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Loads on structures
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08

Acceleration
Environmental
0.06

Gravitational
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02

loads loads
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1

(Static) (Dynamic)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Time

1- Wind
1- Dead loads
2- Earthquake
2- Live loads 3- Traffic
4- Explosions
5- Impact
6- Collision
Dr. Ghada Hekal
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Repetitive loads which exhibit the same time

variation successively for a long number of cycles.

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Dr. Ghada Hekal

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Transient loads are characterized by a non- Very irregular process which can’t be predicted
periodic time history of a limited duration. mathematically with accuracy even when its past
history is known.

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𝑷 = 𝒌𝒖 𝑷 𝒕 = 𝒌𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 + ⋯
P(t)

P u(t)

P(t)
u

𝑃/2 𝑃/2

𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

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Dr. Ghada Hekal

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𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔

𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 × 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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P(t)

P(t)

t 𝑰𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 × 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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In lumped mass models the mass is concentrated

(lumped) into a number of points. For structures,
floor mass is lumped at roof levels, where most of
floor weight is concentrated.

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• The degree of freedom of the system is

defined as the minimum number of
independent coordinates required to
determine completely the positions of all
parts of a system at any instant of time.

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Lumped mass model

If the motion of the structure is
investigated in one direction, then each
lumped mass has only one DOF in the
y y
direction of motion u (t) 3
θ θ
x x
u2 (t)

u (t) =
u1 (t)

DOF in a plane structure DOF in a space structure

(At each node)
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Single degree of freedom Multi degree of freedom system
system

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