LOGARITHMIC CORRECTIONS TO BLACK HOLE

ENTROPY

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by
JAHNVI
(B170668EP)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ENGINEERING PHYSICS

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CALICUT
NIT CAMPUS P.O., CALICUT
KERALA, INDIA 673601.
Contents

1 Introduction to AdS2 × S2 3
1.0.1 Laplacian over AdS2 × S 2 : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Near Horizon Geometry 6

2.1 Quantum Entropy function from AdS2 /CF T correspondence . . . . . . . 6
2.1.1 Introduction of Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 The external limit and entropy function formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 AdS2 Partition function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 Heat Kernels 10
3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 For AdS2 × S 2 geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1 Single scalar fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4 Logarithmic Corrections 12

5 Logarithmic Corrections Coming from Scalar and Vector Fields 14

5.1 Single scalar field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1.1 Calculating Lef f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.2 Vector fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1
Abstract

Beginning with investigating the near horizon geometry for quarter BPS black holes
(AdS2 × S 2 ) in the quantum entropy function formalism, we have carefully examined
the presence of log corrections in these computations via one loop determinants of
matter multiplet fields of N = 4 supergravity. We have used the evaluation of heat
kernels to reach the final results of the logarithmic corrections to the extremal black
hole entropy for scalar and vector fields, in AdS2 × S 2 space. The purpose of this
project is to present and review these results concisely and thoroughly.

2
Chapter 1

Introduction to AdS2 × S2

This chapter will give an introduction to conformal field theory, just as much it is rele-
vant to the topic of this report. A comprehensive discussion on AdS space, AdS/CFT
correspondence, can be found and particularly AdS2 × S2 space.

A curved space can either be intrinsically curved or obtained by embedding a d-dimensional

space into a flat (d+1)-dimensional flat space. Anti-de sitter space is one of the latter
type of space. For a curved space, curvature (R) is not zero unlike a flat spacetime. It
can be:

• R > 0, α + β + γ > π

• R <, α + β + γ < π

where, α, β, γ →
− angles formed by three geodesics (shortest distance between 2 points)
on the concerned space.

Anti-de Sitter (in d-dimensions): It has constant -ve curvature and is obtained by em-
bedding a d-dimensional space in lorentzian signature (-++...+) in a (d+1)-dimensional
minskowski space. Therefore, we can write,
d−1
X d−1
X
2
ds = −dX02 + dXi2 − 2
dXd+1 − X02 + X12 − Xd+1
2
(1.1)
i=1 i=1

Under the poincare patch, the AdS penrose diagram is the same as 3D minskowski space.
The global penrose diagram for AdS space is given in fig (1.1). The dotted line represents
the path for a massive particle.

1.0.1 Laplacian over AdS2 × S 2 :

The AdS2 spacetime can be embedded into a flat spacetime with two timelike directions

ds2 = −dZ 2 − dX 2 + dY 2
(1.2)
−Z 2 − X 2 + Y 2 = −L2

The parameter L is called the AdS radius. The AdS2 spacetime has SO(2, 1) invariance.
2
R= (1.3)
a2

3
 Figure 1.1: Approximation

where R is the Ricci scalar (curvature).

Z = a cosh ρ cos t̃, X = a cosh ρ sin t̃, Y = a sinh ρ (1.4)

We get,
ds2 = a2 (− cosh2 ρdt̃2 + dρ2 ) (1.5)
This coordinate system (t̃, ρ) is called global coordinates. Although we embed the AdS
spacetime into a flat spacetime with two timelike directions X and Y , the AdS spacetime
itself has only one timelike direction.
Anti-de-Sitter space has a large group of isometries, which is SO(4, 2) for the case at
hand. This is the same group as the conformal group in 3+1 dimensions. Thus, the fact
that the low-energy field theory on the brane is conformal is reflected in the fact that
the near horizon geometry is Anti-de-Sitter space. The laplacian over AdS2 × S 2 can be
given as the sum of laplacian over AdS2 and S 2 , i.e.

