Design of Channels: eS ey Q; SQ; Vio. BA dle! For gwen ot section dimevision 12% under cee Conditions - beta. Designed secHon —> Types of channels “y cheunel + Partie elol GK Mh Wim bed and sides. 1m order to min uraler loss and mon -€ reck) ble bed WF of Channel eaery only aowler or unl | gadiments of small amount. - gid broundany channel Gu be by Wong permissible veloulhy methey The prineple 1s Mat Uke i Cheumil @ shadd -mainiatys ce E which tke ine pedime ts 13) Oe and astlh nok deposth at Ne i) Epodible boundacy Ded and ban! SOL ected toedecoy Dr. a Abul nn Dept of Watsr Resour urces Engy DY Alleoial channels Ce ‘ond Teenmoiogy, Dhaka 1000 An allucial channel boundary anol Caveaying boll att an eredible heed and suopended bead 6, shrovanadl Nadu ral econals, streams tw allartwn are te allumeal channels: iV) Regime chaune Acwrding te Kennedy G885)» ¢ Yo anid te be a tna is such Mal need no special \Wteoclucedt (mx term regime casviymg @ untform) ¥ “q@ channel and pleroing an cohere as thal arose. sec Vioncsl & period ef vk alluvium © rans perked» dimensions OF axamples of va a&s> Ag é a channel stale off eagime” lly WA pithins and oeourm atlenhon Bude Lacey 0939) Jo miele chamne! nmatamb Afscharge yvreugh unlimited fthe aame characlkte Jrouk chang ga tls Slope over vot Ame Methods of channel Design : DQ Permissible velocity method i) Vrackive force metied We) Regime apps oachMinimum Permissible Velocity 2- The minimum pernresible velocihy or the non- $i ling velocity > the lewest velocity that wall not cause deposition of sediments and induced. Me growlh of aquatic plant or vegetation. tOhon Ite percent of silt (ovestat m channel t> amall, a mean veloahy V= A403 bys 6 generally areumed 29 mimimum permissible velocity, Alineugh amean velouty afp2-5 bps Will prevent vegetation grrwih tub will decree Ue evorying Capacity of The channel. Design procedure Biven tat Q, Se Z and permissible velodty Vy DQ Delermine Slope 2, Gompube Hy drawic Radiur,R , Por given velocity, wag Manning's formule 3) Compute waler anceo A= Km ond perimelér P= P/Q roughnon value n, and side 2) a asiley) 4) solve fer b omd 9 from po Ly.) | © edd appeal. Fre voard -heS Ada, aoa, Piotens™ Faclors to be Considered 4” clesig nvr! | Non-erdible ehamnel « i) kinds of maleral forming (i chamnel , which delermmies the Poughwn « {veaetation Graolk 2) To aweld doposthon, wae Minimurny velacth, “ik ie Channel permi ssvble Calico = B\ts Or debris 5) The chamnel Longihdinal slspet and Side slopes - A) the Free board 5) Use ot Hydraulic or elit section for AecHon Bmensiow. Non -erdible /rigid channel Camg maledal-= Siniag material: © concrete @® stone moasonry @) seek /eaot rm @) Tintber ©) Glass © Plactic ele. However, Selection of Lamy malkepial 4 depends on We O ane lal UES “and ‘eset of: Ine materi subbictenthy tyladr us alle frubave tradmuse om I bounday of lie chamel auch Ning, or mati lenancee on tihidg, Malertad Side slspe SHH clay OSs to tH ’ Ean ult stme Ash fewaeg, — asod Bet : win Clawy aes Loose andy set'| Sandy loam oatErecibonts § refere “to Ie vertical distance p of Ike echannet and We cohich prevetls char Ve na deaign bee Free board pelween te tonter suucbace chamrel caren ok normal deplu- The purpose of Freeboud i to prevent Dre overtopping of ether I teorp of Ie channel by fpluctetion & yh Ihe water ourjace carved