. The receptionist said she would put me .. to the manager. 4 His poor exam results can be put... to his lack of interest in the subject. Fill in the correct verb in the appropriate form. foot, arm, elbow, eye, thumb 11 When I ran out of petrol in the middle of nowhere, Thad no choice but to .. alift to the nearest petrol station, 2 The rebel troops ... the villagers who joined them with guns. 3 The reporter .. his way through the crowd to reach the film star. 4. My boss invited me out for lunch and then expected me to . the bill! 5 When | introduced my fiancé to Melanie, she .- him thoughtfully for a while, as it trying to decide whether or not she liked him. bb Fill in the correct expression from above. 1 I'm not atraid to even if know | might upset someone. 2 Il, , lean remember that first Christmas we spent in Switzerland. | 3 She . and ent oasiy | persuaded to change her point of view. 4 Ityou it, 'm sure you can find a solution to the problem. 5 He said he...... ... feport the children to the police for trespassing on his property, but he never actually did it. 6 What's the first thing that... when you think of him? Fill in the correct noun. permit, shop, week, load, life was full of tools and old 1 His work, pleces of machinery. 2 Iwas findina it hard to deal with the increased WORK... a.ee » 80 decided it was time to take a few days off. 3. Amore flexible working would be welcomed by everyone at the company. 4. He began his working as a waiter ‘and ended up as a Uliel al @ lup restaurant 5 A foreigner can't get a job here without a workPart 4 Reading & Use of English For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each ga MANANA ‘The Spanish word ‘mahana’ (1) ..... means ‘tomorrow’, but has made its way into English as a way of saying ‘not today’; in other words, putting off what could be done now until some (2) ..... ime in the future. It is used to characterise the relaxed Mediterranean attitude to work, seen in a negative (8) ..... by certain workaholics from northern Europe. The climate has much to do with this attitude; in the (4) ..... of summer, through the long afternoons, it is unwise to do anything, and the savina ‘Only mad doas and Enalishmen ao out in the midday sun’ is a (5)... esponse to any accusations of idleness. There could, however, be a more decisive one. The low occurence of heart disease in Mediterranean countries has generally been (6) ..... down to diet, and specifically to the large quantities of olive oil, fresh fruit and vegetables (7)... in these countries. It is not out of the (8) .... though, that the more easy-going attitude to life and work also contributes, while the stress of life in the more work- driven north serves to shorten the average lifespan of inhabitants there. 1 A literally specifically inexact form especially exaclly unstable shape height definite indefinite infinite light midpoint just view peak fair depths mild tumed put gone brought constricted consumed constrained facts D D D D D D conspired D D c c c c c c c c possibility idea question For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. A Meeting of Minds Diogenes of Sinope is probably the most famous of the Cynics, a group of philosophers (1) ... rejected the material things of civilisation and favoured a return to a simpler, more natural life. lle studied in Athens (2) .. . Antisthenes (he in turn a pupil of Socrates) and was a common sight in the city, where he lived in the streets and (3)... in rough clothing. He ie renowned for the contempt in which he held the scholars and artists of the time; he could not understand how they could spend their lives in intensive study af the suffering of Odysseus while ignoring the suffering of thair (8) everyday existence. His fame was so widespread that Alexander the Great (6) . paid him a visit while they were both in Corinth. The young king asked him if there was (6)... favour Alexander could grant him. Diogenes was lying on the ground, Alexander standing over him eyeing him thoughtfully. ‘You can step out of my sunlight,’ was the only reply. Alexander was (7) .. impressed by the philosopher's self-assurance and independence that he exclaimed, ‘If | were not Alexander, | should like to be Diogenes.’ The proof of the pudding is in the eating, as they say, and it seems Diogenes got something right. @.... the difficult life he led, he lived to the ripe old age of eighty-nine, dying in 28 BC, the same year as the young Alexander.Part 5 Correct English Usage ‘A WORD USAGE Tick the three words / phrases wi 1 fine 2 foot 2 grab can be used with the word in colour. i sand es of the mountain a bite to eat a meaning set in a place hold of Ee line adog’s a an opportunity art patrol control of sth 4 escape 5. express 6 fail injury a intorost to S00 the problem death seven QFatitude hopes .... taxes . oneseff through music miserably words in one's duty sb’s attention B IN OTHER WORDS Seeing him in such a sorry state she took pity on him and gave him some money. When she lost her father, we all felt sorry for her. Iwas always taught to be compassionate towards those less fortunate than myself. Sally felt eympathy for the young man: sha knew what it was like to he homeless. Due to the global economic crisis, many people are now badly off and at risk of losing their jobs and, consequently, their homes. The charity aims to help the needy people of the city, Millions of people are destitute and living on the streets. ‘The government often ignores the underprivileged sections of society. My grandfather came to this country without a penny to his name. C STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES Can you tell the difference? 1a Tho halll ie twonty equare foot. b_ The hall is twenty feet square. b There's a houseboat on the river. 2a There's a boathouse on the river. b_Inshort, a new head teacher will be appointed. 3a Anew head teacher will be appointed shortly. b by the hand 4a_by handEXAM PRACTICE Part 5 You are going to read an article about the power of legends. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) you think fits best according to the text. The Cowboy: An American Legend A long line of covered wagons makes its way down the side of a hill, heading towards the other end of a long dusty valley. A figure on horsehack appears on the skyline, then another and another. ‘Indians!’ yells the leader, and they begin to draw the wagons into a circle, Two men stand at ‘opposite ends of the main street in a town, their hands resting on the butts of their pistols. One has accused the other of cheating at cards, so someone must die today. A huge plain covered in cattle; men on horseback gallop to and fro, kicking up dust, guiding the herd towards a distant railroad. Images like the above spring to mind when we think of the history of the USA; indeed, the Wild West is portrayed as the most romantic time and place in that history, the cowhoy the most alluring figure. In film, hook andl enmic, he is a powerful influence - even today - on the American, and indeed the world, psyche. ‘The truth of the matter is very different, however, in terms of the real impact of the cowboy and other related phenomena on the history of Ametica, The Hollywood version also flies wide of the mark in terms of the true picture of life in the West. ‘The move west began in earnest after the American Civil War was won by the Union in 1865. Huge territories had been seized from Mexico in 1847, and the defeated soldiers of the Confederate Army of the South, facing poverty and possibly starvation, headed out there to a fresh start and a new life. Being farmers, most were seeking land, and land was freely available at that time. Along with the Southerners came farmers for whom the east was becoming too crowded, and ex-slaves for whom the South ‘was still a place where they were second-class citizens. So the move west was dominated by small farmers, protected by the US army and by their own firepower. The ‘cowboy was restricted to the enormous cattle ranches in ‘Texas and New Mexico, and evidence shows that this job ‘was done mostly by poor blacks and whites from the South, Yet you would be hard-pressed to find a western film featuring a black, and even the white Southerners are the exception rather than the rule. Another factor that provided great impetus for the move west was gold. In 1849, prospectors rushed to California, and then, in 1874, gold was discovered in the Black Hills of Dakota, prompting another gold-rush. During this time, the government had been hard at work creating the transcontinental railway, linking the east and west coasts, and in 1869 it was completed, Lacking labour to build from the west, they had shipped thansands af Chinese over the Pacific. Not wanting them to stay, they were not allowed to bring their wives, but many stayed anyway, So it is that in photographs of gold-rush prospectors you can see many Chinese faces; so, too, the large and bustling Chinatown in present-day San Francisco. Yet, in films, the Chinese are conspicuous, chiefly by their absence, Above all, the Wild West only lasted about fifty years: by the turn of the century, the land had all been settled, the Indian Wars were over and the tribes in reservations, and the rule of law had been established. In 1883, Buffalo Bill Cody, renowned hunter and army guide, created the Wild West Show, featnring Sionx chief, Sitting Rull, and sharpshooter, Annie Oakley, and together they toured the country and Europe; a sure sign that the real thing was no more. Even during these fifty years, events