AdS2 ×S 2 = AdS2 + S 2 (1.6)

For AdS2 :
The δ-function normalized eigen function for the laplacian is given by (1.7)

 Γ(iλ + 12 + |k|)  ikθ

 
1 1  e sinh|k| η
fλ,k (η, θ) = √ |k|

2πa 2 (|k|)!
2  Γ(iλ) 
 1 1 2 η
 (1.7)
F iλ + + |k| , −iλ + + |k| ; |k| + 1; − sinh ,
2 2 2
where k ∈ Z, 0 < λ < ∞

4
The hypergeometric function used in (1.7) is given by the hypergeometric series expressed
in (1.9)
∞
X (a)n (b)n z n ab z a(a + 1)b(b + 1) z 2
2 F1 (a, b; c; z) = =1+ + + ... (1.8)
n=0
(c)n n! c 1! c(c + 1) 2!

The eigen value corresponding to this eigen funciton is given by,

 
1
+ λ /a2
2
(1.9)
4

For S 2 :
We know that for a 2-sphere, the normalized eigen function is simply the spherical har-
monics, Ylm (ψ, φ)/a and the eigen function given by,

l(l + 1)
(1.10)
a2
The eigen states of the laplacian over AdS2 × S 2 can be given by the laplacian operating
over the product of the eigen functions of AdS2 and S 2 . We get,
 
1 1
fλ,k (η, θ)Ylm (ψ, φ) = − 2 l(l + 1) + λ + fλ,k (η, θ)Ylm (ψ, φ) (1.11)
a 4

5
Chapter 2

Near Horizon Geometry

In this chapter, the near horizon geometry of an extremal black hole is discussed and
it is shown that it follows AdS2 × S 2 geometry. We also discuss the quantum entropy
formalism obtained from the partition function of the microstates.

2.1 Quantum Entropy function from AdS2/CF T cor-

respondence
2.1.1 Introduction of Motivation
Bekenstein-Hawking entropy for extermal supersymmetric black hole of type II B String
theory on K3 × S n is given by,
A
SBH = (2.1)
4GN
where A →− area of horizon and GN →
− Newton’s constant. We can also write,
Smicro = ln dmicro (2.2)
where S is statistical entropy and dmicro is microstates of a D brane, carrying the same
quantum numbers as the black hole.
Extermal black holes have a near horizon geometry of the form AdS2 × k, k → − compact
space.
The key for defining quantum connected black hole entropy is in the partition function
ZAdS2 of string theory in AdS2 × k
This partition function is divergent partition function of the form ecL × a finite part where
c→− constant, L → − length of the boundary regulated by AdS2 . We know,
D h I iEf inite
(i)
dmicro (~q) = exp − iqi dθAθ (2.3)
AdS2

• This is quantum generalization of SBH = Smicro .

• dmicro (~q) comes from AdS/CFT correspondence relation between AdS2 partition
function of microscopic degeneracy of the black hole carrying charge ~q ≡ {qi }
• AdS2 →


− unnormalized path integral over various fields on euclidean global AdS2
(i)
associated with the attractor geometry for charge ~q. Aθ denotes component of ith
gauge field along the boundary of AdS2

6
 We need approriate boundary condition on various fields. For U (1) gauge theories
there are 2 boundary conditions.
1. Constant mode
2. Mode representing asymptotic value of electric field. This determines the charge
carried more dominant in AdS2 . It is more dominant in AdS2
We can’t fix both modes, quantum mechanically, therefore we allow the electric field
modes to fluctuate leads to a new partition function ZAdS2 (~e) where ei is boundary values
f inite
of the inter modes. ZAdS 2
(~e) is finite part of the partition function. According to
AdS/CFT correspondence, we get,
f inite
X
ZAdS 2
(~
e ) = dmicro (~q)e−2π~e.~q (2.4)
q~

2.2 The external limit and entropy function formal-

ism
Consider Reisner Nordstorm black hole metric in (3+1) dimensions:
dρ2
  
2 a b
ds = − 1 − 1− dτ 2 +    + ρ2 (dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ) (2.5)
ρ ρ 1− a
1− b
ρ ρ

where, τ, ρ, θ, φ →
− coordinates of spacetime; a, b →
− parameters labelling the positions of
outer and inner horizon of the black hole respectively, (a > b).
Applying the external limit, (b →
− a)
ρ − a+b


2 (a − b)τ
r≡2 t≡ (2.6)
a+b 2a2
For, AdS2 × S 2 , we get
 dr2 
ds2 = a2 − (r2 − 1)dt2 + 2 + a2 (dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ) (2.7)
r −1

where, AdS2 is parameterized by (r,t), S 2 is parameterized by (θ, φ)