bY @ lwrdd -debor~ @ Hodal achen @® hydric arp voliow of laa usakor surface cz mlercephoe waver @® Superele lie evowued channel. © of storm runoff &y lke channel -@) of oveater deple of blero © currence or due to yA ceased duc bo eedi mewkedeew areaston ce te (low. free boards vo Grom sy, te 20% of daplzof blero oe Comm any aed in design © to UWS BR -fretbowt Recording Ea Vey, nee © as foe 3 | ays for Q@= 20 c 3 canabe commen prackic ts for arkfeal One Dhe yalbuwot Faisen oper mer dame 212 v gecondery - ists dekoug Qt El) Sore OAs ozg-ly 060 V50- 85° OFT 1 PESOt Best Hydraulic Seehon or Ke na Gy : The conveyomee (Ke hacia) more Ltt decrease of pbytmeleepfor & givew arew®), Hence & Channes aechon hang aw mua perimeler for a gin area provide, Ne maximunr value of Ne Conveyance - for ceatant slope, rougher and area, tha miniman perimelér aechtn sill represent Ihe hydraulics, ehhictenl Or bet Hydvawkic aeten , a9 Vv Conveys Me maximunr discharge - The prind ple of best hg Seu [Ne gechow applies only Ae Ue dtolgw of non-ewdible chad, Boot Ny dvaubke Reckangular Séchon T= 29 +2y 22g As Bye, g2(4) Sg OB Zee] ae ~ oe .on Tro cg | ah ‘Vee, Te peygedigr2y [Tecg } Gl) As eoes Res p= 2Vige y= 22 9 S2vry TrapesoidalSechiow T= bt+22y, A=(b12)9 pa bsg ae > Pts -ayp rey +! \ Ay 322-44 2yxd Leveco whe da Yt 2 Fe => 22 =4 te > Var’ z ~ ee = aah = mae Su & = L Ge sacl ne 2 du VES oo Theehe beat Vydralic thepeyoidal aechon is mallrof a reeKD om OQ . ime. > OQ = Op NHO= pene eat GB op => 9g we ey P= b+ 2y Vives = & -eyt 2g Vine ae of ah-2Viye! - BO => “3 ag pr2p Viper =o- > -bra)y res Vase = ein a > - 2ayViet -b-225=0 = ay Wag bo RO ed b=2y 2 J2IBNA OOO, 33401e} UBeW Inpaty PI IG janiun usepeioueg .9001-eyeuc *BorqueaL puR es 86u!Page 1 65 Rage oye ” ae UAB) Example reclangular aechaw is % woe unazek timber» ak Swen rk wilh be, Car howe lt OF vrougle upen inperd ” > be 2g, Re Wo for 2 z v ax 8, G@= 0 0-SG2 ZH ys Lose = % > 2 gus, 9 4 3 [J 2G we be _Fxauiple Sywen @= 2g ai/s ne 00135 ee 32 [in 1600 [Pre b= 2060 27 ee > Design Wa sechow Mosh ekbtetent cechar sblamed 7 MX preceding dertvalion gradi. for 1iskance 4 Qe triangulas dcelent Mr side, Ylope 111» Corners au such exo. aechiony QUE virtue Bone of pag nafion and may Lead to Me deposihen dy st lhe = b demrable te have mun 10 eval eld wN conctele = bride Mee Ud aes a q a «ss mls yea Hs Recom nebet | &(m¥s) 4 10 *° 150Example + Design alined canal te (avry 20 w/e on a slepe 11h 1600 , Tre side stope Fo be mainteuned 1:25H * Vand tiniA wa expected to ve nN value of 0-014, Bolw gcse mM Wow pounded corner transwlar sechon Could be sugested, = ie Hence, A=2 ChWegto)tt 20 = W(ot+ete) P = 2hcote+2ne = 2h(o+ G6) C R= Re a 2 Hee, Close W2o and = (tas +0 wah = 29h Fom @ = 4, nalts s¥u . Bo (ate S 302 cer Ce Gees). => Wea 1a) =p ha2re™ Example: Design a lwed Camok $0 cay 100 m/s on slope | {mn 25960" The maxirnum permissible velocity 13 2:0 m/s, n=O O'S and Ima side alope = [25 mv. Son QPS wh , Fropose rounded cornet : tropezcidal channel . Hat, As bh +h (eter) ps e+2h (e+@Fe) Ans, herve Sm, brQeGD™’Dengn Metriod fer Stable, unlwied, * eaxnthenw erodible but non scouwn channel, A Gononel Mache fare Melmodolosy ; PRY “PIN ug unew | The memod Ww based © Ite princ ple st thar A Canal wily tone amaterial ow dhe leoundacy requ te camry either Whew usaler flows aw a chanel, & frerce th divelopeh Guat ads iw Whe dlevection of tow ow Me Leek, This Gore 18 renown ‘trachve Ke Tradive Force % Lot %% we the sheave stress On the eide of & trapezoidal chamnel,, CFig above) Cad Localcors «SIAR wat ex ar Wa pact . couki cle dw motion « ak Ws 2 Me Aue r article, fe Yeadtenws Roce, me Vwreerte .