of far greater importance were going on elsewhere in the country: American industry began to dominate the world; electricity was harnessed, the telephone, light bulb and transformer invented; twenty-five million new immigrants had reached the eastern shores. Yet the cowboy stands untouched, aloof — his courage, independence and self- reliance still a touchstone of how to live, act and be. What this shows us is somcthing that should, perhaps, come as no surprise; that legend has a power that history and fact do not. What is worrying, however, is the way that a narrow viewpoint can lead to narrow legend making, which leaves out stories that should be told: the man from China who ends up digging gold from the Dakota Hills, a ‘man born in Africa who ends his days as a cowboy on the ‘Texas plains. There is hope, however, if we look at the case of the American Indian, In early westerns, they were almost, invariably portrayed as savages, attacking wagon trains and farms, famous for the practice of scalping their victims. Recently, however, a more sympathetic view of these people has emerged; the understanding that great injustices were done to them, and that their way of life and thinking is of significance and interest. In this way, we can see the advantage of legend over history; that legend is story, and so open to reinterpretation, change and adaptation in a way that the iron facts of history are not.31 32 34 35 The first paragraph presents A the different sides of life in the Wild West. B the stereotypical conceptions people have of the Wild West, © scenes from three famous westerns. D_ the difficulties of life as a cowboy. The writer claims that standard images of the Wild West Aare only part of the truth. B affect the way we think. C form a vital part of American history. D are products of misleading historical material The move westwards ‘A was motivated by greed. B_ was caused by war in tho oact. C involved far fewer people than is imagined. D came from a desire for betterment. What do we learn about the Chinese? ‘A They went against the wishes of the US government. B They were unwelcome in America. © They came to dominate goldmining. D_Ihey founded the city ot San Francisco. What is the implication of paragraph 7? ‘A The Wild West was short in duration. B Buffalo Bill Cody was partly responsible for the end of the Wild West. C People believe the Wild West lasted much longer than it did. D The Indian tribes were what made the West wild. ‘The example of the Indians in the last paragraph is used to show A the flexibility of mythology. B that Indians have never found justice. C that the stories about Indians were entirely untrue. D the reliability of history over myth. 87Part 6 You are going to read an extract from a short story about an immigrant. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (37-43). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. A TIME FOR CHANGE Giovanni wondered idly, as he tossed another burger onto the hotplate, exactly how many of those things he'd fixed since he'd opened the rostaurant ten yoars before. Maybe half a million. Maybe more. It wasn't that it was hard, even during the lunchtime rush — he. was on automatic pilot once he got the order from Lilian, and didn’t even have to think as the onions fried, as he flipped the burger, cut the bread roll, toasted it and put it all together. 37 He'd come a long way, after all, since landing in ‘America with no more than a few sentences of English and a few dollars in his pocket. Hard work, sure, starting as a dishwasher (pearl diver, they'd called it — he liked that), then waiter, then cook, accumulating the savinas he needed to ao back to Turin to marry, open a restaurant or café, and look forward to a bit of peace. 38 ] No, it was more to do with a peculiar feeling he'd been getting more and more of late, which he was unablo to chift. A fooling that he wasn't anyone anymore, not like when he had been growing up in Italy, not as his wife and the kid were here in their native land. He was neither one thing nor the other, and it was making him feel more and more like a ghost 39 ‘Giovanni! The burger!’ It was too late, of course; the underside was black. He put it on a plate to one side and added a fresh one; through years of eating the ruined food himself, he'd got a taste for the burnt meal. Lillian was looking at him quizzically and he smiled confusedly, not knowing how long she'd been watching. ‘This is LA, Giovanni,’ she said. ‘You've got, to keep on the ball.” 58 It seemed to him afterwards that there had been a moment when everything completely stopped, a silence and a cessation even of time, and that he had felt a strange feeling of stillness and peace unlike anything he had ever felt before. Then the earthquake struck with a roar, and the world turned to rubber. a The silliest thing was that his first thought was of the second burger, and what a shame the Mexican woman hadn't got to eat it after waiting so lona. The earthquake had subsided and the air around him was, full of plaster dust, which made him cough. He didn’t, seem to be injured in any way — he moved his fingers, and toes cautiously to check. # An aftershock changed that feeling into worry. What about Stella, he thought, and Mario? The boy hadn’t felt well that morning and they'd let him stay home from school so he'd be with his mother, at least. But were they there? She'd said they might drop by the restaurant at some point today. They could have been on their way. | So, the earthquake that everyone talked about had finally come to LA. resuming he got out of it alive, he would be an earthquake survivor, an LA veteran. There'd be a lol of work alia, rebuilding the place. Maybe it was a good opportunity to change things round a bit. Maybe he had just let things stay too much the same for too long, and given himself too much time to think.He'd told no one about it, passing it off as a phase that would pass, a kind of delayed homesickness. Anyway, he'd always been kind of bored by people who talked about their problomo, a habit morc common horo, it seemed to Giovanni, than it had been back at home. But now that he really needed someone to tell him not to worry, he didn't know how or where to start. The glass at the front of the restaurant went almost straight away with a terrific orash, and Giovanni watched the father shielding his daughter from the flying pieces as she in turn tried to pull him under the table. The floor was hard to stand on, but Giovanni made it ever to the hotplate and turned it off, then he too dived under a table. Then the roof collapsed in on top of him, and there was darkness. And it wasn't that it was a dull job, particularly. He had his regulars to chat to, Lillian had been with him for five years and they were firm friends, and the street outside was a busy one and interesting to watch: the college kids going past, all laughter and brightness; the cars cruising on sunny Saturdays, music blaring: the quiet morning street. He had only been back to Italy once, when his ‘father died, and that had only shown him that if he returned, he would feel the same. Turin had changed, grown bigger, uglier, dirtier. The neighbourhoods were gone, replaced by high- and low-rise buildings. And his father's village, where the funeral had taken place, had been no better, many of the buildings having fallen into a state of disrepair. Cries from outside reached him in his hiding place, and the sound of a siren. For a moment, he hoped, crazily, that they would never find him, and then that he'd have at least a lttle time in thoro, Itfolt good to be in there, alone, and he had not been alone for a long time, undisturbed. And what about Lillian, and the customers? He shouted her name, but could hear no reply. Doubting that voices would carry too far in such rubble, he took out his lighter and used it to tap on the wooden table top above him. Listening hard, he heard some answering taps and thought, ‘Well, at least someone’s all right. But then he'd met Stella and suddenly Italy wasn't so important anymore. Turin began to become a fading dream in his mind, his childhood haunts and friends fond memories rather than yeamings. And so he'd got the place, married the girl, put a deposit down on a car and home. They did all right; a boy of five and now another on the way, money a bit tight, but then when hadn't it been? He got the second done without further mishap, and went to the end of the counter to have a cigarette. It was the lull time of the afternoon, and only two tables in the small restaurant were occupied, one by a man and his teenage daughter, the other by a young Mexican woman. Giovanni wondered if she felt the same way as he did. 59Part 7 You are going to read an extract from a history book. For questions 44-53, choose from the se sections may be chosen more than once. Massacre at Wounded Knee (On December 29, 1890, a battle took place in which the Sioux chief Big Foot met his death, as did some two hundred of his followers. Big Foot and his men had been camped on the banks of Wounded Knee creek since the previous day, when the US army had intercepted them on their way to the Pine Ridge keservation and brought them to the creek to set up camp. At this time, the once proud Sioux, whose free- roaming life had been destroyed, found themselves living in reservations set up for them by the US government. Relations between native American Indian tribes, including the Sioux, and the authorities had long been strained, but now the Indians had been deprived of their