Horizons in extremal limit in r,t coordinates, r = ±1
Most general near horizon geometry consistent with SO(2,1) isometries of AdS2 is
 dr2  (i)
ds2 = a2 − (r2 − 1)dt2 + 2 ; Frt = ei (2.8)
r −1
(i) (i) (i)
where Fµν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ → − Gauge field strengths
v, e1 →
− constants and denote near horizon value of other fields
L(2) →
− 2D Lagrangian density of classical string theory. When evaluated on (2.8) it will
give a dependence on v and ei and independent of r and t
Introducing a new set of variables qi (one to one correspondence with gauge fields).
ε(~q, v, ~e, ...) ≡ 2π(ei qi − vL(2) ) (2.9)
L(2) is evaluated in the near horizon geometry
Using classical equations of motion and Wald’s modified formula for black hole entropy
in the presence of higher derivatives.

7
 1. For a blackhole with electric charges qi , all near horizon parameters are determined
by
∂ε ∂ε
= 0; = 0; ... (2.10)
∂v ∂ei
2. Wald’s entropy given by value of ε at this extremum

SBH (~q) = ε (2.11)

2.3 AdS2 Partition function

Solution to (2.10) describes AdS2 background. To continue the solution to euclidean
space, defining new coordinates: t = iθ; r = cosh η
(i)
ds2 = v(dη 2 + sin2 hηdθ2 ); Fθη = iei sinh η (2.12)
A(i) µ
µ dx = −iei (cosh η − 1)dθ
(2.13)
= −iei (r − 1)dθ
Here (-1) is required to make the gauge fields non singular at η = 0
The partition function of string theory in this background can be described as path inte-
gral over all the fields.

Procedure for extracting the finite part of this partition function:

classical limit:
A = Abulk + Aboundary
(2.14)
Z p
Abulk = − drdθ det gL(i)

where A → − Classical Euclidean action and Aboundary →

− possible boundary contribution.
This is evaluated in AdS2 .
Classical Euclidean partition function:

ZAdS2 = e−A (2.15)

Since AdS2 has ∞ volume, we need to define a regularization on (2.14).

Considering the cutoff, η = η0 or r = r0 = cosh η0
The regularized volume of AdS2 can be given by,
Z r0 Z 2π p
VAdS2 = dr dθ det g = 2πv(r0 − 1) (2.16)
1 0

Therefore,
Abulk = −(r0 − 1)2πvL(2) (2.17)
Changing the coordinates:
ω = r0 θ, ξ = η0 − η (2.18)

8
where, ω has a period of 2πr0 . Then,

ds2 = θ(dξ 2 + e−2ξ dω 2 ) + O(r0−2 )

(i)
Fξω = iei e−ξ + O(r0−2 )
(2.19)
−ξ
A(i)
ω = −iei (e − r0−1 ) + O(r0−2 )
Aboundary = −kr0 + O(r0−1 )

where k is some constant.

(2) +k)−2πvα2 +O(r −1 )
ZAdS2 = er0 (2πvL 0 (2.20)

The terms linear in r0 can be changed and thus remain ambiguous. Therefore,
f inite (2)
ZAdS 2
= e−2πvL (2.21)

Note that, AdS2 produces a natural infrared act off.

Quantum mechanically:
(2) 0 −1
f inite
ZAdS2 = er0 (−2πvLef f +k )+O(r0 ) ZAdS 2
(2)
(2.22)
f inite
ZAdS 2
= e(−2πvLef f )

• ZAdS2 →− partition function defined with fixed value of the constant mode of asymp-
totic gauge field.
(2)
• Lef f , k 0 →
− appear in ZAdS2
D h I iE
(i)
ẐAdS2 ≡ exp − iqi dθAθ (2.23)
AdS2
DE
→
− unnormalized path integral once various fields on AdS2 with fined asymptotic
AdS2
values of electric fields corresponding to attractor geometry.
h I
−1

iD h
(i)
iE
ẐAdS2 = exp 2π r0 + O(r0 ) exp − iqi dθAθ (2.24)
AdS2

where
D h c is aHconstant.iEf inite
(i)
exp − iqi dθAθ is quantum entropy function independent of r0
AdS2

9
Chapter 3

Heat Kernels

Heat Kernels are basically a mathematical tool, used mainly in the calculations for one
loop corrections. In this chapter, the concept of heat kernels has been discussed briefly,
which is further used in the next chapter.

