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0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08

Acceleration
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
Time

Dr. Ghada Hekal Associate professor Civil Engineering Department Menoufia University
Dr. Ghada Hekal 2

1 2

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑔

Units: force/acceleration. Units: force/acceleration.

❑ Mass includes all dead weight of the structure. ❑ Mass includes all dead weight of the structure.

❑ It may include some or all live load (ECP 201). ❑ It may include some or all live load (ECP 201).

Dr. Ghada Hekal 3 Dr. Ghada Hekal 4

3 4

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 4 × 10 + 3 × 7 = 61 𝑡
50 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 6 × 10 = 60 𝑡 61
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 5 𝑡. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2/𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 6.1 𝑡. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 /𝑚
10 60 10
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 = = 6 𝑡. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2/𝑚
Dr. Ghada Hekal 10 5 Dr. Ghada Hekal 6

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Stiffness (k) is defined as: the static external

𝑡𝑠 = 20 𝑐𝑚
force needed to produce a displacement equal
𝛾𝑅𝐶 = 2.5 𝑡/𝑚3
to unity.
𝐹𝐶 = 0.15 𝑡/𝑚2
𝐿𝐿 = 0.25 𝑡/𝑚2
(P = K∆)
𝑅𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

IF ∆ =1, THEN, P = K
𝑊 = 𝑜. 𝑤 + 𝐹𝐶 + 𝜓𝐿𝐿
𝑊 = 5 × 3 × 0.2 × 2.5 + 0.15 × 5 × 3 + 0.25 × 0.25 × 5 × 3 = 10.7 𝑡 To calculate stiffness, we always
𝑚=
10.7
10
= 1.07 𝑡. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 /𝑚 go back to statics
Dr. Ghada Hekal 7 Dr. Ghada Hekal 8

7 8

6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼
Δ Δ
ℎ2 ℎ2

3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

12𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 Δ Δ Δ
Δ Δ ℎ3 ℎ3 ℎ2
ℎ3 ℎ2
Fixed - free Rigid - pin
𝟏𝟐𝑬𝑰
𝟑𝑬𝑰 Rigid - rigid 𝒌= 𝟑𝑬𝑰
𝒌= 𝒉𝟑 𝒌=
𝒉𝟑 𝒉𝟑

Dr. Ghada Hekal 9 Dr. Ghada Hekal 10

9 10

For more complex structures:

For the opposite frame:
EI = 6 × 104 t.m2, g = 10 m/sec2
Use static methods of analysis like
Slope Deflection or Moment
It is required to find:
Distribution to calculate
The natural period and natural
equivalent stiffness.
frequency of vibration.

Dr. Ghada Hekal 11 Dr. Ghada Hekal 12

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Using slope deflection:

3×6+2×4 Step 1: Possible deformation due to load p.
𝑚= = 2.6 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Τ𝑚 Step 2: Apply slope deflection equations.
10
Step 3: Build equilibrium equations.
Dr. Ghada Hekal 13 Step 4: Reach the form (p = K ∆). 14
Dr. Ghada Hekal

13 14

Using slope deflection: Using slope deflection:

Step 1: Possible deformation due to load p. Step 2: Apply slope deflection equations.
6𝐸𝐼 ∆ −𝐸𝐼
Possible 𝑀𝐴1 = (− ) = ∆ 1
6 6 6
θ2
deformations:
9𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 2
𝑀21 = (𝜃2 ) = 𝜃
2 2
∆ and θ 6

3𝐸𝐼 ∆ 3𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝑀2𝐵 = (𝜃2 − ) = 𝜃 − ∆ 3
4 4 4 2 16

3𝐸𝐼
𝑀2𝐶 = 𝜃 4 16
Dr. Ghada Hekal 15
4 2 Dr. Ghada Hekal

15 16

Using slope deflection: Using slope deflection:

Step 3: Build equilibrium equations. Step 4: Reach the form (p = K ∆).
3
∑M @ 2 = 0 3𝐸𝐼𝜃2 − 𝐸𝐼∆= 0 5
16

3𝜃2 43∆
M21 + M2B + M2C = 0 𝑃 + 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 =0 6
16 576
3 Δ
3𝐸𝐼𝜃2 − 𝐸𝐼∆= 0 5 From 5 ∴𝜃=
16
7
16
Substitute 7 at 6
𝑀𝐴1
∑ Fx = 0 P + Q1+Q2= 0 𝑄1 =
6 And put EI = 6 × 104 t.m2
𝑀2𝐵
3𝜃2 43∆ 𝑄2 =
4
𝑃 + 𝐸𝐼 − 𝐸𝐼 =0 6
16 576
P=3776.04Δ→ k = 3776.04 t/m
Dr. Ghada Hekal 17 18
Dr. Ghada Hekal

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Natural vibration properties

Ic = 2×10-4 m4
𝑚 = 2.6 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Τ𝑚
𝑘 3776.06 Ib = 2×10-3 m4
𝜔𝑛 = = = 38.11 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec
𝑚 2.6
Atie = 5 cm
2𝜋 2 × 3.14 k = 3776.04 t/m
𝑇𝑛 = = = 0.165 sec
𝜔𝑛 38.11 E = 2×107 t.m2
1 Calculate:
𝑓𝑛 = = 6.07 𝐻𝑧
𝑇𝑛
Natural Period (Tn) and Natural

Dr. Ghada Hekal 19

Frequency (fn) Dr. Ghada Hekal 20

19 20

Using slope deflection:

Step 1: Possible deformation due to load p.

Possible
deformations:
θ2 and Δ
3×9
𝑚= = 2.7𝑡. sec 2 / 𝑚
10

Dr. Ghada Hekal 21 Dr. Ghada Hekal 22

21 22

Using slope deflection: Using slope deflection:

Step 2: Apply slope deflection equations. Step 3: Build equilibrium equations.
∑M @ 2 = 0
3EI c 
M A1 = [− ] 1 M21 + M2B = 0
6 6
3𝐸𝐼𝑏 1
𝑀21 = 𝜃 2 ∴ 4𝐸𝐼𝑐 𝜃2 − 𝐸𝐼𝑐 Δ = 0 4
9 2 6

2𝐸𝐼𝑐 Δ
𝑀2𝐵 = [2𝜃2 − 3 ] 3
6 6
2𝐸𝐼𝑐 Δ 4
𝑀𝐵2 = [𝜃2 − 3 ]
6 6
Dr. Ghada Hekal 23 Dr. Ghada Hekal 24

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Using slope deflection:

Step 3: Build equilibrium equations.

∑ Fx = 0
P + Q1 + Q2 = 0

𝑀𝐴1
𝑄1 = + reaction from tie
6

𝑀2𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵2
𝑄2 =
6
Dr. Ghada Hekal 25 Dr. Ghada Hekal 26

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T Using slope deflection:

𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒 Δ T cos α
Tension force (T) = 𝛿
𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒 α
Step 3: Build equilibrium equations.
𝑀𝐴1
𝑄1 = + reaction from tie
𝛿𝑡𝑖𝑒 = Δ cos 𝛼 δtie =Δ cos α 6

𝑀2𝐵 + 𝑀𝐵2
𝑄2 =
α 6
𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒 T cos α
𝑇= (Δ cos 𝛼) 𝑀𝐴1 𝐸𝐴 𝑇𝑖𝑒
𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒 𝑄1 = − cos2 𝛼
6 𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒

Shear force from tie = Horizontal component of T

𝑀𝐴1
∑ Fx = 0 6 𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒
= T cos α 𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒
(Δ cos2 𝛼)

𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒 P + Q1 + Q2 = 0
𝑇 cos 𝛼 = (Δ cos2 𝛼)
𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒
Dr. Ghada Hekal 27 Dr. Ghada Hekal 28