-- O ip ne cond tay At Ice peipronl moto nai Ge ws Coste dom 1es @ a Nip Ne 28F © ® =O, te prateremg = Tare we sere —O ie rary e838 > ss tu; re tom @ Vi = sate, ae Be geet or parkide on Iki bed Q-0) 2 To a F = Ns tan® abo” _ Seg SE ee Ret sere = \ “ . = k= foo \/ 4_ rake @ ’ & ee wae for quen velue of @ awd a me cow e ax cadecdabe Ky trachie foves res - hod Th2 09%. Te - be ae y From Fig. 4. where Te =G apd) RAG] Sits The maximum crachve stressess on We 1.0 Sues 252.0 2=2.0 as a 4 - Jam | we L pars Bed ‘ 0 ° Bh oe 8 Bh 10 Fig. 4 Maximum shear stresses on bod and sides of smth trapezoidal channels a be Sblainek ved amd sides Ton 22 Can he from Ho--4 2p 4 TomS Te stor b Known values 6f ' Ror dealsn , We requmemet Yim &( 29 Example 4.5 a 2 Design a canal to carry 41.50m‘/s of clear water through 3.0 mm gravel 23, (angle of repose = 31°) ona slope of 10+, The canal is to be trapezoidal in $ Degree of sinuousness Straight canals Slightly 0.78 0.60 Moderately sinuous canals Very sinuous canals -Robt Frmch Mot) “pate Chan fg 9 Macgreotil. 22% 9 JABLE 2:6 A design procedure for unlined, stable earthen channels i fe = Ste Process B5eap 1 timate nor C for specified material composing the perimeter O57 9 3 2 Estimate angle of repose for chennel perimeter material (Fig. 4., gee ‘= - sam 8 3 Estimate channel sinuousness from the type of topography Sag 3 through which it will pass and determine the tractive force correction factor (Table 4.) 4 Assume side slope angle (Tat °°) and (bottom width)/ (normal depth of flow) 5 ‘Asaume sides of the channel are the limiting factor in the channel design 6 Calculate the maxiraum permissible tractive foree on sides in terms of the unit tractive force. Use the correction factor from fig 4 Fig. 2% and the sinuousity correction factor (step 3) 7 Estimate tractive force ratio [Bq. . 8 Estimate permissible tractive force on bottom (Fig, * and correct for sinousness (step 3) 8 Combine the results of steps 6 to 8 to determine the normal depth of flow yy, 10 Determine the bottom width with the results of steps 4 and 9 u Compute @ and compare this value with the design flow Qo, roturn to step 4, and repeat the design process with trial 4/; ratios until @ = Qp 12 Compare permissible tractive force on bottom (step 8) with actual tractive force given by yyxS and corrected for shape (Big. 7.70) 13 Check 1. Minimum permissible velocity if the water carries allt and for vegetation 2. Froude number u Estimate required freeboard [ a 15 Summarize results with dimensioned sketch EXAMPLE 7.5 A channel which is to carry 10 m"/s (850 ft°/s) through moderately roll- ing topography on a slope of 0.0016 is to be excavated in coarse allu- vium with 25 percent of the particles being 3 em (1.2 in) or more in diameter. The material which will compose the perimeter of this chan- nel can be described as being moderately rounded. Assuming that the4 as @9) channel is to be unlined and of trapezoidal section, find suitable values £3 9 of band 2. = z Solution u - Step 1 Estimate n . a3 c o Q n= 0.025 gabe Step 2 Estimate the angle of repose. bak § 3 . Beg 5 des = Bem = 757 in = 1.1Bin From Fig. °@) a= 34° Step 3 Estimate channel sinuousness correction factor (Table 28). 