Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH±*UHHQ8UEDQLVP*8

/DQGVFDSHXUEDQLVPDQGDUFKLWHFWXUHRIWKHYRLGV
0LFKHOH6EDFFKL 
Department of Architecture, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Building #14, 90128, Palermo

$EVWUDFW

7KLVSDSHULVIRFXVHGRQWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHLGHDRI³YRLG´IRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVP7KH
WKHRULHVRI6HFFKLDQG.RROKDDVDUHFRQVLGHUHGDVIDUDVDQHZDFFHSWDQFHRIYRLGLVFRQFHUQHG)XUWKHUPRUHWKH
KLJKO\LQIOXHQWLDO&KDVVp7HUUDLQLQWHUYHQWLRQLQ%UHGDE\20$LVDQDO\]HGLQRUGHUWRVKRZKRZLWFRQVWLWXWHVDQ
LPSRUWDQWURRWIRUODWHUODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVPSURMHFWV
,Q OLQNLQJ WKH WKHPH RI ³UHDSSUDLVDO RI YRLG´ ZLWK ODQGVFDSH XUEDQLVP WKLV SDSHU DLPV WR FRQWULEXWH WR D
GHWDLOHGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVPDQGLWVUHODWLRQWRWKHVWULFWHUUHDOPRIDUFKLWHFWXUH

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*8
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
Keywords:8UEDQYRLG,QEHWZHHQVSDFH/DQGVFDSH.RROKDDV/DQGVFDSH8UEDQLVP6RLO1DWXUDOLVP9RLG


)LOOLQJWKHYRLG

7KHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQWKHXUEDQVWUXFWXUHRI3DUPDDQG/H&RUEXVLHUSODQIRU6DLQW'LpLQCollage CityE\
&ROLQ5RZHKDVEHFRPHRYHUWLPHDSRSXODUHPEOHPRIWKHPXFKGHEDWHGFRQFHUQDERXWWKHGLVSHUVDORIXUEDQ
VSDFHEURXJKWDERXWE\&,$0XUEDQLVP6XFFHVVIXOO\DSSO\LQJWKHgestalticSURFHGXUHRIILJXUHJURXQG5RZHLQ
WKDWLPDJH±DVZHOODVLQPDQ\RWKHUVLQWKHVDPHERRNDQGHOVHZKHUH±VKULQNVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHFLW\WRWZR
TXLQWHVVHQWLDO FRPSRQHQWV EXLOW DQG YRLG 7KHVH WZR HQWLWLHV DUH LQ WKLV ZD\ GLUHFWO\ FRQIURQWHG ZLWK GUDPDWLF



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:PLFKHOHVEDFFKL#XQLSDLW

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.053
668 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675

UHVXOW ,Q 5RZH¶V LPDJHV WKH LQYHUVLRQ RI WKH ILJXUHJURXQG FRQYHQWLRQ PDNHV YRLGV DSSHDU EODFN LQVWHDG RI WKH
XVXDO ZKLWH ZLWK D IXUWKHU UHYHUEHUDWLRQ RI WKHLU SUHVHQFH 7KH HPSW\ VSDFH EHWZHHQ EXLOGLQJV EHFRPHV VR WKH
SURWDJRQLVWDVDJDLQVWWKHEDFNJURXQGRIEXLOGLQJV&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHVWULNLQJGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQWKHKLJKGHQVLW\RI
SUHPRGHUQFLWLHVDQGWKHORZGHQVLW\RIWKHFLW\FRQFHLYHGE\PRGHUQXUEDQLVPDSSHDUVLQDYHU\SHUVXDVLYHZD\
$OWKRXJKWKHWKHPH±WKHIDLOXUHRI&,$0XUEDQLVPLVIDUIURPRULJLQDOKDYLQJEHHQWUHDWHGVLQFHWKHV5RZH
SXWVLWXQGHUDUDWKHUGLIIHUHQWDQGDSSHDOLQJOLJKW

