usisaq PUD sisdn uy uonvpunoyz Moyoys bog5 Shallow Foundations ‘The most important thing isto keep the most Important thing the most important thing, Shallow fourdarions are those that ansmit structural loads to the near-surface soil “These include spread footing foundations and mat foundations, This chapter introduces both types of foundations, then Chapters 6 (0 10 discuss the various geotechnical and structural design aspects 5.1 SPREAD FOOTINGS {A spread foting (also known 3s a footer or simply a footing) san enlargement atthe bot- tom of a column or bearing wall that spreads the applied structural loads over a sutfi- ciently large soi area. Typealy, each column and each bearing wall has its own spread footing, so each structure may include dozens of individual footings ‘Spread footings are by far the most common type of foundation, primarily because oftheir low cost and ease of construction. They are most often used in small to medium- size structures on sites with moderate to good soil conditions, and can even be used on some large structures when they are located at sites underlain by exceptionally good soil or shallow bedrock. Spread footings may be buil indifferent shapes and sies to accommodate individ val needs, as shown in Figute 5.1. These inelude the following + Square spread footings (or simply square footings) have plan dimensions of BxB. ‘The depth from the ground surface othe boctom of the footing is D and the thick ‘ness is T, Square footings usually support a single cenrlly-Jocated column. usChapter Shallow Foundations 146 a Pique 5. Spal ong hapes and cimersons + Rectangular spread footings have plan dimensions of BxL, where Lis the longest ‘imension. These are useful when obstructions prevent consiuction of @ square footing with a sufficiently large base area and when large moment loads are present + Circular spread footings are round in plan view. These are mos frequently used 2s foundations for light standard, flagpoles, and power transmission lines. If these foundations extend to a large depth (Le. DIB greater than about 3), they may be- Ihave more like a deep foundation (see Chapter 11). 5.1. Spread Footings ur + Continuous spread footings (aso known ab wall footings ot strip footings) are wsed to support bearing walls. Combined footings are those that support more than one column, These are useful ‘when columns are located oo close together foreach to have its own footing Ring spread footings are continuous footings that have been wrapped inc a circle This type of footing is commonly used to suppor the wall of above round circu Jar storage tanks, However, the contents ofthese tanks ae spread evenly across the total base avea, and this weight is probably greater than that of the tank itself. There- fore, the geotechnical analyses of tanks usually eat them as circular foundations with diameters equal to the diameter of the tank Sometimes its necessary to build spread footings very close o a propery line, an- other strocture, or some other place where no construction may occur beyond one or more of the exterior walls, This cizcumstance is shown in Figure 5.2. Because such 8 footing cannot be centered beneath the column, the load is eecentrc. Tis can cause the Tooting to rotate and thus produce undesirable moments and displacements inthe colum, One solution to this problem isto use asap footing (also known as a cantilever footing), which consists of an eccentcally loaded footing under the exterior column con- nected to the fist interior column using a grade beam. This arrangement, which i similar to a combined footing, provides the necessary moment in the exterior foting to counter the eccentric load. Sometimes we use grade beams fo connect al ofthe spread Footings in a structure to provide a more rigid foundation system, Materials Before the mid-ninetenth-century, almost all spread footings were made of masonry, a8 shown in Figure 5. Dimension-stone footings were built of stones cut and dressed to specific sizes and fit together with minimal gaps, while rubblestone foorings were built from random size material joined with mortar (Peck eta, 1974). These fookngs had very litle tensile strength, so builders had to use large height to-wit ratios to keep the lex- url stresses tolerably small and thus avoid tesie failures. ‘Although masonry footings were satisfactory for small structures, they became large and heavy when usd in heavier strctures, often encroaching into the basement. For ‘example, the masonry footings beneath the nine-story Home Insurance Building in ‘Chicago (builtin 1885) had a combined weight equal 10 that of one ofthe stories (Peck, 948). As larger structures became more common, it was necessary to develop footings ‘hat were shorter and lighter, yt stil had the same base dimensions. This change required structural materials that could sustain flexural stresses. ‘The steel grilage foorings used in the ten-story Montauk Block Building in Chicago in 1882, may have been te fist