English Manual 2

ENGLISH MANUAL 2
2) INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER-INTERMEDIATE (40 HRS)
– Lesson 1 (five hours)
A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

Writing
• EU terminology • Review • Wrigley • Countries and
• Employment • Used to/ would • CULTURAL family topics
and social • Get used to AWARENESS POINT:
affairs Chewing Gum
• Language of
Consideration
• Role play

Writing
• EU Terminology • Review • Lego • Childhood and
• Institutional • Modals May/Might • Synonyms Children topics
affairs • Modals Can / Could • Ability
• Modals Past probability • Width, Length, Height,
Depth & Weight
• CULTURAL
AWARENESS POINT:
Children in the Office
-Lesson 3 (five hours)

Writing
• EU Terminology • Review • Bratz versus Barbie • Food&Eating,
• Development • Future progressive • Agreeing & Disagreeing Clothes&
& Cooperation • Gerund +infinitive • Cultural Awareness Fashion topic
Point: Styles of
disagreement
• Role Play

Writing
• EU Terminology • Review • Apple • Body language,
• Institutional • Tell /say • Words to describe trends Home topics
affairs • Make /do • CULTURAL
AWARENESS POINT:
British style greetings
• Role play

Writing
• EU Terminology • Review • Ryanair • Sports, After a
• Public health • Relative clauses • Cultural Awareness vacation topics
• Reflexive clauses Point: Customer Service
• Words of contrast
• Role play
B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

• Conditional 2 and 3 • Manchester United • Wishes topics
• Wishes and Regrets • Role play
• In case / if
B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

Writing
• Prepositions + ing • Starbucks • Feelings, Fear topics
• Always + ing • CULTURAL AWARENESS
• Stative verbs POINT: Style of Disagreement
• Role play
B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

Writing
• Neither...nor/ • Zara • The art of
Either...or • Ability/Inability conversation topics
• as/like • CULTURAL AWARENESS
• Time clauses (after as soon as..) IN BUSINESS: Spanish Siesta
• Role play
• FINAL TEST
© Material has been adapted from:

New-Headway, Oxford Univerity press - Elementary
Market Leader, Pearson Eduation - Intermediate
Business Result, Oxford Univerity press – Upper - intermediate
Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford Univerity press
http://www.english4today.com
http://europa.eu
LESSON 1 INTERMEDIATE UPPER-INTERMEDIATE
A) VOCABULARY (1hour)
Match the word to its definition
Candidate country: • Common Agricultural Policy
• A procedure whereby ordinary
CAP: people participate in decision-
making at European level
Civil society: • Organisations and associations that
are not part of government but that
Citizens' initiative: represent professions, interest
groups or sections of society. It
Cohesion: includes for example trade unions,
employers' associations,
Comitology: environmental lobbies
• stick together
Common market: • a process in which the
Commission, when implementing
EU law, has to consult special
advisory committees made up of
experts from the EU countries.
• a country that has applied to join
the European Union and that has
officially been accepted as a
candidate for accession to the
European Union.
• people, goods and services should
be able to move around freely
between the member states as if
they were all one country, with no
checks carried out at the borders
and no customs duties paid.
• A technical term meaning the gap
Absorption (absorptive) capacity: between a government's revenue
and its expenditure.
Acquis communautaire: • the rights and obligations that EU
countries share.
Agenda: • Measuring how well one country,
business, industry, etc. is
Anti-trust: performing compared to other
countries, businesses, industries,
Applicant country: • EU rules that prohibit agreements
that restrict competition and
Benchmarking: abuses by firms who hold a
dominant position on the market.
Best practice: • the list of items for discussion at a
meeting (things to be done
Budget deficit: /achieved)
• When governments look at what is
going on in other EU countries to
see what works best.
• a country that has applied to join
the European Union.
• the ability of a country or
organisation to receive aid and use
it effectively.
Fill in the blank wih the words above.
1) Developing countries often lack this capacity. For example, a country may receive enough money
to enable all its children to attend primary school – but work must first be done to train teachers,
build schools and improve the efficiency of the system – thus raising the country's___________
2) Candidate countries have to accept the ________ before they can join the EU, and make EU law
part of their own national legislation.
3) EU’s 'Social _______ sets out what the Union wants to achieve, over the next few years, in
terms of employment and social policies
4) The Commission has considerable powers to prohibit anti-competitive activities, and to impose
fines on firms found guilty of anti-competitive conduct. Rules of this kind are known as _______
legislation
5) A ____________becomes a candidate country once its application has been officially accepted
6) The ________ is the standard by which performance will be judged.
7) EU governments can adopt _______ adapting it to their own national and local circumstances.
8) A primary _________refers to the amount by which government spending exceeds government

