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    153 views10 pages

    Astm D427 PDF

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    Jose Miguel Romero Sevilla

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    atl) Designation: D 427-98 Standard Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by tl ‘Ths warded i seed unde he fa dees D427 he rumor eed Slog th Bi On ae Yeuion, Be rato la esioun raat in patna onsen ebtol cans ine lt rsh superna 1. Scope [1 This test method provides a procedure for obaning the data which are used w caloulate the shrinkage limit and the Shrinkage tut. 12 This test method uses mercury which is a hazardous substance, Test Method D 4943 does nol use mercury and is an acceplable altemte «0 this procedure, 1.3 The liquid limit, plastic Limit, and shrinkage limit ere often collectively referred to as the Aiterberg Limits in recog. nition of their formation by Swedish soil scientist, A. Atte berg. These water eontents distinguish the boundaries of the several consistency states of cohesive coil. 1.4 This tes method is performed only on that portion of a soil which passes the 425-ym (No, 40) sieve, The relative ‘contribution of this portion of the soil rasst be considered when using this test method to evaluate the prope of the soil as, a whole, 1.3 The values stated in $1 units are to be regarded as the standard. The values siated in inch-pound units are approxi ‘ate and given for guidance only. Reporting of test results in Units other than SI shall not he regatded as noncontormance ‘with dis standard, 1.6 This standard does not purport to oddress ail of the safer concerns, if ary, associated with its use. It is the responsibility ofthe user of this siandard 10 establish appro- priate safety are health practices and determine the applica: bly of regulatory timitations prior 40 use. This test method involes the use of the hazardous material mercury, ee Section, 7 Nom 1—Warning: Mevcuy ics derite hea hazard in we and ttsge Referenced Documents 2 ASTM Standords: (C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements {for Test Meihucs for Construction Materials? D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Sanaples. for th jn a ASTAE Commie D1 on St sali of Subwrnaoe DIAG ve Tv Flag and Deoiey Chats of Sil ‘ton approved De TD, 1998 Pablo Mah 199, nia Pehl as D427 45 Lan pci eon D437 —83 1H haa Bod of AST Sears, ol O62 ‘if AST, 10 tar rte ue, wa Coon E50 Ut as 2 he Mercury Method" ot ints te eno fades be are rnp A reer Panicle-Size Analysis and Analysis and Determination of Soil Constants? D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contsined Fluids? 1D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock® 1B 2488 Prastice for Deseription and Idenfification of Sotls (Visual-Manua! Procadure)? D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in Engineering Design and Construct 4318 Test Method for Liguid Limit, Plastic Plasticity Index of Soils? D.A753 Specification for Evaluating, Selecting, and Speci fying Balances and Seales for Use in Testing Soil, Rock, and Related Construction Materials? 1D.4943 Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soils by the ‘Wax Metho!* 3. Terminology 3.1 Definitions: 3.1.1 The definitions used in this test method shall be in accordance with Terminology D 653 3.1.2 dry sreageh—a descriptive measure of the effort required to crush an air-dried |2-rum (Vé-in,) canner hall cf sail in accordance with Practice D 2488, 4. Summary of ‘Test Method 4.1 A sample of fine-grained. soil is thoroughly remolded with water 10 approximate the liquid limit consistency. The Saturated paste 3 plated into a container of kicwn volume anid slowly dried. The tinal mass and volume of the solid soit pat ate determined. These measurements