,Q KLV UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ WKH EXLOW DQG WKH XQEXLOW WKH ³IXOO´ DQG WKH ³YRLG´ DUH UHYHDOHG DV FRQWLQXRXV DQG
XQLIRUP HQWLWLHV 7KH\ DUH OLNH KRPRJHQHRXV IOXLGV RU EHWWHU ILOOLQJ VXEVWDQFHV ZLWKRXW SHFXOLDULWLHV DQG
KLHUDUFKLHV7KHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDUFKLWHFWXUDORUXUEDQHOHPHQWVLVFDUHIXOO\DYRLGHGQREXLOGLQJVDQGDOOWKHPRUH
VR QR W\SRORJLHV  RQO\ DQ XQLQWHUUXSWHG EXLOW PDVV 6DPH DSSOLHV IRU WKH YRLG QR VWUHHWV QR VTXDUHV WKH\ DUH
UHSODFHGE\DSHUPDQHQWEODFNVXUIDFH,QGRLQJVR5RZHVWUHVVHVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRQWLQXLW\LQVSDFH±ZKHWKHULW
LVDFRQWLQXLW\RIYRLGVSDFHRURIEXLOWVSDFH,WLVRIFRXUVHDQDEVWUDFWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIFLWLHV$FOHYHURQHWKDW
DGGV D IXUWKHU YLHZ WR WKH FKRLU RI GLVFRQWHQW IRU UDWLRQDOLVW XUEDQ SODQQLQJ , KDYH VRPHZKDW GZHOOHG XSRQ LW
EHFDXVH , EHOLHYH WKDW WKLV HPSKDVLV RQ WKH IOXLGLW\ DQG FRQWLQXLW\ RI XUEDQ VSDFH LQFOXGHV D VXEOLPLQDO
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RQ WKH RUJDQLF QDWXUH RI XUEDQ VSDFH WKDW KDV VRPH UHOHYDQFH LQ WKH FRQWH[W RI WKLV HVVD\ DQG RQ
ZKLFK,ZLOOUHWXUQODWHU

,QDGLIIHUHQWZD\IURP&ROLQ5RZHWKH,WDOLDQDSSURDFKRI³DQDOLVLXUEDQD´\HDUVEHIRUHKDGFRQWULEXWHGWR
WKHVDPHWKHPH)RUWKHSURWDJRQLVWVRIWKDWVFKRRO±5RVVL$\PRQLQR*UDVVL±WKHFLW\ZDVVHHQDVWKHFRPSOH[
LQWHUSOD\ RI VLQJOHV EXLOGLQJV H[FHSWLRQDO VRPHWLPH DQG UHSHWLWLYH PRUH RIWHQ 7\SRORJLHV WKHUHIRUH ZKHUH DQ
HVVHQWLDOHOHPHQWRIWKHLUYLHZ8UEDQPRUSKRORJ\ZDVWKHRXWFRPHRIWKHUHSHWLWLRQRIEXLOGLQJW\SRORJLHV'HVSLWH
WKH GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFK DV DJDLQVW 5RZH¶V WKH\ DOVR XOWLPDWHO\ FKDOOHQJHG WKH LQFRQVLVWHQF\ RI UDWLRQDOLVW XUEDQ
SODQQLQJ7KHIDPRXVRUUDWKHULQIDPRXV±³rue corridorNLOOLQJ´E\/H&RUEXVLHUZDVRQFHDJDLQDWWDFNHG

5RGULJR3pUH]GH$UFH5HXUEDQL]DWLRQRI&KDQGLJDUK
 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675 669

2IFRXUVHDVDOUHDG\VXJJHVWHGWKHVHDUHLPSRUWDQWH[DPSOHV\HWWKHUHDOPRIWKLVGHEDWHLVPXFKZLGHU,
PLJKWTXRWHWKHPRUHFRQVHUYDWLYHLGHDVRIWKH.ULHUEURWKHUVRUWKHDWWUDFWLYHUHXUEDQL]DWLRQSURMHFWVFDUULHGRQE\
5RGULJR3pUH]GH$UFHLQZKLFKWKHYRLGVRI/H&RUEXVLHU¶V&KDQGLJDUKDQG.DKQ¶V'DFFDZHUHILOOHGZLWKH[WUD
EXLOGLQJV$ERYHDQGEHIRUHDOOWKHVHSRVLWLRQVVWDQGVWKHPXFKHDUOLHUDQGZHOONQRZQ³UHYROW´RIWKH7HDP;
DUFKLWHFWVWKDWRFFXUUHGLQWKHYHU\FRUHRIWKH&,$0
$OO WKHVH LGHDV KDYHSURGXFHGSURMHFWV LQZKLFKGHQVLW\ ZDVKLJKHU DQGEXLOGLQJVZHUH UHFRQQHFWHG WR WKH
FLW\)ROORZLQJ5RVVLDQG5RZHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWVRIWKHVHLGHDVKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRQLQODWHUWLPHVQDPHO\DV
³XUEDQSURMHFW´RUWKHVRFDOOHG³UHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI(XURSHDQFLW\´VWLOOSXUVXLQJD³ILOOLQJRIWKHYRLG´DQG³XUEDQ
VWUXFWXUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ´LGHRORJ\7KHGHEDWHLVZHOONQRZDQGWRRDUWLFXODWHGWREHIXOO\UHSRUWHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRI
WKLVHVVD\ZKDW,ZDQWWRIRFXVKHUHLVKRZWKHLVVXHRIYRLGVSDFHLVFUXFLDOIRULWDQGKRZWKHWKHPHRIYRLGVSDFHV
DFWHGZLWKLQLW