27 28

Using slope deflection: Using slope deflection:

Step 3: Build equilibrium equations. Step 4: Reach the form (p = K ∆).
1
∑ Fx = 0 ∴ 4𝐸𝐼𝑐 𝜃2 − 𝐸𝐼𝑐 Δ = 0 4
6
P + Q1 + Q2 = 0 𝑝 − 917.818Δ + 666.67𝜃 = 0 5

Substitute and put EIc=4000 Δ

From 4 ∴𝜃= 6
24
𝑝 − 917.818Δ + 666.67𝜃 = 0 5
𝑀𝐴1 𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒
(Δ cos 2 𝛼)
Substitute 6 at 5
6 𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒

P = 890 Δ → k = 890 t/m

Dr. Ghada Hekal 29 Dr. Ghada Hekal 30

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3
W=60t
Natural vibration properties
𝑚 = 2.7 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Τ𝑚 Ic = 2×10-4 m4
6m
𝑘 890
𝜔𝑛 = = = 18.161𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec Ib = 2×10-3 m4
𝑚 2.7
E = 2×107 t/m2
2𝜋 2 × 3.14 9m
𝑇𝑛 = = = 0.35sec k = 890 t/m Calculate:
𝜔𝑛 18.161
Natural Period (Tn) and Natural
1
𝑓𝑛 = = 2.9𝐻𝑧
𝑇𝑛 Frequency (fn)
considering the building as shear
Dr. Ghada Hekal 31 building Dr. Ghada Hekal 32

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Δ Δ Δ Δ
p
6𝐸𝐼𝑐
Δ
ℎ2

Shear building is 6𝐸𝐼𝑐

Δ
3𝐸𝐼𝑐
ℎ2
Δ
ℎ2
the one where
12𝐸𝐼𝑐
rotations θ ℎ3
Δ 3𝐸𝐼𝑐
ℎ3
Δ

between beam 12𝐸𝐼𝑐 12𝐸𝐼𝑐 12 × 40000 3 × 40000

and columns are 𝑘=
ℎ3
+
ℎ3
=
63
+
63
= 2777.8 𝑡/𝑚

neglected: 𝑘 2777.8
𝜔𝑛 = = = 21.5 𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec
Only ∆ IS 𝑚 6
2𝜋 2 × 3.14 1
CONSIDERED 𝑇𝑛 =
𝜔𝑛
=
21.5
= 0.29 sec 𝑓𝑛 =
𝑇𝑛
= 3.42 𝐻𝑧

Dr. Ghada Hekal 33 Dr. Ghada Hekal 34

33 34

4
6𝐸𝐼𝑐
Δ
ℎ2

3𝐸𝐼𝑐
Δ 6𝐸𝐼𝑐
Resolve example (2) ℎ2
ℎ2
Δ
3𝐸𝐼𝑐 12𝐸𝐼𝑐
Δ Δ
ℎ3 ℎ3
considering the building 𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑒
(Δ cos2 𝛼)
𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑒

as shear building 12𝐸𝐼𝑐 3𝐸𝐼𝑐 𝐸𝐴𝑡

𝑘= + 3 + cos2 𝛼
ℎ3 ℎ 𝐿𝑡

12 × 4000 3 × 4000
𝑘= + + 640.04 = 918𝑡/𝑚
63 63
Dr. Ghada Hekal 35 Dr. Ghada Hekal 36

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Natural vibration properties

𝑚 = 2.7 𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 Τ𝑚
𝑘 918
𝜔𝑛 = = = 18.44𝑟𝑎𝑑/sec
𝑚 2.7

2𝜋 2 × 3.14
𝑇𝑛 = = = 0.341sec k = 918 t/m
𝜔𝑛 18.161

1
𝑓𝑛 = = 2.94𝐻𝑧
𝑇𝑛

Dr. Ghada Hekal 37

37