60

SELECT * FROM departments d WHERE department_id NOT IN

(SELECT department_id FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);

SELECT * FROM departments d WHERE NOT EXISTS

(SELECT 1 FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);

SELECT /*+ HASH_AJ */* FROM departments d WHERE NOT EXISTS

(SELECT 1 FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);

SELECT * FROM departments d WHERE NOT EXISTS

(SELECT /*+ HASH_AJ */1 FROM employees e WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);

/*

in this query optimizer us

select * from employees where department_id is null

/*

SELECT * FROM employees e WHERE NOT EXISTS

(SELECT 1 FROM departments d WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id);