)RU/H&RUEXVLHU*URSLXVDQGWKHLUOLNHVHPSW\VSDFHZDVLQHYLWDEO\JRRGLQDUDWKHUSRVLWLYHZD\,WZDV
VRPHZKDW SK\VLRORJLFDOO\ GHVWLQHG WR EHFRPH JUHHQ VR QDWXUDOO\ WKDW WKH\ GLG QRW QHHG WR ERWKHU KRZ %HVLGHV
WKHUHZDVQRQHHGWREHYHU\SUHFLVHLQWHUPVRITXDQWLWLHVDQGTXDOLWLHVIRULWDVORQJDVEXLOGLQJVZHUHGHWDFKHG
DQGFOHDUO\GLVWDQFHGRQHWRWKHRWKHUTXDOLW\ZDVJXDUDQWHHGPlan VoisinDJDLQVWROG3DULV6W'LpDJDLQVW3DUPD
DQGVRRQ5DWLRQDOLVWVSiedlungenLQXQDPELJXRXVRSSRVLWLRQVERWKWRWKHROGFLW\DQGWRWKH9LHQQHVH+RIHKDG
OD\RXWVIRFXVHGRQWKHSODFHPHQWRIEXLOGLQJVLQUHODWLRQWRUHPRWHHQWLWLHVVXFKKDVWKHFRXUVHRIWKHVXQDQGQRWWR
WKH LPPHGLDWH FRQWH[W 7KH JURXQG ZDV MXVW DQ LUUHOHYDQW \HW XQDYRLGDEOH SK\VLFDO EDVH QRW WR EH FRQVLGHUHG
EH\RQGWKLV9RLGZDVFRQVWDQWO\OHIWLQDUDWKHUXQFRQVFLRXVEDFNJURXQGDQGZDVDNLQGRIOHIWRYHURIEXLOGLQJV
ZLWKQRFKDUDFWHUIRFXVZDVRQEXLOGLQJVDQGRQWKHLUPXWXDOGHWDFKPHQW

2QWKHRWKHUKDQGFULWLFLVP E\5RVVL5RZHDQGRWKHUVOHGWRDQRSSRVLWHXUJHIRUDVWULFWFRQWDLQPHQWRI
YRLGVSDFH,QWKHLULGHDVWKHSXUVXLWRIGHWDFKPHQWRIEXLOGLQJVKDGWREHDEDQGRQHGDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\YRLGFRXOG
FRPHEDFNWREHGLUHFWO\LGHQWLILHGZLWKVWUHHWVDQGVTXDUHV³$VLPSOHDUFKLWHFWXUHRIVWUHHWVDQGVTXDUHV´ZDVWKH
VORJDQRI/HRQ.ULHUDWWKDWWLPH8UEDQHOHPHQWV±VWUHHWVDQGVTXDUHV±UHWXUQHGWREHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHDEVHQFH
RIEXLOGLQJVQRWKLQJFRXOGEHLQEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRVLPSOHHQWLWLHV7KHILJXUHJURXQGLPDJHVRI&ROLQ5RZHOHDYH
QRFKRLFH<HWLWPXVWEHQRWLFHGWKDWRIWHQWKLVVLJQLILFDQWDWWLWXGHGHWHULRUDWHGWRDQH[WUHPHDQGXQFULWLFDOOLWHUDO
³IHDURIWKHYRLG´
670 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675

$QLPSRUWDQWLVVXHQHHGVQRZWREHXQGHUOLQHG,QDOOWKHVHDSSURDFKHVGHVSLWHWKHLUGLYHUJHQFHQRUROHLV
JLYHQWRYHJHWDWLRQQDWXUHRUZKDWHYHUFRXOGEHDVFULEHGWRWKHLGHDRIODQGVFDSH,IZHH[FOXGHWKHLQGLUHFWDQG
SUREDEO\XQFRQVFLRXVQDWXUDOWZLVWRI5RZH¶VFRQFHSWRIIOXLGVSDFHQRDWWHQWLRQIRUODQGVFDSHRUFRXQWU\VLGHLV
JLYHQE\WKHUDWLRQDOLVWVDVZHOODVE\WKHLUFULWLFV7KHLGHDWKDWODQGVFDSHLVLQKHUHQWO\DQWLXUEDQZDVVROLGO\URRWHG
,W DSSHDUV YHU\ FOHDUO\ IRU H[DPSOH HYHQ LQ WKH DWWLWXGH RI D SHUVRQ OLNH $OLVRQ 6PLWKVRQ LQ PDNLQJ D FOHDUFXW
VHSDUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ FLW\ DQG FRXQWU\VLGH $FFRUGLQJ WR KHU LQWHJUDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH WZR UHDOP ZDV MXVW
XQFRQFHLYDEOH