tax revenues.
9) At present there are five _______: Croatia, former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland,
Montenegro and Turkey.
10) ______ ensures that Europe had secure food supplies at affordable prices
11) The EU regularly consults______ such as trade unions and wants it to become more involved in
European policymaking.
12) When 1 million citizens from at least seven EU countries sign a proposal for a new EU law, the
EU institutions are obliged to debate and take a decision on this __________
13) Promoting social _______ means that the EU tries to make sure that everyone has a place in
society. . The EU budget includes money known as the '______ Fund' which is used to finance
projects that help the EU 'stick together'
Read the text and answer the questions below each paragraph.
Employment and Social Affairs
Modern economies are based on knowledge rather than raw materials or physical labour. To do well
in the face of competition from new emerging economies, Europe must create the jobs needed by a
dynamic, knowledge-based society. This requires investments in education and in science, as well
as in employment policies geared to keep up with the pace of change and see the EU through the
global economic crisis. EU countries work closely together to meet these challenges, sharing
objectives and policies which are mutually supportive.
What are modern economies based on?

What is required to create jobs?
Do EU countries work closely together? How?
Creating growth and jobs
The EU’s strategy for creating growth and jobs in a sustainable manner, known as the Lisbon
Strategy, promotes innovation within businesses and investment in people to create a knowledge-
based society. The focus is on lifelong learning and promoting research and development.
The strategy also seeks to attract more people into employment, keeping them in work longer as life
expectancy rises, improving the adaptability of workers and enterprises, providing better education
and skills and adapting social protection systems to the challenges of innovation, globalisation and
mobility. The new approach must combine flexibility and mobility in labour markets with robust
social security safety nets, a concept known as 'flexicurity'.
The Lisbon Strategy took on a new importance when an economic crisis hit Europe in 2008. If
adhered to, it will help recovery by boosting demand and restoring confidence in the European
economy. The EU has also devised measures addressing the short-term employment impact of the
economic crisis and improving the long-term job prospects of the EU workforce by better matching
jobs to vacancies and by anticipating labour market needs. For example, if there is a current surplus
of textile workers but a foreseeable shortage in the tourist industry, textile workers could be
retrained.
What is the Lisbon strategy?

Does does this strategy promote and seek?
How does the EU improve the long- term job prospects?
Equal opportunities and investing in people

Equal opportunities for all are a basic tenet of EU policy. Across the EU, common legislation
outlaws discrimination on the basis of gender, racial or ethnic origin, disability, sexual orientation,
age, religion or belief. The EU has specific strategies for combating discrimination and xenophobia
and for promoting social inclusion.
Investing in people is crucial to the jobs and growth strategy. The European Social Fund is the main
instrument here, spending €77 billion between 2007 and 2013 to improve access to employment,
increase the adaptability of workers and enterprises and develop institutional capacity in
disadvantaged regions. The European Globalisation Adjustment Fund has €500m available annually
to provide personalised support to workers made redundant as a result of global trade liberalisation
and increased competition. The Fund will also be used to help workers who have lost their jobs due
to the financial crisis to retrain and find new employment.
One of the Union’s major achievements has been to ensure that the right of its citizens to live and
work anywhere in the EU carries with it the entitlement to social benefits, including healthcare. The
EU encourages worker mobility for the benefits it brings to the individual in terms of personal and
career development and as a means to match skills to demand. To make job mobility easier, the
public employment services of all EU countries advertise job vacancies through the EURES
website, a one-stop-shop where more than a million vacancies are advertised.
How is descriminaton handled by the EU?