3.1 Definition
Heat kernels can be defined as the unique solutions to the heat conduction equation,
given by,
d
K(x, y, t) + AK(x, y, t) = 0 (3.1)
dt
where K(x, y, t) represents the heat kernel, over the boundary conditions,

K(x, y, 0) = δ(x, y) (3.2)

Heat kernel represents the diffusion over spacetime manifold in parameter time t of a unit
quantity of heat, placed at point y at t=0. K can be given by,
X
K(x, y, t) = exp(−λn t)φn (x)φn (y) (3.3)
n

where φ(x) is the eigen function of A and λ is the corresponding eigen value.

3.2 For AdS2 × S 2 geometry

3.2.1 Single scalar fields
In the case of AdS2 × S 2 space with the , the heat kernel for the laplacian can be written
as, X
K s (x, x0 ; s) = e−κn s fn (x)fn (x0 ) (3.4)
n

where fn are the eigen function of the laplacian, provided, the laplacian has real eigen
functions. The superscript ’s’ represents we are considering scalar fields. According to
(3.1) and (3.2), we can write similar expressions for K s (x, x0 ; s) as follows,

(∂s − x )K s (x, x0 ; s) = 0
(3.5)
K s (x, x0 ; s = 0) = ∂ (4) (x − x0 )

10
We know that,
AdS2 ×S 2 = AdS2 + S 2 (3.6)
where  is the laplacian. Therefore, according to (3.4), we know that the equation
satisfies by the heat kernel, (3.1) for the laplacian over AdS2 × S 2 ,

K s (0; s) = KAdS
s
2
(0; s)KSs 2 (0; s) (3.7)
s
For evaluating KAdS 2
(0; s) and KSs 2 (0; s) we need to evaluate the eigen functions and
eigen values for the laplacian of both AdS2 and S 2 spaces separately.

11
Chapter 4

Logarithmic Corrections

In this chapter we will discuss how we can obtain log(a) term for the entropy correction
after considering one loop corrections. Partition function for one loop corrections is given
by, Z
1
Z[Φ] = [DΦ]e− ~ S[Φ] (4.1)

In the limit ~ →
− 0, classical configurations Φcl dominates.
∂
S |Φ=Φcl = 0 (4.2)
∂Φ
Writing Φ as Φcl and some fluctuations about it, φ, we get,

Φ = Φcl + φ (4.3)

In this case, the action can be written as,

√
Z
S[Φ] ' S[Φcl ] + dd+1 x gφ(x)Dφ(x) (4.4)

where D is the kinetic operator on φ. The higher order terms in φ give higher order loop
corrections. we are no considering higher order loop corrections as we have considered
all the string parameters as unity and hence they will be of the same order as one loop
corrections and can be ignored. The one loop partition function can then be written as,
1
Z1−l = det − 2 (D) (4.5)

We know that, Y
det D = κn (4.6)
n

where κn are the eigen values corresponding to the normalized eigen functions Ψn of D.
Further, taking logarithm,
XZ √ Z ∞
X
d+1 dt −tκn ∗
− log det D = − log κn = gd x e Ψn (x)Ψn (x)
n n 0 t
Z ∞ (4.7)
dt
= K(t)
 t

12
where,  is the UV cutoff and K(t) (trace of the heat kernel for the operator D) is given
by,
XZ √
K(t) = g dd+1 xe−tκn Ψ∗n (x)Ψn (x) (4.8)
n

We know that, the heat kernel is given by,

X
Kab (x, y; t) = Ψn,a (x)Ψ∗n,b (y)e−tκn (4.9)
n

Here, we are considering the eigen functions to be positive definite, which is true for S 2
but for AdS2 we have semi-definite eigen values which will contribute to the log term as
zero. Let us first consider the contribution from non zero modes. If D is a laplace type
operator on the metric scaled by a, then the eigen values of D scale as 1/a2 . Therefore
defining, s̄ = t/a2 , (4.7) becomes,
Z ∞
0 ds
− log det D = K(s) (4.10)

2
s
a

We find that,
1
log Znon−zero = − log det0 D = K1 log a + ... (4.11)
2
where K1 is the first order term in the series expansion on K(s̄) about s=0. Similar
calculations can be done for the contribution by zero modes by assuming semi-definite
eigen valuues. We find that,

log Zzero = n0 log a + O(1) (4.12)

Further, we find that the contribution to the free energy can be given by,

Flog = (K1 + n0 ) log a (4.13)

13
Chapter 5

Logarithmic Corrections Coming

from Scalar and Vector Fields

In this chapter we will discuss the logarithmic corrections to the BPS black hole entropy
due to a single scalar field and due to a vector field in the AdS2 × S 2 space. We use the
eigen vectors and eigen values of the laplacian of the geometry and successfully compute
the log corrections and one loop effective action using the concepts of heat kernels.