/DQGVFDSHLQWR$UFKLWHFWXUH

7KH/HoDGD3DOPHLUDVZLPPLQJSRROVEXLOWLQWKH6L[WLHVE\$OYDUR6L]DUHSUHVHQWDSDUDGLJPDWLFSURMHFW
IRULWPDUNV
WKHJUDGXDOGLVVROXWLRQRIDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWRODQGVFDSHDFKLHISKHQRPHQRQRIWKHODVW\HDUVZKLFKLVDWWKHURRWRI
ZKDWWRGD\ZHFDOOODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVP7KDWSURMHFWE\6L]DVLJQVDQHZDSSURDFKDFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKWKHUHLVQR
JDSEHWZHHQLQGRRUDQGRXWGRRUEXLOWDQGXQEXLOWDUWLILFLDODQGQDWXUDODUFKLWHFWXUHDQGODQGVFDSHDGLVFLSOLQDU\
EOHQG WR ZKLFK ZH DUH QRZ DFFXVWRPHG WR ,Q WKDW SURMHFW WKH DFWXDO EXLOGLQJV WKH WRSRJUDSK\ RI WKH SODFH WKH
SDQRUDPLFYLHZVWKHSURPHQDGHVOLQNLQJLQGRRUDQGRXWGRRUWKHLQWHUSOD\RIPDWHULDOVDUHDOOFRQFHLYHGRXWRIWKH

$OYDUR6L]D/HoDGD3DOPHLUDVZLPPLQJSRROV


FRQYHQWLRQDO QRWLRQ RI ³DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ WKH ODQGVFDSH´ ,Q WKDW  SURMHFW LW LV DFWXDOO\ YHU\ GLIILFXOW WR VD\ ZKHUH
EXLOGLQJEHJLQVDQGODQGVFDSHHQGV1RWWKDWWKLVLQWHUSOD\GLGQRWH[LVWLQHDUOLHUWLPHV3DOODGLDQYLOODVVD\DUH
DOVR WLJKWO\ OLQNHG WR WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ODQGVFDSH \HW LQ WKHVH FDVHV WKH WZR UHDOPV ± EXLOGLQJ DQG ODQGVFDSH DUH
FOHDUO\GHILQHGVRPHWKLQJWKDWGRHVQRWKDSSHQLQ6L]D¶VVZLPPLQJSRROVLQ/HoDGD3DOPHLUD

 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675 671

7KLV QHZ WUHQG VSUHDG LQ RWKHU EXLOGLQJ SURMHFWV DQG LQ WKH (LJKWLHV WKLV GLIIHUHQW DSSURDFK EHJDQ WR WDNH
SODFH DOVR LQ XUEDQLVP :KDW KDG RFFXUUHG IRU VLQJOH EXLOGLQJV FRXOG EH GRQH IRU JURXS RI EXLOGLQJV RU SDUWV RI
FLWLHV

7KLV KDSSHQHG QRW RQO\ EHFDXVH RI WKLV ³LQWHUQDO´ GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH GLVFLSOLQH EXW DOVR EHFDXVH WKH VR
FDOOHGXUEDQSURMHFWVRIWKDWSHULRGWXUQHGRXWWREHRIWHQXQVDWLVIDFWRU\$VZHKDYHQRWLFHGPRVWRIWKHSODQVEDVHG
RQWKHUHFRQQHFWLRQRIDUFKLWHFWXUHDQGWKHFLW\VWDUWHGWRVKRZWKHLUOLPLWVDQGWKHLGHDWKDWUHFRQQHFWLRQVKRXOGEH
PDGH ZLWK ODQGVFDSH UDWKHU WKDQ FLW\ VWDUWHG WR PDNH LWV ZD\ $V &KDUOHV :DOGKHLP ZULWHV ³GLVFLSOLQDU\
UHDOLJQPHQW LQ ZKLFK ODQGVFDSH UHSODFHV DUFKLWHFWXUH DV WKH EDVLF EXLOGLQJ EORFN RI FRQWHPSRUDU\ XUEDQLVP
/DQGVFDSHKDVEHFRPHERWKWKHOHQVWKURXJKZKLFKWKHFRQWHPSRUDU\FLW\LVUHSUHVHQWHGDQGWKHPHGLXPWKURXJK
ZKLFKLWLVFRQVWUXFWHG´