ate used © compute the soil constans, S. Sigoificance and Use 5.1 The shrinkage factors covered in this test method ean ‘only be determined on basically fine-grained (cohesive) sails ‘which exhibit a dry strength when air dried 52 The term shrinkage limit, expressed a3 a water content in percent, is typically assumed te represent the amount of Water required to Gill dhe voids ef given cohesive sol at is minimum void ratio obtained by drying (usually oven) Thus “nel Bik of ATA Std, Wo 88, anual Bk of A474 Seda YO h D427 the concept shrinkage limit can be used 10 evaluate the shrinkage potential er possibility af development, or both, of cracks in earthworks involving cohesive sols 5.3 Data obiained from this test method may be used to ‘compute the volumetric shrinkage and linear shrinkage, ling the statements ox previo and Wi en the previo af his est method: cependent on the competence ofthe pesonnelportoreing aod the sly ofthe ‘auipment and fis usc. Agencies which met te coxeriact Pastice D320 ae generally cossdcred capable Uf competent and objective tesing Users of this test mothe are cautioned tha compliance wih Pravie D 3740 doesnot in itself ensue seb esting. Reise esting ‘pend on several fectors; Practice D 3740 provides # means of eal sting some of thse fast, 6. Apparatus 6.1 Zvmporating Dich, porcelain, shout 140 mum (564 in.) in diameer, 62 Sponua, or pill knife having a blade about 76 nun (3) in kngth and about 19,0 mm (4 in.) in width, 6.3 Shrinkage Dish—A circular porcelain or moet metal milk dish having a let bottom and being about 44 mm (1% in.) ‘in diameter and about 12 rom (6 in.) in height 64 Sirightedge, steel, about 150 ram (6 in) in length. 65 Glass Cp, about ST mm (2'4) ja) in diameter and about 31 man (14 a.) in height, the top rim of which is ground siooorh and is ina plane essentially parallel with the bottom of the cup 66 Gloss Plate, with three metal prongs for immersing the soil pal in mercury, as shown in Fig. 1. 67 Gloss Plare, a plane glass plate large enough w cover the glass eup, 68 Graduate. glass, having a capacity of 25 mL and sraduated 0.2 ml 62 Balance, sensiive to 0.1 g and conforming to the ‘equiremeats of Class GP2 balances in Specification D475, 10 Mercury suficiem w fil the glass eup to overflowing. G11 Shallow Pan, snout 20 by 20 by S-cm (8 by 8 by 2 BRASS Pins secune Vw a DETAILS OF cLAss aLArE deep nonmetallic ¢preterably glass) pan used to contain acci- dental mercury spills 7. Hazards 7.1 Warning—Mercury is 2 hazardous substance that ca cause ess and death. Inhalation of mercury vapor is serious health hazad, Mercury can also be absorbed thraogh the skin, The effects of mercury are cumulative. 72 Precaution—In addition 10 other precautions, siore ‘mercury in sealed shatter proof eontsiners to comieol evapora. tion, work ina well-ventilated area (preferably under 9 fume hood), and avoid contact with skin, Rubber gloves should be wom at all times 7.3 Minimize uncontrolled spills by performing those parts of the procedure (9.3 and 9.6) ina large shallow pan which ean act as a catchment 7A Clean up spills immediately using « recommended procedure explicitly for mercury. 75 Dispose of contaminated waste materials including the dry soil pat in a safe and environmentally acceptable manne. 8. Sampling 8.1 Select about 30 g of soil fiom the thoroughly mixed Portion of the material passing the No, 40) (425-yon) sieve hich has heen obtained in accordance with Practice D421 9. Procedure 9.41 Place the soit in the cvaporating dish and thoroughly imix with disiled water, The amount of warer added shoul Produce a soil of the consistency somewhat above the liquid Tita (Test Method D 4318) based on visa! inspection. In physical terms, this isa consistency that is nots slurry bat one ‘that will flow saffciently to expel air bubbles when using gentle tapping sction. It is desirable to use the minimum Possible water content, This is of some importance with very plastic sols so tha they do not crack during the drying process. 