right to live a traditional life. And even if they had had any hope of regaining it, the buffalo, which they relied on for their existence, no longer existed in sufficient numbers to support them. Ina desperate attempt to return to their days of glory, many Siaity ceuight salvation in a new mysticism, being preached by a priest called Wovoka who prophesied that the dead would soon join the living in ‘ world in which the Indians could live in the old way. He also claimed that a tidal wave of new soil would soon cover the earth, burying the whites as it did so, and restoring the prairie to the Indians. In order to hasten this event, which would also mean the restoration af great herds af huifala fo the prairie, the Indians were to perform the ghost dance. Many of the dancers chose to wear brightly coloured shirts. These were called ‘ghost shirts’ and would supposedly protect the wearer from harm. Not even the bullets of the US troops could penetrate them. During the autumn of 1890, the ghost dance spread through the Sioux villages of the Dakota reservations. It had the effect of revitalising the Indians and striking. fear into the hearts of the whites, who realised that the government's attempts to subdue these people had not taken away any of their fighting spirit. One government agent at the Pine Ridge Reservation was S0 frightened by this display of solidarity that he desperately wired his superiors in Washington to warn them that the ‘Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy’. He also appealed for protection and suggested that the leaders be arrested and confined. ‘Asa result of this, an order went out to arrest Chief Sitting Bull at the Standing Rock Reservation during which the chief ended up being killed. That caused Chief Big Foot to lead his followers away, but they were stopped by US soldiers on December 24th, The chief sat among his warriors and tried to talk with the army officer who had been sent to arrest him. The captured Indians had previously been ordered by the officers to give up their arms but Big Foot had replied that his people had no weapons. However, the US decided that all the Indians should be searched ‘one by one for weapons. The US troopers actually found only two rifles, one of them belonging to a youn fuuian brave called Black Cuyute, Ihe saised this rifle above, shouting that it belonged to him and had cost a great deal of money. What happened next is unclear as eyewitness reports differ. According to one of the Sioux, Black Coyote was going to put down his gun and at no point did he aim it at anyone. The US soldiers, however, reported the incident differently. ‘The soldiers started firing and the Battle of Wounded Knee began. Few of the Indians had weapons, however, so they had no choice but to flee. From the heights above the camp, where the US army's Hotchkiss gun ~ an early kind of machine gun — was positioned, fire rained down onto the Indian teepees. Clouds of smoke filed the air and men, women and children scrambled to save themselves. Many sought the protection of a ravine next to the camp but only a few made it as most were cut down in the crossfire. When the violence finally ended, Big Foot and more than half of his people were either dead or seriously wounded. One estimate has placed the final total of dead at almost three hundred. The soldiers lost just ‘twenty-five men and had thirty-nine wounded, most of them hurt not by the Indians, but by their own bullets. The Indians, afterall, had been ill-equipped to engage in battle. One young survivor, Louise Weasel Bear, remembered how the US troops shot the Indians down like buffalo, deliberately targeting women and. children, The Indians who had survived were gathered together fon the Wounded Knee battlefield and loaded into wagons. The bodies, denied any religious ceremonies, were left lying where they had fallen. As the wagons moved off, a blizzard struck the area and wien a burlal party did return, the bodies of the Indians, including that of Big Foot, had been frozen into grotesque shapes. The surviving Sioux were taken to the Pine Ridge agency and left lying outside in the bitter cold as the only available quarters had heen taken by the soldiers accompanying them. Eventually they were taken to a church to shelter, where a banner proclaimed: PEACE ON EARTH, GOOD WILL TO MEN.which section are the following mentioned? officials being alarmed at the ghost dance casualty figures for the US army discontent with the government of America the delay in burying the deceased the position of the American soldiers differing explanations of the battle's cause supposedly bullet-proof items of clothing a decision to take Indian leaders into custody a retum of significant numbers of buffalo the use of advanced weaponry 61