7KLV KDV KDSSHQHG LQ DQ LQGLUHFW ZD\ IRU PDQLIROG FRQYHUJLQJ FLUFXPVWDQFHV EXW DOVR E\ PHDQV RI WZR
GLYHUVH WKRXJKWV WKH SULPDF\ RI VRLO VXVWDLQHG PDLQO\ E\ %HUQDUGR 6HFFKL DQG WKH UHDSSUDLVDO RI WKH YRLG
QRWRULRXVO\VXSSRUWHGE\5HP.RROKDDVILUVWO\ZLWKKLVSURMHFWIRU0HOXQ6pQDUWLQ)UDQFH$VZHVKDOOVHHLQERWK
FDVHVWKHQRWLRQDQGUROHRIYRLGSOD\VDFHQWUDOUROH

6HFFKL PRYHV IURP D VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG REVHUYDWLRQ WKH DFWXDO GRPDLQ DQG PDWHULDO RI XUEDQLVP LV WKH VRLO
7KHUH DUH EXLOGLQJV RI FRXUVH \HW WKH VRLO LV WKH RPQLSUHVHQW DQG SULPDU\ HOHPHQW 6RLOV ERDVWV DOVR D YHU\
LPSRUWDQWIHDWXUHLWFDQFRQQHFWSDUWVDOVRH[WHQVLYHO\8UEDQVSDFHWKHUHIRUHFDQQRWUHO\RQO\RQEXLOGLQJVDQGLQ
WKHZD\WKHLUIDFDGHVDSSHDU$VSHFLDODWWHQWLRQPXVWEHGHYRWHGWRWKLVVRUWRI³QHZO\FRQVLGHUHGIDoDGH´ZKLFKLV
WKH VRLO 2I FRXUVH WKH WUHDWPHQW RI WKH VRLO WKDW 6HFFKL ZDV VXJJHVWLQJ ZDV QRW WKH VXSHUILFLDO LGHD RI XUEDQ
HPEHOOLVKPHQW WKDW EHFDPH DOVR YHU\ SRSXODU VWDUWLQJ DW WKDW WLPH 6HFFKL¶V SURMHFW IRU WKH .RUWULMN &HPHWHU\ LQ
%HOJLXP LV TXLWH V\PSWRPDWLF RI WKLV DWWLWXGH  :KDW , ZDQW WR VWUHVV DJDLQ LV WKDW WKLV FRQFHSWLRQ E\ 6HFFKL LV
VWULFWO\OLQNHGWRWKHDFFHSWDQFHRIWKHYRLG$IWHUDOOWKHVRLOLVQRWKLQJEXWWKHIDoDGHRIWKHYRLG


%HUQDUGR6HFFKL3DROD9LJDQz.RUWULMN&HPHWHU\
672 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675

6LPLODUEXWQRWLGHQWLFDOWR6HFFKL¶VLV-DPHV&RUQHU¶VFRQFHSWLRQRI³ILHOGRSHUDWLRQ´E\ZKLFKKHVWUHVVHV
WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIH[WHQGHGWRSRORJLFDOVXUIDFHVZKLFKDFWPDLQO\KRUL]RQWDOO\$QGZHPLJKWDGGWKDWLQWKHYHU\
WHUP³ILHOG´LVLQFOXGHGDQDJULFXOWXUDOVXJJHVWLRQZKLFKLVDIXUWKHUVWHSEH\RQG6HFFKL¶VVRLO:HGRQRWKDYHWR
IRUJHWWKDW-DPHV&RUQHUZLWKWKHDUFKLWHFWSKRWRJUDSKHU$OH[0DF/HDQKDGVFUXWLQL]HGWKH$PHULFDQDJULFXOWXUDO
ODQGVFDSH ZLWK H[FHSWLRQDO DUHDO SKRWRJUDSKV 7KRPDV 6LHYHUWV WKHRU\ RI Zwischenstadt DOVR FRQWULEXWHG WR WKHVH
ORZGHQVLW\DZDUHQHVV