spread footings designed to resist Nexure, They included several layers of raiload tracks, a shown in Figure 5.4. The flexural siength of| the see! permitted construction ofa short and lightweight footing. Steel gillage footings, modified to use L-beame instead of railroad tracks, soon became the dominant design ‘They prevailed until the advent of reinforced concrete in the erly twentieth century.148 Chapter Shallow Foundations \\ Figure 2 Use ofp fais oer ~~ cetera ~~ Figure 5.5 shows a ypical reinforced concrete footing. These are very strong, eco- nomical, durable, and easy to build Reinforced concrete footings are much thinner tha the old masonry footings, so they do not require large exeavations and donot intrude into Dasements, Thus, nearly all spread footings are now made of reinforced concrete Construction Methods Contractors usually use a backhoe to excavate spread footings, as shown in Figure 56. Typically, some hand work is also necessary to produce a clean excavation. Once the ex cavation is ope. it is important to check the exposed soils o verify that they are compara ble to those used inthe design. Inspectors often check the Fimness of these soils using a 5.1 Spread Footings 19 Figure 3 (a) Dinero fing tc Retest ong ” iguce 5 Stel grief made fom rons tacks, Mostank Block Big. acigs, 12 Toe concrete at surounde he sel was fo cone resto ny148 CChapter5 Shallow Foundations Fiyure 52 Uc os 9 fing tpt — {ater cokes when coeur comet ~ ‘itd beyond he papery ie —_ Figure 55 shows a typical reinforced concrete footing. These are very strong, eco- nomnical. durable, and easy to build. Reinforced concrete footings are much thinner than the old masonry footings, so they do not require large excavations and donot intrude ito basements. Thus, nearly al spread footings are now made of reinforced concrete Construction Methods Contractors usually use a backhoe to excavate spread footings. as shown in Figure 5.6 Typically, some hand work is also necessary to produce a clean excavation. Once the ex In both cases, we assume the bearing pressure disuibation beneath spread footings Ire B16 the bearing pressure distribution is trapezoidal as shown in Figur S.15e, is linear, as shown in Figure 5.14. This isa simplification ofthe uth but sufficiently ac- and the minimum and maximum bearing pressures are: curate for practical design purposes. For mat foundations, we perform more detailed analyses as discussed in Chapter 10 6 ‘One-Way Loading Ifthe eccentric or moment loads occur only in the B direction, then the bearing pressure distibution is as shown in Figure 5.15, (58)‘Chapter Shallow Foundations ‘minimum bearing pressure 4 am = maximum bearing pressure = columa load ‘A= base area of foundation uy = pore water pressure along base of foundation <= eccentricity of bearing pressure distribution = width of foundation Ite eccentric or moment load is only inthe L direction, substitute L for B in Equa tions 5.7 and 5.8. For continuous footings, substitute P/b and Mlb for P and M, respec~ tively, and subsite B for A. fe = Bl6 (ie, the resultant force acts atthe third-point of the foundation), then ‘4a =0 nd te bearing pressre distribution is triangular as shown in Figure 5.15b, Thre Tore, so long as e < BI, there wil be some contact pressure along the enie base area However, fe > BIS, the resultant ofthe bearing pressure acts ouside the tird-point and the pressure distribution sas shown in Figure 51S. There can be no tension between the foundation andthe sol, so one side ofthe foundation wil liftoff the ground. In a tion, the high bearing pressure at the opposite side may cause a large settlement there. The net result isan excessive tilting of the foundation, which isnot desirable Therefore, foun: dations with eccentric or moment loads must satisfy the following condition a es «35 69 ‘This criterion maintains compressive stresses along the entire base aca For rectangular foundations with the moment or eccentric loadin the long diection, substitute Zor B in Equation 59, Example 54 ‘A504 wide contnaousfoting is subjected to concentric vertical oad of 12.0 Wt and ‘moment load of 0 Rl acting Interally aeros the fotng, a sown in Figure 5.16. The ‘roundwaser bles ta ret depth, Determine weber the relent free onthe base ofthe {ooung at within the mide third and compute the maximum and minima Dering pe Solution Wyb= (SOLAS AYASO I /I) = 1125:b/ ee 8.000 fey sion Flb+ Wye” TEoAOI/R + LIASTETR Bs Ba SB. oss 53 Bearing Pressure 163 sont he La Figure 5.16 Pops ting fr Ex are pies | son +! <6; thereon the resultant is inthe middle thd Answer n= (LM) (1-8) e @ (20289) (1 908) ‘3tb/t? — Anewer ee) wo (Ow) (15) + (oxo. (2mm -o) (1+ ») 50 50 = 4546 1ytt! Answer ‘When designing combined footings, try to arange the footing dimensions and col tum locations 80 the resultant of the applied loads acs through the centroid of the foot ing. This produces a uniform bearing pressure distribution. Some combined footing signs accomplish this by using a