5.1 Single scalar field

Considering an extremal black hole with AdS2 × S 2 (equal size ’a’ for both AdS2 and
S 2 )as the near horizon geometry. The euclidean can be given by,

ds2 = a2 (dη 2 + sinh2 ηdθ2 ) + a2 (dψ 2 + sin2 ψdφ2 ) (5.1)

where θ and φ are the coordinates with a period of 2π. If ∆Lef f is the one loop correction
for the four dimensional lagrangian density, in the geometry represented by (5.1), then,
Z p
∆S = detg dη dθ dψ dφ ∆Lef f = 8π 2 a4 (cosh η0 − 1)∆Lef f (5.2)

(where η0 is an infrared cut-off) is the one loop correction in the action. The first term in
(5.2), containing cosh η0 corresponds to the shift in the ground state energy. This leaves
us with the second term to be contributed by the one loop correction for the black hole
entropy. Therefore,
∆SB H = −8π 2 a4 ∆Lef f (5.3)
We need to calculate ∆Lef f to compute ∆SB H .

5.1.1 Calculating Lef f

From (3.3) we know that the heat kernel for scalar laplacian will be given by,
X
K s (x, x0 ; s) = e−κn s fn (x)fn (x0 ) (5.4)
n

provided if the eigen functions for the laplacian are real, where −κn is the eigen value for
the scalar laplacian and fn (x) is the eigen function. The scalar field contributes to the

14
one loop effective action and can be written as,
1X
∆S = − lnκn (5.5)
2 n

which is derived from the one loop corrections using heat kernels as shown in chapter 4.
(5.5) can be written as,
1 ∞ ds X −κn S
Z
∆S = e (5.6)
2  s n
where  is the ultraviolet cutoff. Further, (5.6) can be written as,

1 ∞ ds
Z Z p
∆S = d4 x detgK s (x, x0 ; s) (5.7)
2  s

Since, we know that, K s (0; s) = K s (x, x0 ; s), comparing (5.7) with (5.2), we get,

1 ∞ ds s
Z
∆Lef f = K (0; s) (5.8)
2  s

From eq. (3.7) we know that,

K s (0; s) = KAdS
s
2
(0; s)KSs 2 (0; s) (5.9)
s
Using (5.4), KAdS2
(0; s) and KSs 2 (0; s) can be calculated.

s
Calculating KAdS2
(0; s):
The eigen functions and eigen values for the laplacian on AdS2 have been calculated and
can be given by (1.7). Since, eigen function described vanishes for η = 0 for k 6= 0, only
s
k=0 states will contribute to the heat kernel. Therefore KAdS 2
(0; s) can be given by,
Z ∞ h −s 
s 1 2 1 i
KAdS2 (0; s) = dλ λ tanh(πλ)exp 2 λ + (5.10)
2πa2 0 a 4
Now there are 2 methods by which we can solve this expression. One is by analytically
following the steps from the integration performed above for KSs 2 (0; s) and the second by
solving this independently. We are following the latter method.
Expressing,
2
1 − e− πλ
tanh(πλ) =
1 + e−2πλ
2e−2πλ
=1− (5.11)
1 + e−2πλ
X ∞
=1+2 (−1)k e−2kπλ
k=1

and,
∞
2
X (−s̄λ2 )n
exp(−s̄λ ) = (5.12)
n=0
n!