$OH[0DF/HDQ5HG5LYHU9DOOH\1RUWK'DNRWDDJULFXOWXUDOJULGFRUUHFWLRQ

.RROKDDV KDG VSHFXODWHG WKHRUHWLFDOO\ RQ WKH YRLG LQ WKH XQEXLOW SURMHFW IRU WKH QHZ FLW\ RI 0HOXQ 6pQDUW
1RUWKRI3DULV3DUWO\HFKRLQJWKHLGHDVRIWKH6RYLHWGLVXUEDQLVWVRIWKHVKHSURSRVHGDV\VWHPRIULEERQVZKHUH
QRWKLQJOLNHDQXUEDQFHQWHURUDQ\VRUWRIXUEDQDJJORPHUDWLRQFRXOGEHSUHVHQW7KHSODQLVGRPLQDWHGE\KXJH
HPSW\ VSDFHV %XLOGLQJV DUH LQ WKH EDFNJURXQG DQG DUH WKH PLQRU SURWDJRQLVWV RI WKH VWRU\ /DQGVFDSH RU
FRXQWU\VLGHWDNHVRYHU³,QVWHDGRISURMHFWLQJRQWRWKHODQGVFDSHZHGHGXFWHGIURPLWKRSLQJWKDWZHFRXOGLQYHQW
DUHYHUVHDUJXPHQW´+LVSKLORVRSK\IRUWKLVSURMHFWZDV³+RZWRDEVWDLQIURPDUFKLWHFWXUH "´6\PSWRPDWLFWHUPV
E\ZKLFKKHGHVFULEHVWKHSURMHFWDUH³HPSWLQHVV´³OLQHDUYRLGV´³QRWKLQJQHVV´DQGVLPLODURQHV/DWHU.RROKDDV
UHWXUQHGWRWKH³VWUDWHJ\RIWKHYRLG´DSSO\LQJLWWREXLOGLQJVQRWDEO\LQWKHFRPSHWLWLRQHQWU\IRUWKH%LEOLRWKqTXH
GH)UDQFHLQ3DULV,QWKDWFDVHDJDLQDQH[WHUQDOHQFORVXUHHQYHORSHVDELJYRLGZLWK³IORDWLQJHOHPHQWV´,WDVRUW
RIH[WUHPHVSHFXODWLRQRQWKHDUFKHW\SLFDOLGHDRISDWLRZKLFKLQ-RUJH/XLV%RUJHV¶VHIIHFWLYHVWDWHPHQW³LVWKH
VORSH
GRZQZKLFKVN\IORZVLQWRWKHKRXVH´$QGFHUWDLQO\LWKDVDUHIHUHQFHWRWKHQRWLRQRImaLQ-DSDQHVHFXOWXUH

 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675 673


20$0HOXQ6pQDUW1RXYHOOH9LOOHSODQ

,WLVHDV\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWKHLVVXHRIYRLGGHVSLWHDSSDUHQWO\RSSRVLWHWRWKHYHU\LGHDRIDUFKLWHFWXUHLWLV
DFWXDOO\HPEHGGHGZLWKWKHDUFKHW\SHRIDUFKLWHFWXUH:HFRXOGDOVRIXUWKHUFRQVLGHU+HLGHJJHU¶VFRQFHSWLRQWKDW
YRLGLeereLVQRWDPLVVLQJWKLQJEXW³DQXQFRQFHLOLQJRIWKLQJV´9RLGLVWKHUHIRUHRQWRORJLFDOO\HVVHQWLDOIRUWKH
YHU\HVVHQFHRIDUFKLWHFWXUH