92 Coot the inside of the shrinkage dish with a thin layer of ‘pettoleum jelly, silicone grease, or similar lubricant to prevent AeTeh samnace SS LL Tor or ASS wien ‘Shown sumence Nome Equnatnte A. 2 1 Apparatus for Determining the Voluretste Chango of Subgrade Selle SE) @) Daz ihe adhesion ofthe Soll wo the dish, Determine aad record the ‘mais stars (poindvmass) ofthe empty dish, Ms 2 Pace the strinkage dish inthe shallow pa i order ta fact any mercury overflow. Fil the shrinkage dish to eee fhe ane with cerry. Remove ihe exces mercury by presen Farge the volome of mescary held inthe shrinkage sich Teeny MEATS OF the glass graduate or by dvidng the ‘eeaauted mass of mercury by the mass densiy of mews (Cava! to 13.55 Mgr’). Record this volume in cubic coon. "es (cubic feet) of the Wet sil pai, ¥ ate 2 Cautions Merci 1 traaoos subsume which cn cme wr heals lf trom protease ihatton of the voter sree With the sin, se Soatian 7 Fare ia BEY 10 mess the sole th singe SE Geet soi pat daring eae te, The rahe of « pevtns mee ee a Sed Provided tha it vox oem as spelted nn ‘enkage dish i property detiied and in good pydeal oes ee if Place an amount of the wetied sol equcl to abou one ght the volume of the dish in the center of the dish, sed can ie sol to Mow to the edgcs by taping the dish on afr satan the dish is completely filed Sa excess sol stands out above its edge. Strike iT the eee seein tsiebtedge, and wipe offal sol adkering io de dete! the dish mediately after itis filled and steak of Storming an record the mass in grams (poundvmass) of we dish and wet soil, A, 2.5 Allow the sil pat o dry in sic uni the eolor of the so wr gr datk to light Oven-dry the soil pat o constant nae Hi {lo = S°C (230 OFF) I the sell pat is cracked or tee wee Pigees etm to 9.1 and prepare anther oll pe Using a lower water content Determine and record the saad 8 (ibm) of the dish and dry soil, B,, Caray itl thee is, fil the dish and ropea the procoee Sally wipe off any'mercury tha may be adhering we the Outside ofthe eu, 9:62. Place the evaporating dish i the shallow pen in onder Raaikh any meteury overiow. Plice the cup Aled wih the evaporating dish and 1es the sil pat on the ne age ofthe mercury Gi wil Noa) Using the glass plare wi the line prongs gently pres the pal under the meleacy wo Freee ite fmly aver the 1p of the cup 10 expe any the aigeHSUTy. Observe that there is no air trapped tenes, sranpaat 22d mercury, aid, if ther is, repeat the peer Staring fFom 9.6.1. Measure the volume ‘of the Conan caeaa diving the measured mass of mercury by the as ensity of mercury. Record the volume in cubic emis {WS (cubic feet) ofthe dy soil pat 10. Caleulation 101 Calculate the initial wet seit mass as = MM, 102 Caleatate the dry soil mass as: M,= My at, e Fea ctleulate the initial woter coment of the sol ac Pereentage of the dry mass as (= M244) 109 oy {24 Cateulae the shrinkage limit asa water conten of the soil & 8 percentage of the dry mass as SE w= Vint 10, « where: Po = anpreximate density of water equal o 1.0 glen 462.8 vie’) Veare defined in the procedures section The Cateulate the shrinkage rato, & from the date obiined Shuai optimetic shrinkage deteminaion by the folimaee ‘equation Ro MW, xp) “sy 11, Report percentage designe HL Valic of shrinkage ratio 10 the nearest 001 12. Precision and Bias 121 Bias—Thete is no acceptable reference value for this {est method, therefore, bias cannot be determiinod 222 Precision'Table 1 presents estimates of peecision ‘sod on results from the AASHTO Materials eacce a Ren D8 100 vanes te we ese pce ‘Sremeat and rama omy ASTI Hocinee TABLE 4 Table of Precision Estimates seated Aerge Smee eara ‘Tena ve enti Ea ‘Soi Speier ——— Srraazetme 36 as 1 Stintage on oo an atta Steisms —ae a ae Pesan eraen xpi Rab and (Ss WANES GOON so ranice © 0, 2 Gh paar Laboratory (AMEL) Proficiency: Sample Program of testing condcied on Sarrples 103 and 04, These samples were found to be CL material having 59.4 © fines. aliquid limit of 33 and a plastic limit of 18. 