4 C, = 0.75 ‘Step 4 Assume side slope 2:1 and b/yy = 4. Step 5 Assume side slopes are a limiting factor. 4 Step 6 Find maximum permissible tractive forces on sides (Fig. 34%a). 1 = 0.15y9vS. Step 7 Estimate tractive force ratio (Eq. (7.3.7)]. 1 sin? & T = tan"! (4) = 26.6° K- 1 — SEER oy sin? 34° ‘Step 8 Estimate permissible tractive force on bottom (Fig. 23). tT» = OAT Ib/ft? for dos = 1.18 in (30 mm) Correct for sinuousness. 4 = Cyry = 0.75(0.47) = 0.35 lb/ft? (17 N/m?) Step 9 Estimate yy. ek t = KryA3 ee iat Esaee 0.75yynS = Kry geeee _ 0.60017) Bah € >” = a7p(ossay(o.0016) ~ SMES eal t Step 10 blyy = b = 4(0.88) = 3.5 m (11 ft) Step 11 Determine Q. A = (b + 2y)y = [8.5 + 2(0.88)](0.88) = 4.6 m? (50 ft?) P=b + 2yV1F 2 = 3.5 + 2(0.88) V5 = 7.4 m (24 ft) = 0.60 m (2.0 ft) 4.6(0.60)"" = 3 3, 0.025 0.0016 = 5.2 m*/s (180 ft*/s) Qis less than Qp and, therefore, additional computations are required in which b/y is variable and C,, K, permissible rs, and z are constant. biyy ymm bm Aym? Pym Rm Q m/s 5 088 444 «54 8a 0.65 5 825 088 +73 80 11 O71 102 815 088 72 79 U O71 10 ‘Then, for z = 2 and b/yy = 8.15, yy = 0.88 m (2.9 ft), b = 7.2 m (24 ft), and @ = 10 m'/s (350 ft*/s) Step 12 Check tractive force on bottom. Permissible r, = Cr, = 17 N/m? (see step 8) Computed ry = 0.9977 (Fig. 7.76) ry = 0.99(9658) (0.88) (0.0016) = 13 N/m? (0.27 Ib/ft?) Since this is the actual, computed tractive force, the design is acceptable. Step 13 Check velocity and Froude number. 10 waka lL B= 7 = 7g = 1S m/s (4.3 ft/s) This velocity should prevent vegetative growth and sedimentation.0.48 gis 9 ‘Therefore, this is a subcritical flow. wee Step 14 Estimate required freeboard from Eq. (7.1.1). Bes Design depth of flow = 0.88 m (2.9 ft) eeens Design flow = 10 m°/s (350 ft"/s) Estimate C in Eq, (7.1.1) as 1.6. 9) = 0.66 m (2.2 fy Then ‘The results of this design are summarized in Fig. 2226) Tt must be emphasized that the approach discussed in the foregoing s is not the only methodology which can be applied to the problem of designing stable channel sections. For example, the basic principles and results associated with the concept of threshold of movement can also be applied to this problem. Shields (1936) used an experimental approach to define the threshold of move- ment, and his results can be stated in terms of two dimensionless parameters: rR, = (7.3.13) , ho and Roe aan (7.3.14) Reynolds number based on the shear velocity and the particle size (this number is also known as the particle Reynolds number) us = shear velocity » = fluid kinematic viscosity S, = specific gravity of the particles composing.the perimeter which is usually taken to be 2.65 d = diameter of the particles composing the perimeter of the channel where Re = For conservative design d can usually be assumed to be the diameter of the particle of which 25 percent of all the particles, measured by weight, are larger. ‘The results of Shields are usually summarized in a graphical form (Fig. 7.13) in ——_—_ FIGURE+. 