15
Using (5.11) and (5.12) in (5.10), we get,
∞ ∞ ∞
e−s̄/4 (−s̄λ2 )n
Z  X  X 
s k −2πkλ
KAdS (0; s) = dλλ 1 + 2 (−1) e
2
2πa2 0 k=1 n=0
n!
"Z ∞ ∞ ∞ #
∞  Z ∞
e−s̄/4 (−s̄λ2 )n 2 n
X  X  X
(−s̄λ )
= dλλ + dλλ 2 (−1)k e−2πkλ
2πa2 0 n=0
n! 0 k=1 n=0
n!
(5.13)
Solving the first part of (5.13), i.e., the first integral:
∞ ∞
e−s̄/4 (−s̄)n λ2n+1
Z X 
= dλ
2πa2 0 n=0
n!
∞
# ∞
e−s̄/4 X (−s̄)n λ2n+2
=
2πa2 n=0 (2n + 2)n!
0
∞
#∞
−s̄/4 2 n+1
e X (−s̄λ )
=
4πa2 (−s̄) n=0 (n + 1)! (5.14)
∞
#∞ 0
−s̄/4 2 n
e X (−s̄λ )
=
4πa2 (−s̄) n=1 n!
0
−s̄/4 ∞
e h 2
i
= 2
e−s̄λ − 1
4πa (−s̄) 0
−s̄/4
e
=
4πa2 s̄
Solving the second part of (5.13), i.e., the second integral:
"Z ∞ ∞
#
∞
e−s/4  X  X (−s)n 2n 
λ
= dλλ 2 (−1)k 2e−2πkλ
2πa2 0 k=1 n=0
n!
"Z ∞ X ∞
# (5.15)
∞
e−s/4 X (−1)k (−s)n −2πkλ 2n+1
= dλ e λ
πa2 0 k=1 n=0
n!

Since,
Z ∞ ∞
1 X
ζ(2n + 2) = λ 2n+1
e−2πkλ dλ (5.16)
Γ(2n + 2) 0 n=0

where λn = 2πk X
ζ(s) = λ−s
n (5.17)
n

(5.15) becomes,
" ∞ #
e−s/4 X (−1)n (s)n+1 (2n + 1)! −2n−1
= [2 − 1]ζ(2n + 2)
πa2 s n=0 n!
" ∞ # (5.18)
e−s/4 X (−1)n (s)n+1 (2n + 1)! −2n−1
= [2 − 1]ζR (2n + 2)
πa2 s n=0 (22n+2 )(π 2n+2 )n!

16
 Figure 5.1: Contour

Figure 5.2: Approximation

where ζR (2n + 2) is Reimann Zeta function and

X
ζR (s) = n−s (5.19)
n

Adding (5.14) and (5.18), we get,

" ∞
#
−s/4 n n+1
e X (−1) (s) (2n + 1)!
s
KAdS (0; s) = 1+ [2−2n−1 − 1]ζR (2n + 2)
2
4πa2 s (2 2n )(π 2n+2 )n!
n=0 (5.20)
e−s/4  1 7 2 3

= 1 − s + s + O(s)
4πa2 s 12 480

Calculating KSs 2 (0; s):

From the eigen values and eigen functions of the laplacian over S 2 space, described by
the spherical harmonic functions and the expression of the heat kernel, we get,
1 X −s(l(l+1)/a2
KSs 2 (0; s) = e (2l + 1) (5.21)
4πa2 l

Considering a contour, fig. (5.1)

I
1 s̄/4 2
e dλλtan(πλ)e−s̄λ (5.22)
4πia2
And approximating fig. (5.2), we get
Z eiκ ×∞
1 s̄/4 2
e Im λdλ(tan(πλ)e−s̄λ (5.23)
2πa2 0

17
Substituting tan(πλ) = −itanh(πλ) and using (5.11), (5.12) and zeta function, we get,

" ∞
#
s/4
e X (s)n+1 (2n + 1)!
KSs 2 (0; s) = 2
1− 2n 2n+2
[2−2n−1 − 1]ζR (2n + 2)
4πa s n=0
(2 )(π )n!
es/4  1 7 2 3

= 1 + s + s + O(s)
4πa2 s 12 480
(5.24)