12.21 The column labeled “Acceptable Range of Two ‘Resuls” quantifies the maximum difference expected between two micastremenis on samples of the same material under the ‘conditions listed m the first coluran. These values only apply 10 soils which ace similar to Proficiency Samples 103 and 106. None S—The fgazes givenin Coluna 3a the sandr deviations hat dave bean found te be eppropii forthe test ess deserted in Coun {The gues piven in Column te elimi tat held wot be exces by the diferense betncen we pucpety eondicied tons Nore 6—Critean for acignng sandatd deviation vals fo highly Plastic or wocohesive ails are ot avalale at the presen tie 13, Keywords TRL Anerherg limits; cohesive soils; dry strength; linear shrinkage: mercury: shrinkage ratio: volumeric shrinkage SUMMARY OF CHANGES Commits: D-18 has identified the location of selected changes w this standard since the fast issue (12427 — 93 (1998) thet may impact the use of this test method. 1, Added Note 2 referencing Practice D 3740, Subsequently renumbered notes affected by adcing Note 2. 2.1993, changed ... mg/m’ to Mein? 3. Moved location of Table | to be follow 12.2.1 ‘Te Anancan Sac lr Teen and Mtoe kos ro poston orpetng ie ay ony pln gts eserindncomector ary tem ranted fs sacar sors fs tana’ ae exessy aed fl carrot oe vay Of yh net ond te cho fang cfs ANS ae trey’ Pes on esd Tis sana s sta ese aay re bye respansele uct commie anc mute reed oxy oye at (01 este, eer repereNed a wlataum You! arena ated eo fren 3 standart oan 1nd rove bo auerosea fo ASTM Hagan. Your comment cave etd consent teeta the teporcoe teens crante, wh Yu ay at eu fea a your Ets ae al cae aa haa lg Ya SAO ae OU ‘ens tnt the ASTM Cemrstoe on Sercerx 20 Bator ve, Wet Consnacsen Pk ache at Designation: D 698 - 00a Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-Ibft9(600 kN-m/m4))* "Ti: wander ted ere bred dsgaion DOSE: he aumber mneitely flowing the Svetion indicus he ya ia adoptees they a ein A mba i paraheaes bctes te yess nreeee a ‘pence epon ladeater an etl gs since Be ae viene rept 4, Scope * 1.1 These test methods covers laboratory compaction meth- cds used to determine te relationship between Water content and dry unit weight of sois (compaction eve) compacted in 44 or 6,101.6 or 152.4-mm) diameter mold witha 55-167 (244-Ny rammer dropped trom a height of 12 in. (305 mm) producing a compactive effor of 12,400 fIB0H0(600 KNein! m)) Now 1 —The equipment and procures ae sini a those ‘by RR Proctor (Engineering Never Record —Seotenbes 7, 193% with this one major 0.005 in, (= 0.tmm), The seraping edge shall be beveled if vis thicker than Yin, mm), 647 Sieves —Vain. (19.0 mm), Vein, (2S mm), and Ne. 4 (475 mim), conforming to the requitements of Specification EM. 88 Maving Tools —Miscellancous tools such as mixing pan, SRE i) D6ss spoon, iowel, spatula, ete, ora suitable mechanical device for thoroughly mixing the sample of soil with increments of water 7. Calibration 7.1 Pecform calibrations before initial use, after repairs or ‘orher occumrences that might affect the test results. at intervals not excceding 1,000 test specimens, or annually. whichever ‘occurs first forthe following apparatus: 7.1.1 Balance—Evaluate in accordonce with Speeification D47s3. 