4. Summary of results for Example 7.3.No Particle Movement FIGURE 7.13. Threshold of movement as a function of particle Reynolds num- ber. (Shields, 1936.) which the curve delineates the threshold of movement. These results have been confirmed, in a general sense, by the theoretical results of White (1940) and the field results of Lane (1955) which are summarized in Fig. 7.10a. If it is assumed that S, = 2.65, then when Rx exceeds a value of 400, the perimeter particle size must be in excess of 0.25 in (0.006 m). In this case, the channel perimeter material can accurately be classified as coarse alluvium, and Eq, (7.3.14) becomes GAS ay = 288 (7.3.15) where tT) = YRS Therefore, aRS RS aS, — 1) ~ aes — 1 ~ 2% and d= 11RS (7.3.16) Equation (7.3.16) provides a simple method of estimating the size of the mate- rial which will remain at rest ina channel of specified R and S. Note, for values of d less than 0.25 in (0.006 m) Bg. (7.3.16) is not valid, but the curve in Fig. 7.9 can be used to find appropriate values of F, and analogous relations can be developed for these sizes. EXAMPLE 7.4 In the previous example, the specified slope was 0.0016 and 25 percent of the channel perimeter particles were 3 cm (1.2 in) or more in diam-1! ac® eter, Use the results summarized in Fig. 7.10 to show that the design arrived at in this example represents a conservative design. Solution Assume S, = 2.65 and that R ~ yy for wide channels. Under these assumptions, Bq. (7.3.16) becomes for level surfaces From the previous example, the tractive force ratio is sin’ T sin? a = 0.60 T ; (x2) : Substituting 7, = C, | Jz | and 1%» = 0.7579 in the above equation yields 0.75yynS CGd/i1) or the maximum value of yy for a stable channel is = C.d(0.60) _ 0.75(8/100)(0.60) 6 * T1(0.75)S ~ 11(0.75)(0.0016) ‘Thus, the previous computation yields a conservative result for yy. It should be noted that this result provides a check on the validity of the solution obtained by the recommended design methodology. t 0.60 = 10m (3.3 ft) 2 Eee. C4 AN FIGURE &P. Angles of repose of noncohesive materials, (Lane, 1956.) F9-4 a farsianiun usspeioueg gpot-ere KSo}om ma pe@) Aso Design of stable channels 1% Allavian TWO commonly adspted melmods for Ite doign. of stoble channels 1m alluviam are |( +trachie (ore mules an Regime Opproady: The rachive tere mahi how ‘een discussed canter. Reg ime Q@pproach + Thin oppreacly wtetes al Mee, Hhape» Dina Slope and C1053-26e / sain ors of a. sheble chaund an allaciion depend ow the discharge, Ake %3¢ of te sediment and the gediment Load te o& conmied, However, Ihe esmmenly uoed vegqine equalrove de pot consider Cekimek Joad ma a variable and Mas remaws ow rineporten Luarrkionds dp rie equalios Tune equations sere vowed wouhg dake of stwole canals wi Indie Qreck Palcrctonw daveyirg vedi mont Lewd Lon Wow Soo prrw- Tio approachia have leon defailet, (zane ee O Kennedy's equchion Auk @ heceys regime equations - ur usepRiBUee ru IOeNA JO 1420 90 exeuR) 'ABojoMyeoL BELo (a) Kennedy's Equation Kennedy analysed data from stable canals of the upper Bari Doab system and found that the non-scouring, non-silting velocity Uy is related to the depth by the equation Uy = 0.5519 (4.13) Here’ is expressed in m and U,'m/s. Kennedy also found that thesediment size plays an important role and the critical velocity ratio m (defined as U/U,), was greater than unity for sands coarser than the one in Upper Bari Doab System and less than unity for finer sands. In other words, U = 0.55mA%s (4.19 