5.2 Vector fields

Considering the case for U (1) gauge field with euclidean action, given by,
Z
1 p
SA = − d4 x detgFµν F µν (5.25)
4
where, Fµν = ∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ is the gauge field strength. For gauge fields, some degrees of
freedom are redundant (unphysical degrees of freedom) and hence need to be removed.
For a scalar field, reducing the degrees of freedom can lead to change in energy spectrum.
this is not the case for gauge fields as we can can make use to the gauge invariant
properties. Therefore, adding a gauge fixing term
Z
1 p
Sgf = − d4 x detg(Dµ Aµ )2 (5.26)
2
where, Dµ Tνρ ≡ ∂µ Tνρ + Γρµσ Tνσ − Γσµν Tσρ , if Tνρ is a tensor and Γσµν is the christoffel symbol
defined as,
1
Γµνρ = g µσ (∂ρ gνσ + ∂ν gσρ − ∂σ gνρ ) (5.27)
2
Adding (5.25) and (5.26), we get,
Z  
1 4
p 1 µν µ 2
SA + Sgf =− d x detg Fµν F + (Dµ A ) (5.28)
2 2

where, Dµ Tνρ = ∂µ Tνρ + Γρµσ Tνσ − Γσµν Tσρ for a tensor, Tνρ . Now, evaluating Fµν F µν , we get,

Fµν F µν = (∂µ Aν − ∂ν Aµ )(∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ )

= ∂µ Aν ∂ µ Aν − ∂µ Aν ∂ ν Aµ − ∂ν Aµ ∂ µ Aν + ∂ν Aµ ∂ ν Aµ (5.29)
= 2(∂µ Aν ∂ µ Aν − ∂µ Aν ∂ ν Aµ )

We also know that, the reimann tensor is defined as,

λ ∂Γλ µν ∂Γλ µκ
Rµνκ = − + Γη µν Γλ κη − Γη µκ Γλ νη (5.30)
∂xκ ∂xν
σ
Using, (Dµ Dν − Dν Dµ )Aρ = −Rρµν Aσ ; gµρ g ρσ = δµσ and (5.29) in (5.28), we get,

1
Fµν F µν + (Dµ Aµ )2 = −Aµ g ρσ Dρ Dσ Aµ + Rεην
η
Aν Aε (5.31)
2

18
Substituting, (5.31) in (5.28), we get,
Z
1 p
SA + Sgf =− d4 x detgAµ (∆A)µ (5.32)
2

where (∆A)µ ≡ −Aµ + Rµν ; Aµ ≡ g ρσ Dρ Dσ Aµ Following from the scalar approach,
we get,
1 ∞ ds p
Z
Lef f = detg lim [K v (x, x0 ; s)] (5.33)
2  s x0 →x

Quantization of gauge fields need us to have two anticommuting scalar ghosts, b and
cR (Fadeev
√ Popov ghosts). The contribution to the action from the ghosts is, Sghost =
4
d x detg bc The equation (5.33) (after including the one loop contribution from the
scalar ghosts) becomes,

1 ∞ ds p
Z
Lef f = detg lim [K v (x, x0 ; s) − 2K s (x, x0 ; s)] (5.34)
2  s x0 →x

Furthermore, we define, δ by the operator, − ∗ d∗ and denote the exterior derivative by

d (= ∇∧). Then we can express ∆ as,

∆ ≡ (dδ + δd)
(5.35)
= ∇Λ(− ∗ ∇ ∧ ∗) − ∗∇ ∧ ∗∇∧

where * is the hodge dual operator and ∧ is the wedge operator.

A vector on AdS2 × S 2 can be decomposed in (vector (AdS2 ), scalar(S 2 ))+(scalar(AdS2 ),

vector(S 2 )). The action of the kinetic operator on any of these components can be
expressed as ∆AdS2 + ∆s2 and the corresponding eigen values of ∆AdS2 and ∆s2 , and the
corresponding eigen value of ∆ on AdS2 × S 2 will be given by the sum of the eigen values
of ∆AdS2 and ∆S 2 . Therefore, we can write,

K v (0; s) = KAdS
v
2
(0; s)KSs 2 (0; s) + KAdS
s
2
(0; s)KSv 2 (0; s) (5.36)

19
Bibliography

[1] Spectral functions and zeta functions in hyperbolic spaces, Roberto Camporesia, At-
sushi Higuchib

[2] Logarithmic Corrections to Extremal Black Hole Entropy from Quantum Entropy
Function, Shamik Banerjee, Rajesh K. Gupta and Ashoke Sen

[3] The arithmetic geometry of AdS2 and its continuum limit Minos Axenides, Emmanuel
Floratosand Stam Nicolis

[4] Black holes and the second law, J.D. Bekenstein

[5] Black Holes and Entropy, Jacob D. Bekensteing

[6] Heat kernel expansion: user’s manual, D.V. Vassilevich

[7] Zeta Function Regularization of Path Integrals in Curved Spacetime S. W. Hawking

20