7.1.2 Molde—Determine the volume as deseribed in Annex Al 7-3 Manual Raremer—Verify the free fall distance, ram ‘mer mass, and rammer face in accordance with 6.2. Verify the guide sleeve requiremeals in accordance with 6.2.1, 714 Mechanical Raroer—Calibrate and adjust the me chanical rammer in eeeordance with Test Methods D 2168, In ‘addition, the clearance tetween the rammer and the inside surface of the mold shal be verified im accosdance with 6.2.2 8 ‘Test Sample S.1 The roquired sample mass for Methods A and B is ‘appeoximately 35 Thm (16 kg), and for Method C is epproxi- mately 65-Ibm (29-kg) of dry soil. Therefore, the field sample shoul fave a moist muss of at lease $0 lbm (23 kg) snd 100 Tom (43 hg), respectively, 82 Determine the percentage of material (by mass) setsined fon the No. 4 (4.75-mm), 34n, (9-5-ram), or %-in. (19.0-mm) sieve as appropriate for choosing Method A, B, or C. Make this Xdevermination by separating out 2 sepresentative portion from the total sample and determining the percentages passing the sieves of interest by Test Methods D 422 or Method C136. Tt is only necessary to ealevlate percentages for the sieve or sieves for which information is desired 9. Preparation of Apparatus 9.1 Select the proper compaction mold in accordance with the Method (A, B, of C) being used. Determine and record its mass to the neafest gram. Assemble the mold, base and extension collar, Check the alignment of the inner wall oF the ‘mold and mold extension collar. Adjust if necessary, ‘9.2 Chock thal the rammer assembly is in good working condition and that paris are not loose or worn Make any necessary adjustments or repairs. IF adjustments or repairs are ‘made, the rammer must be recalibeaed. 10, Procedure Lo soils: 10.1.1 Do not reuse soll that has been previously compacted {nthe laboratory. 10.1.2 When using this test method for soils containing hydrated halloysice, or where past experience with a particular ‘il indicates that resolts willbe alered by air drying, use the moist preparation method (see 10.2) 10.1.3 Prepare the soll specimens for testing with 10.2 (preferred) oe with 103. 10.2 Moist Preparetion Method (preferred) Without pre viously deying the sample, pass it though 9 No. 4 (4.75-mm, in, (9.5mm), or %in. (19.0-min) siexe, depending om the accordance Method (A.B. of) being used Deteiine the air eae of ee proces si 102 Prone at lest Four fetechy_Gvel_apecinens fring wats Sonitis sich tht they bracket the estimated Galiten Wl cnet opeciren’ lenge name cones close oopinn should be prepare first By wal edition of trate and ring (se: Note 8) Select wee conc for he ref be species o provide ot ast two specimens wet eed two specimens dry of optimura, and water contents varying by aout 2%, At Fast vo water cones ee neces onthe ne fee dey sie of optim to accurately define the try wit teleht compaction curve (se 10.5). Sore soils with very high Sptimim water cient or rlatvely Mal compaction cure sony rauie larger water eonteat increments to obisia ell defined maximum dry unit weight. Water eootet increments Should ot execod 4% ‘oe Wah pis is ely pesto viel nee a in etapa wenn pal eat opium at et itu es big ier pes mote owes nd aoe tiene ba ih ek elt er ces vies shat At ee ence ay otopbrom eels ind oes tact pies mo Sek me eso aes eets Opa nearer Spal gl ne be pe be 102.2 Use approximately .Jom (23-4) ofthe sieved sol for each species 10 be covpacied using Method A oF B, or {Seb (39-4) wing Method ©. To obtain te specimen water coaatis sieaed ‘p 1021, 900 ot teuore the equal tinoones af wer n flows: io ad we speny 11a eso daring mixing; remove water, allow the 0 to dey in alr at anbiu empeotinc ce by hetying aperine sot Oe te temperature of the sale docs nt exceed 140° (60°C). Nix the cll equally Ging rpg lo imitin an even wate content distribution. Thoroughly mix each specimen o ensure tren dition of water taoughoot and then place a 8 Spare catered coon aad alow to mand fn sconce SAO Tabk 2 pig crpettion. Por toe perpone of ace 2 standing tine he sol nay be clased using Test Method D 2st7, Practice D2488 or data on other amples fom ie seme mera source. For refers tein, clasifation sha be by Tes Method D 2487. 