This combined with a flow equation like the Manning's equation uainwse (4.15) provides two equations for the determination of the three unknown B, h and S (if a trapezoidal shape of known side slope is assumed) for known values of @,m andn. Obviously any number of solutions will satisfy Eqs (4.14) and (4.15), but not all of these channels will be stable; a very narrow channel will tend to widen due to scour of the sides and a very wide one would shrink in width due to deposition. It is thus customary toassume a reasonable value of § considering the slope of the country and past experience. The resulting solution is compared with the following recom- mended values of B/h; if the two values differ significantly, suitable modification in the slope would be necessary. Table 4.5 Recommended Width-Depth Ratio (Approximate) for Stable Canals nel Bh 45 80 65. 9.0 120 15.0 18.0 The side slopes of alluvial canals are maintained during construction equal to or less than the angle of repose of the soil. But due to deposition of fine silt on the sides, the side slopes obtained after some period of running of the canal are much steeper (see Fig. 4.10). Although the final cross-section is not truly trapezoidal in shape, it is customary to assume this shape with the slope to be 1/2 H: 1 V. Obviously the design has tobe carried out assuming the side slope obtained finally. Since the initial cross-section is larger, the stage would be slightly lower than the designed value in the initial period. Considering a side slope of 1/2 H: 1 V, A=Bh+ 05h? (4.16) P=B+2.236h (4.17) Ref: Range Rayte b97) Font pe Aon 8 10 1deq Pr o01-eyeuc ‘ABojowye=y| ‘secinoseey 2) 3603 Jo AusioNUn User 66 F 5A(p +05) a2 4 Map +05) 4.18), ane (p + 2.236) ; ae i in which ae g22 gat Ey 8g2 Final: Initial sido slope ral sous Fig. 4.10 Change in cross-section due to silt deposition From the continuity equation Q = AU (4.19) -— 2 _ U= FG +05) Combining Eqs (4.15), (4.18) and (4.19) Se Qn? (p + 2.236)" (4.20) BAG OEE Combining Eqs (4.14) and (4.19) oss _[ 1818@ ae oom (4.21) Eliminating A from Eqs (4.20) and (4.21) ‘sqm (p + 2.236) Frm = 0200 TS (4.22) Equation (4.22) is shown in graphical form in Fig. 4.11 and this figure can be used in channel design. Ranga Raju and Misri® found that in using this figure, the ordinate could be replaced by SQ™/nm? with hardly any loss of accuracy. The design procedure may be outlined as follows: ( For given values of @, n and m, choose a suitable value of S and compute SQ/n’m®. (The values of n and m are assumed on the basis of experience; the commonly adopted ranges for n and m are 0.02 to 0.025 and 0.90 to 1.10 respectively.) (ii) Read thecorresponding value of p from Fig. 4.11. Check from table 4.5 if the value of B/h is satisfactory. — (iii) Calculate k from Eq. (4.21) (iv) Find the value of B as ph. ine eee Dew INDAY “Py ag13 75 l 70) { 6 0} Help 55) 7 pe ot 0) 4s| pp 3s Pt Oo 2 4 6 6 10 12 14 16 18 2022 24 p=8/D Fig. 4.11 Diagram for design using Kennedy's equation ‘The foregoing procedure is much simpler than the one based on the use of Garret’s diagram” and more accurate in the sense that the former is free from interpolation errors. A computer programme for channel design using Manning's and Kennedy's equations is given in Table AP-4 of the Appendix. Example 4.7 Design a stable canal to carry a