7KH ODUJH LQWHUYHQWLRQ LQ %UHGD LQ WKH &KDVVp 7HUUDLQ DUHD LV WKH SLYRWDO SURMHFW ZKHUH D ³VWUDWHJ\ RI WKH
YRLG´LVIXOO\HPSOR\HG,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRVWUHVVKRZDQGLWLVSURSDHGHXWLFWRODQGVFDSHXUEDQLVPSURFHGXUHV7KH
SURMHFWZDVGHYHORSHGE\20$WRJHWKHUZLWK$GULDDQ*HX]H:HVWDQG;DYHHU'H*H\WHU,WLVQHZUHVLGHQWLDO
DUHD ZKHUH DQ\ SRVVLEOH UHIHUHQFH WR XUEDQ EORFNV RU XUEDQ VWUXFWXUH LV DEDQGRQHG 7KH UHIHUHQFH LV LQVWHDG WKH
V¶EXVLQHVVGLVWULFWRUWKHXQLYHUVLW\FDPSXVOD\RXW6\PSWRPDWLFDOO\LWLVQDPHGE\$GULDDQ*HX]H³UHVLGHQWLDO
FDPSXV´$FFRUGLQJO\YRLGDUHDVDQGGHWDFKPHQWRIEXLOGLQJVDUHRSHQO\HPEUDFHGDQGVRWKH\FRPHEDFNLQXUEDQ
SODQQLQJ,WLVDFWXDOO\DYHU\UHDOLVWLFLQWHUYHQWLRQZKHUHDQDWWHPSWLVPDGHWRJHWWKHDGYDQWDJHVRIWKHPRGHUQ
FLW\LQWHUPVRIFLUFXODWLRQWUDIILFSDUNLQJDYDLODELOLW\RIVHUYLFHVLQVXODWLRQ3HGHVWULDQWUDIILFLVRQWKHHOHYDWHG
IORRURQWRSRIDZLGHLQGRRUSDUNLQJDUHD$ZLGH³YRLG´DUHDDOORZVIRUDFWLYHXVHRISXEOLFVSDFH7KHOD\RXWKDV
EHHQV\PSWRPDWLFGUDZQDVZHVDLGWRJHWKHUZLWKDODQGVFDSHDUFKLWHFW±*HX]H±DQGLWLVYDULRXVPXFKDVWKH
EXLOGLQJV ZKLFK DUH DOO GLIIHUHQW LQ W\SRORJ\ DQG IRUP 7KH LGHD RI YDULHW\ DV LQ WK &HQWXU\ $EEp /DXJLHU¶V
WKHRU\ RI ³FLW\ DV IRUHVW´ LV D SULPDU\ SULQFLSOH RI WKH SURMHFW 7KH ELJ FHQWUDO YRLG LV WUDFHG DV D SDUN ZKLOH D
JDUGHQE\3HWUD%ODLVVHZLWKLQWKLVYRLGFRPSOHWHVWKHOD\RXW([SDQGHGHPSW\VSDFHLVPDQLIHVWO\WKHSURWDJRQLVW
,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQVLGHUWKDWLWLVRQO\SDUWO\PHDQWDVWKHLQEHWZHHQUHODWLRQDOVSDFHWKDWKDGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQ
DUFKLWHFWXUDOGHEDWHDQGZDVVRLPSRUWDQWQRWRULRXVO\IRU$OGRYDQ(\FNDQGKLVFLUFOH&HUWDLQO\IRU.RROKDDVYRLG
FRQWDLQVWKLVLPSRUWDQWGLPHQVLRQ\HWLWLVQRWWKRXJKWRIDVDQLQWHUVWLWLDOVSDFH
674 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675

20$'H*H\WHU$GULDDQ*HX]H&KDVVp7HUUDLQ5HVLGHQWLDOFDPSXV%UHGD

)URPWKFHQWXU\1DWXUDOLVP/DXJLHU0LOL]LD'DQFHFRPHVDOVRWKHLGHDWKDWYDULHW\±WKHVDPHYDULHW\
RIQDWXUH±KDGWREHLQFOXGHGLQWKHFLW\7KHUHIRUHLQ&KDVVp7HUUDLQEXLOGLQJVDUHGLIIHUHQWLQVKDSHW\SRORJL\
DQG SRVLWLRQ $V 0DQIUHGR 7DIXUL KDV ULJKWO\ SRLQWHG RXW /DXJLHU¶V LGHD LV QRW VLPSO\ WKDW RI D VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG
DQDORJ\EHWZHHQFLW\DQGIRUHVW/DXJLHUDFWXDOO\UHOLHVRQWKHQRWLRQRIIUDJPHQWIUDJPHQWLVPLVSUHVHQWLQQDWXUH
DQGLWFDQEHLPSRUWHGZLWKLQWKHFLW\1RWRULRXVO\/H&RUEXVLHUUHIHUUHGWR/DXJLHU¶VLGHDVLQUrbanismeDQGLQWKH
GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH 3LVD &DPSRVDQWR WRXFKLQJ H[DFWO\ WKH LVVXH RI IUDJPHQWLVP ,Q WKH 2EXV SODQ IRU $OJHU /H
&RUEXVLHUPDGHXVHRIWKLVYHU\QRWLRQHSLWRPL]HGLQWKHIDPRXVVHQWHQFH³FKDRVGLVRUGHUDQGZLOGYDULHW\LQWKH
JHQHUDOOD\RXWXQLIRUPLW\LQGHWDLO´ZKLFKZDVWDNHQOLWHUDOO\IURP/DXJLHU7KLVFRQQHFWLRQLVTXLWHUHPDUNDEOH
IRU RXU DUJXPHQW VLQFH WKH 2EXV SODQ LV DQ HDUO\ SURWRW\SLFDO H[DPSOH DOWKRXJK YHU\ UDGLFDO RI IXVLRQ RI
DUFKLWHFWXUHXUEDQLVPDQGODQGVFDSH