trapezoidal shaped footing (as seen in plan view) with the more lightly loaded column of the narrow side of the trapezoid. When this isnot pos sible, be sure all ofthe potential loading conditions produce eccentricities no more than 6, ‘Two-Way Eccentric or Moment Loading I the resultant load acting on the base is eccentric in both the Band L directions, it must fall within the diamond-shaped kemn shown in Figure 5.17 for the contact pressure to be ‘compressive along the entre base of the foundation, 1 falls within this kem only ifthe following condition is me:164 ‘Chapter § Shallow Foundations 5.3 Bearing Prossure 165 6 — : epeaneengarer tiara Spin 510 sede mapa cos os ; vont hb owt : Pa ee) v= (Caw) (12 a 8) san ae eo ee ree Sere ech eteretci eee ents eet rene raneetena Saar a na ose ae ae ey eae Sreitcae Fes eaent ncrax anna irotims an : an |: Os ety epee eet at pa i te nae 7 sr esgona +1088) «60 | scannsentan) wenn ee te 2HOMN-m__ gy 336 MN + 60 MN ™ ‘OK for one-way eccentricity pee 17 Prem dein mote ath ied tdci 2 Chesk wormay exceticiy (C)Tomunaan gO ong ih ee “The eet two-way ecenicy oss when one Ss flan he er the re empy Sin othe ig een oe ost ‘elec wan damon sede. on so 333m, 2. P= 4(29 MN) + (110MN) = 226M My = Mi = (110 MN(I2 mm) = 1320 Mom166 Chapter Shallow Foundations [eee Figure 5.18 Ms fundsion and pin slr ape “ 20 MN PW,” DEMN+ 6OMN Gen , Se, _ 462m) , (462m) _ se Ss 4 Se ORD), EEE) 11> 1 Nocaccepable 2m 2. Conchsion [Although the foundation is satisfactory for oncoway eccentricity, it doesnot meet the triterin fr two-way eccentricity because the resultant outside the Kern, This means {he corner ofthe mat opposite the loaded slo may lt up, causing excesie tilting. Therefor, tis necessary to increase B. <= Answer 4: Revised Design 462m) , 6(462m) @ T | 5 Bearing Pressure 17 | imum B = minimum L=55.Am <= Anrwer “Therefore a 55.4 m x 55.4 m mat would be requied to Keep the resultant wihin the ker, However. hiss only one of many design rte for mat foundations. Other eter a is- ‘cused in Chapters 61010, also sed to be checked ‘SUMMARY Major Points 1. Shallow foundations are those that transmit strctual loads to the near-surface soils. There are two kinds: spread footing foundations and ma foundations. 2 Although other materials have been used in the past, today virtually all shallow foundations are made of reinforced concrete 3. Spread footings are most often used in small- to medium-size strctures on sites with moderate to good soil conditions. Mats are most often used on larger struc tures, especially those with diferenil setlement problems and those with founda tions below the groundwater table. 44 The bearing pressure isthe contact pressure between the bottom ofa shallow foun- dation and the underying sil '5. A floating foundation is one where the weight of the foundation is substantially less than the weight ofthe excavated sols. This occurs in buildings with basemen and other similar structures, 6. Ifthe loads applied to foundation are cecentic, or if moment loads are applied, the resulting bearing pressure distribution also will be eceeatri. In such cases, the foun- dation needs to be designed so the resoltant of the bearing pressure is within the ‘middle third ofthe foundation (for one-way eccentricity) or in a diamond-shaped kkem (for two-way eccentricity). This requirement ensures the entire base of the foundation hs compressive bearing pressures, and thus avoids problems with uplift, Vocabulary Backhoe Eccentric load “Moment load Bearing pressure Floating foundation Neat foting Circular spread footing Formed footing Net bearing pressure Combined spread footing Gross bearing pressure Raft foundation Continuous spread footing Kern Rectangular spread footing Dimension-xtone footings Mat Ring footingCChaptor Shallow Foundations Rubblestone footings Spread footing Shallow foundation ‘Square spread footing Steel grillage footing COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND PRACTICE PROBLEMS, 5.1 What is the ifference between 9 square fouing and comimuous footing, and when would tach ype be used? 52. A 400 kN vera! downward column loa acta the ceo of LS square footing, The esto of hs foting is Ot Below the ground surface and the top i Mash with he ground sarface, The roundsater table i at 3 depth of 31 Below the ground surace. Compute the ‘bearing pressure 3 bearing wall caries dead load of 5.0 kf and live load of 3.0 I supported 09 a 3 fe wide 2 deep continuous footing. The top of his footings fh with the grou surface td the grounder table ea depth of 35 teow the ground sce, Compute the beat ing pressure ‘4 The mat foundation in Figure 519 is 45 m wide and 90 m long. It hat weight of {40 MN. ‘The sum ofthe applied eructura loads is 1200 MN, Compute the average bearing peesire ‘withthe groundwater table at postion A. Tha repeat the computation With te groundwater ‘able at postion B. Explain why these two vals of qa ferent SS AS square, 2. dep spread footing is subjected fo a conceitc