discharge of 10 ms at a slope of 2 x 10+, n= 0.023, m = 1.0, Solution SQ™ _ 2x 104 x (10) 2.12 104 wm (0.023) x1?” BB%x 107 ‘The corresponding value of p from Fig. 4.11 is 7.5. By reference to ‘Table 4.5 this value of B/h may be seen to be rather high. If site conditions permit, the slope may be changed to get the desired value of B/h. If the slope is to be maintained at the given value, the design may be carried out as follows relaxing the requirement on B/h. The depth of flow h from Eq. (4.21) comes out to be = 0.405 20589401) won Inpay “BI IdAL (25) 0378 oat _ [1.818 x 10 8 »-[asos03| -{ ) =: (227) = 1.365 m Hence B = 7.5 x 1.365 = 10.24 m The channel may thus be built with a bottom width of 10.24 m and a depth of 1.365 m, the construction side slope being the steepest permissible in the soil () Lacey's Equations ‘The main liraitation of Kennedy's equation is that it does not specify a stable width (implying that any B/h is satisfactory so long as Eq. (4.14) is satisfied), whereas practical experience does suggest that stability is possible only if the width does not vary over too wide a range. Lindley recognised this fact for the first time in 1919 by introducing a relation between the nen-scouring, non-silting velocity and the bed width. Subsequently, by analysing a volume of data from stable canals in the Indo-Gangetie plains, Lacey proposed the following equations for channel 8.0 fonlUr) USOpe|OUER ‘AS ojowyp2) DUE design: P=4.15VQ (4.23) vs R= oul i) (4.24) h} Cie) and S=3x 104799 GT (4.25) in which f= 116 VE | Here P and R are expressed in m, @ in ms and d in mm. f, is called the | silt factor and takes into account the effect of sediment size on the channel dimensions. It may be noted that Lacey does not rely on a flow equation like’ the Manning's or the Kutter's; combination of Eqs (4.23) to (4.25) results in the flow equation U=10.8RS! (4.27) inwhich U is expressed in m/s and R in m. Equation (4.27) has been found tobe applicable to alluvial rivers in floods apart from stable canals at their full supply discharge and is commonly used in India. The design of a canal using Lacey's theory is illustrated in the following example. Example 4. 1 Design a Lacey channel to carry 5 m’/s through 0.5 mm sand, Solution | f, = 1.16 (2)! = 1.76(0.50)1' = 1.24 Sx LO KAP Bx 10 x (1.24) Bx 10 x 1.43 ~ @ . (5 ~ 131 = 3.27 x10" SsAb vs vs Re oat | = ots oa 0.746 m P=4.75V@ = 4.75 V5 = 10.6 m Assuming final side slope of 1/2 H: 1V P= B+2(1.25)"h = B+2.24h = 10.6 Hence, A = PR = 10.6 x 0.746 = 7.9 m* A=B+0.5h)h =7.9 ie (10.6 -2.24h + 0.5A)h = 7.9 L.74h? -10.6h + 7.9 = 0 Solving for A _ 10.6 + V10.0"= 4x 174K 79 ~ 2x 174 B= 10.6-2.24h = 8.63 m h = 0.877 A Freeboard in Canals m : e Q001-eNeUA ‘ABoIOMIOaL pUe 503 jo Avsionun ysopeioueg, ‘The design procedures discussed so far give the water depth and thus the full supply level of the canal is known. The top of canal banks has to be maintained higher than this level to allow for waves and possible fluctua- tions in supply. The vertical distance between the top of canal banks and the full supply level of the canal is known as freeboard. Generally speaking, larger freeboards are recommended for canals carrying larger discharges ‘The freeboards recommended? for adoption in India are given in Table 4.6 and these are somewhat less than those recommended’ by