,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKLV LPSRUWDQW VKLIW LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH DQG XUEDQLVP RI ZKLFK &KDVVp 7HUUDLQ LV D
SLYRWDOH[DPSOHZDVEURXJKWDERXWQRWRQO\E\WKHRUHWLFDODQGGLVFLSOLQDU\VSHFXODWLRQV&LUFXPVWDQWLDOFRQGLWLRQV
FHUWDLQO\SOD\HGWKHLUUROH,QWKHODVWGHFDGHVWKHIOX[HVRIWRXULVPWRZDUGVFLWLHVKDYHERRPHG8QGHUWKHVRFDOOHG
%LOEDRHIIHFWFLWLHVKDYHEHHQUHDSSUDLVHGHVSHFLDOO\DVFXOWXUDODQGOHLVXUHSODFHV$WRWDOO\QHZDWWLWXGHKDVUDLVHG
IRUWKHXVHRISXEOLFVSDFH$FWLYHDQGPXOWLIXQFWLRQVSDFHLVZKDWWKHVHPDVVHVRIWRXULVWVDQGLQKDELWDQWVH[SHFW
7KHVHXQGHUVWDQGLQJVRISXEOLFVSDFHSDUWO\KDYHUHVXPHGZKDWWKH6LWXDWLRQLVWVDQGVRPHRI7HDP;DUFKLWHFWVKDG
IRUHVHHQ DOUHDG\ LQ WKH )LIWLHV 7KH LGHD RI OXGLF GLPHQVLRQ RI DUFKLWHFWXUH GHULYHG IURP +XL]LQJD KDV EHHQ
GHYHORSHGERWKE\WKH6LWXDWLRQLVW&RQVWDQWDQGE\$OGRYDQ(\FN:KDWLQWHUHVWVXVLVWKDWDVSDFHXVDEOHIRUVSRUW
 Michele Sbacchi / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 667 – 675 675

OHLVXUHDQGHQWHUWDLQPHQWFHUWDLQO\OHDQVWRZDUGVODQGVFDSHDQGQDWXUH,WEHFRPHVDFRPSOH[HQWLW\WKDWFDQKDUGO\
EHIUDPHGE\WUDGLWLRQDOXUEDQHOHPHQWVVXFKKDVWKH³SDUN´RUWKH³ERXOHYDUG´$QGLWLVDOVRORJLFDOO\OLQNHGWRDQ
LGHDRIIUDJPHQWLVPDQGYDULHW\WKDWODQGVFDSHFDQPRUHSURSHUO\VXSSRUWDVLQ/DXJLHUDQG/H&RUEXVLHUYLHZV




5HIHUHQFHV

 5RZH&.RHWWHU)Collage City, &DPEULGJH0DVV0,73UHVVS

 3pUH]GH$UFH57KH8UEDQ5HGHYHORSPHQWRIWKH&LW\&KDQGLJDUKDQG'DFFDLotus International
 1LFROLQ3/8UEDQ/DQGVFDSHLotusInternational
 .ULHU/$VLPSOHDUFKLWHFWXUHRIVWUHHWVDQGVTXDUHVLotus International
 :DOGKHLP&$5HIHUHQFH0DQLIHVWR,Q:DOGKHLP&HGLWRUThe Landscape Urbanism Reader1HZ<RUN3ULQFHWRQ
$UFKLWHFWXUDO3UHVVS
 9LJDQz37KH7HUULWRULHVRI8UEDQLVP. LotusInternationalDQG%HUQDUGR6HFFKL3URJHWWRGLVXROR
Casabella .
 6LHYHUWV7Zwischenstadt: Zwischen Ort und Welt, Raum und Zeit, Stadt und Land%UDXQVKZHLJ%LUNKlXVHU(Q
(GCities without Cities: An interpretation of the Zwischenstadt, 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
 20$.RROKDDV50DX%S,M,L,XL1HZ<RUN0RQDFHOOL3UHVVS
 %DVVROL17KH8UEDQ3URMHFW. LotusInternational
 /DXJLHU0$Essai sur l'architecture3DULV(Q(G/RQGRQ
 7DIXUL0Progetto e utopia. Architettura e sviluppo capitalistico%DUL/DWHU]D(Q(GArchitecture and Utopia
&DPEULGJH0DVV0,73UHVVHVSHFLDOO\&KDSWHU/HDYYHQWXUHGHOODUDJLRQHQDWXUDOLVPRHFLWWjQHOVHFRORGHL
OXPLS6HHDOVR9HU\) /DFLWWjFRPHIRUHVWD/DXJLHUH/H&RUEXVLHU. ,Q8JR9HGLWRU Laugier e la dimensione
teorica dell’architettura, %DUL 'HGDORS