vertical oad of 60 kand an ‘vertiming moment of 30f-k. The overening moment sts pralle 0 oe of theses ofthe Footing the top ofthe fnting is Mush with he ground src, andthe groundwater abe at 4 depth of 20 below the ground surface. Determine weber the result Tree acs witha ‘he mid hid ofthe footing, compute the minum and maximum bearing pressures, and show the dstbation of bearing pressure in sketch. [Consider the footing and loads in Problem 5S, excep thatthe overuming moment now ats 13345" ange from the side of the footing (ie itsets diagonally aeos he op ofthe Fotng). Determine whether the resultant force act within the Kern. fi dos, ten compute the Beat aa Ty 5.9. Beating Pressure 169 Figure 820 Proposed combed loti fr Polen 5730858 ing pes at cach comer ofthe footing and show the presse disibation in ketch si Ine Figure 5.17, ‘5.7 The wo columns in Figure 5.20 ae tobe soppoted ona combined footing. The vertical dead lois an Colas A apd Bare 500 and 400 KN, respectively, Determine he rquited dimen sion 0 the resultant of the column Joa at through the cerrod ofthe footing a ex ress your answer aba multiple of 100m ‘5 In aciton co the dead loads desenbed in Problem 5.7, Cols A and Bin Figure $20 also an eary vertical live lads of wp to 800 and 1200 k, respectively. The liv loads vay with ‘ume, ar thus may be present some days and abset other dy, In adion the Hive load on cach column is independent ofthat onthe other col (ie, one could be caring the fll, live lol wile the other bas zero live load). Using te dimensions obiained in Problem 57 andthe worst possible combination of lve fads, determine if he bering presse detib ‘ion always mect the ecceniysequrements described in this chaper, The gromdwatet table is ar dept of 10m ‘59 Beginning wih (P = W.VA # Mol. derive Equant 8.7 and 8. Would these equtions azo apply 0 ceua shallow foundations? Why or why 90?Chaptor Shatow Foundations Rubble-stone footings Spread footing Stel grillage footing Shallow foundation ‘Square spread footing COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND PRACTICE PROBLEMS. ‘5.1 What is he iference between a square footing 30d » continuous footing rd when would etch ype be used? 4524400 kN vertical downward columa lod act at he centroid of «1S square footing. Te Dbotom ofthis footing sO m Below he ground surface and the tp is Hash withthe ground surface. The groundater able i a depts of 3 m below the ground surface. Compute the bearing pressure 15.3 A bearing wall caries a dead lad of 5.0 kf and ive load of 30 bi. tis supported on 5 Mwide, 2 deep contnaous footing. The top of his Footing is uh withthe ground surface andthe groundwater alee at depth of 35 Ff Belw the ground surface. Compute the bese ing pressure ‘54 The mat foundation in Figure 5.19 is 45 m wide and 90 m long, [thas 2 weight of 140 MN. ‘The sum ofthe applied structural loads is 1500 MN. Compete the average Bearing pressure wth te groundvatr able at posidon A. Then repeat the computation wih he sroundwater lable at postion B. Explain why these wo values of gare diferent 55 A Sttsquare. 2-R deep spread footing is subjected toa concentric vertical oad of 60 kad an overuming moment of 30 f-k Te overarming moment ats parallel 1 ne of theses ofthe footing the top ofthe foting is Mush withthe ground surface, and the groundwater table i t depth of 201 below the ground surface. Determine whether the resultant force ats within the mide third ofthe footing compute the minimm and maximum bearing pressures, ed show the distbution of bearing pressure in seth 5.6 Consider the footing and loads i Problem 5.5, except that the overtuming moment now ae 1345" angle fom the sie of te foouing (1 it at diagonally sera the topo the footing) Determine whether the resultant force at within the Kea If does, them compute the bea Sal 0% eis 53. Bearing Pressure ute 5.20 Propet combined eating or Pb $7 ond 58. ing restart each comer ofthe footing and show the peste distbution i sketch simi lar Figure 5.17 ‘57 The vo coluas in Figure 5.20 reo be sported on 2 combined footing. The vers dead toa on Costes Aan Bae S00 and 100 KN, respectively. Determine the require dimen ‘son 4 the resultant ofthe column loads ats trough the centroid of he fting and ex rss your answer aa mulipl of 100 mm. 53 In ation tothe dea loads described in Problem 5.7, Columns A and Bin Figure 20 also can cary vercal ive lad of up 16 800 and 1200 respectively. Te ive loads vary with time, and ths may be presen some days and absent cer day. In akon te ive ladon ach col is independent ofthat onthe oer coh (one could be caning the fall, live load whl the oter tas zero ive load, Using the dimensions cbained in Problem 5.7, andthe wos possible combination of live lads, dexemine i the Bearing ressie sri ion always mess the escentieityFequrements described inthis chapier. Te groundwater table i at dep of 10 59 Beginning with (P + WA Mel derive Equations 37 and $8, Woo hese equation lo apply 10 crear shallow foundations? Why or why no