U.S.B.R. In case of lined canals the top of the lining is generally located at about half the total freeboard above the water surface. Table 4.6 Recommended Freeboards for Canals [ams < 0.78 07510150 1.5010 85.0 [Eteeboardm 0.45, 0.60 075 > 85.0 0.90 ‘The dimensions, carrying capacities and some other details of a few Indian Canals are given in Table 4.7. All the canals listed here are trapezoidal in shape. PROBLEMS 4.1 A rectangular channel is to carry 0.5 m/s per metre width at a depth of 0.55 m on a slope of 1 in 2000. It is expected that fine silt of 0.04 mm size42 43 44 45 4.6 47 48 49 4.10 411 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 be allowed into the channel without causing objectionable deposition? Assume v = 10 m/s, Ap, = 1.65 x 10° kg/m’ and w = 1.5 mm/s. Find the depth of flow in the most efficient triangular section carrying a discharge of 0.2 m'/s on a slope of 1 in 2500 ifn = 0.014. _ ‘The wetted perimeter of a most efficient rectangular channel is 3.80 m. If ~ the channel has a value of n = 0.012, and slope of 1 in 2000, find, the discharge as well as the state of flow. Find the dimensions of the most efficient rectangular channel which will carry 2.5 m'/s on a slope of 1 in 4000. n = 0.013. A discharge of 2.5 m’/s is to be carried in @ rectangular channel (n = 0.02). It is desired to maintain a velocity of 1.3 m/s. Find the best dimensions and the slope required. ‘The depth of flow in a trapezoidal channel is to be restricted to 1.5 m. If the section is to be most efficient, find the slope required to carry a discharge of 15 m’/s. The side slopes are 1! Vandn = 0.016. Design the most economical trapezoidal section to carry 35 m* /s on a slope of 1 in 5000. Assume side slopes to be 2H : 1 Vand n = 0.013. The area of cross-section of flow in a channel is 6 m*, Calculate the dimensions of the most efficient section if the channel is (a) triangular, (b) rectangular and (c) trapezoidal (2 H : 1 V). Which has the least perimeter? A trapezoidal channel made of brick has a bed slope of 10°. It is required to carry 20 m'/s. Find the side slopes and channel dimensions for least brickwork (neglect frecboard). n = 0.014. Design a lined channel to carry 40 m'J/s on a slope of 1 in 2000. The permissible side slope is 14H: iV and n = 0.015. Design a lined canal to carry 120 m/s on a slope of 1 in 2500. The maximum permissible velocity is 2.2 m/s and side slopes 1.2H: 1 V.n = 0.014. Design a trapezoidal canal to carry 10 m'/s of clear water through 2.0 mm gravel (p = 35°) ona slope of 2x 10“. The sideslopes are 2H:1V. and v=10°m'ss. Determine the permissible longitudinal slope for a trapezoidal channel required to carry clear water and having the following details: B = 20m; h =2.0 mjd = 3.5 mm; p= 36°; side slopes 2H : 1 V;v = 10° ms. Also find its carrying capacity. A nonerodible canal is to be constructed in 3 mm gravel (g = 35°) at a slope of 1.6 x 10“ and is required to carry clear water. Design the most economical section to carry (a) 20 m/s and (b) 2 ms. Use Kennedy's equation to design canals for the following conditions: (a) S = 2.5 x 10%, n = 0.0225, m = 0.9, Q = 30 m/s. (b) S = 2x 10, n = 0.02, m= 1.0,Q = 1b m/s, (c)S =5x 104, n = 0.025, m= 1.1,Q =3 mis. Using Lacey's equations, design the channel given (a) f= 1.0, Q=4.5 mis. (b)d=0.3mm, Q= 50m, (o)d =0.6mm, Q=300m%. yA er