10.3 Dry Preparation Methed—If the sample is too damp be fhuble, reduce the wer content by air ding unl te saline, Dising maybe in ir or by the we of dying tporats such that Ihe temperature ofthe sample dost a neced 10"F (30°C). Theoughly break p tre agzrections sucha mumer aif ovord beeing individoal parle: PS the menial through the appropiate sive: No.4 (4.750 Yein. (Sam) or Yin, (90am). When preparing material by passing over the %-in. sieve for compaction in te Gin mold, broak up aggregations elem oat leads the Sin, seve in crt faite the dvibton of 2 troup he sn ater ing, TABLE 2 Requited Standing Times of Moleturiseg Species Ta har Serine Sus 3 ‘Ser a A ib D esa 103.1 Prepare at Jeast four (preferably five) specimens in accordance with 10.21, 7" 10.3.2 Use approxirtely 5-Ibma (2.3-kg) of the sieved soil for cach specimen to be compacted using Method A or B, or 13-thm (3.9-kg) using Method C_ Add the required amounts of Water to bring the water contents of the specimens to the values selected in 103.1. Follow the specimen preparation mathod specified in 10.2.2 for drying the soil or adding water inta the soil and cuting each test specimen, 104 Compaction—Atter curing. iFrequired, each specimen shall be compacted as fellows: 10.4.1 Determine snd record the mass of the meld or mod and base plate, 10.4.2 Assemble and secure the mold and coltr to the base plate. The mold shall rex of a uniform rigid foundation, such ‘a provided by a eylinde or cube of concrete with a mass of ‘ot less than 200-tbm (91k). Secure the hase plate the right foundation. The method of attachment to the rigid foundation shall allow easy removal of the assembled mold, collar and ‘asc plate afer compaction is completed 10.4.3 Compact the specimen in thice layers. After compac. tion, each layer should be appraximately equal in thickness Prior to compaction. place the loose soil into the mold and spread ino a layer of uniform thickness. Lightly tamp the soil ‘unt cis not in a fully or loose tte, using onipaction rammer or a 2-in_ (Sam) diameter cylinder. Following compaction of each oF the fist two layers. any sol adjacent to the mold walls that has not been compacted or extends above the compacted surface shall be (rimmed. The trimmed soit may be included with the additional Soil for the next layer. A knife or other suitable device may be Used. The total amount of so used shall be such that the thi compacted layer slightly extends into the collar, but docs not exceed Yavin. (-mm) above the top of the mold. Ifthe third layer docs extend above the top ofthe mold by miore than Vici. (6-mim), the specimen shall be discarded The specimen shall bbe discarded when the las! blow on the rammner for the thi layer results in the bottom: of the rammer extending below the *P of the compaction mods 10.44 Compact cach layer with 25 blows for the 4in (101.6-mm) mold or with 86 blows for the 6:in, (152-4-mmm) ‘mold, [Non 8—When compacting specimens eter than optinum water content, uneven compacted suffices can oscit ont operator judgement rule as tothe average height of the spunea 104.5 In operating the manual ramumer, take care wo avoid ting the guide sleeve during the rammer upstroke. Hlold the ide sleeve steady and within 5° of vertical. Apply tho blows iforrn rate of approximately 28 blovs/min and in such @ ‘snanner as to provide complete, uniform coverage of the Specimen surface, 104.6 Following compaction of the last layer, remove the

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