What is the European Social Fund?
How much money has The European Globalisation Adjustment Fund available annually?
What is the European Globalisation Adjustment Fund for?
Where do EU countries advirtise job vacancies?
LESSON 1 INTERMEDIATE UPPER INTERMEDIATE
B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hour)
Simple Present review
Exercise:
1. Third person singular with s or -es
• He _____ to school every morning. (go)

• She ______ English. (undestand)
• It _____ the sand and the water. (mix)
• He _____ very hard. (try)
• She _____ playing the piano. (enjoy)
a/an review
Exercise:
• __ boy
• __ apple
• __ car
• __ orange
• __house
• __ opera
Question words review
Why _ _ _ _ _ _ job? He likes his job because he feels free.
In his company, there is a system of
What _ _ _ _ _ _ mean? flexi-time. This means that he can choose
when he wants to start and finish work.
What _ _ _ interests? Roland also has many interests. In the

spring, he goes cycling every Sunday. In the
summer, he goes canooing on a lake just
What _ _ _ the autumn? outside Fagersta. He doesn't like the autumn
weather. In the autumn, he stays at home and
Which _ _ _ _ season? reads and watches television. Winter is his
favourite season. In the winter, he puts on
How far _ _ _ in the winter? his skis and travels for many Swedish miles
along the tracks in the forests near his home.
What sort _ _ _ _ _ _? Roland is a very active person. He works
quite hard and spends a large part of his free
How hard _ _ _ _ _ _ ? time with his wife and their two children who
enjoy many of the same interests.
How _ _ _ free time?
How long _ _ _ _ week? computer department.

Present simple or Present continuous? Review
He________________(10: travel) a lot and this week he's in New York. He________________(11:
stay) at an
expensive hotel. He's at his hotel now. He________________(12: have) his breakfast in the
dining−room.
He________________(13: drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(14: read) a newspaper.

Harold's
always very busy. He________________(15: play) the piano regularly. He________________(16:

practise) for
four hours every day. He________________(17: go) to bed late and he always
________________(18: get up)
early. But he sometimes________________(19: get) dressed too quickly, and this morning
he________________(20: wear) one blue sock and one red one!
Prepositions review
1. Write the name and address_______--the front page of the envelope.
2. It's dangerous to play football________-the streets.
3. I'll meet you_______-the corner of the street at 10.
4. We got stuck in a traffic jam________the way to the airport.
5. Look at the horses__________-that field.
6. _______-the end of the street is a path to our house.
7. I met Ann_____Tuesday.
8. He has lived in India_____two years.
9. I’ll phone you_______Tuesday morning_____about 10.
10. Tom’s grandmother died in 1987_________the age of 81.
11. Jack’s brother is out of work_______the moment.
12. The price of electricity is going up_______October.
13. I haven’t seen him_______Christmas.
14._______Sunday afternoons I usually get up late.
15. There are usually a lot of parties_______New Years Eve.

Past simple review
• Yesterday, I _______in Geneva. (arrive)

• She _____ her work at seven o'clock.( finish)
• We _____ a good film last week.( see)
• I ____ to the theatre last night.( go)
• She ____ the piano when she was a child.(play)
• He ____ me a letter six months ago.( send)
• Peter ____ five minutes ago. ( leave)
Be used to – Get used to – Used to
Be used to
Be used to + noun phrase or verb-ing (in

this pattern used is an adjective and to is a
preposition). I am used to getting up early in the
morning. I don't mind it.
He didn't complain about the noise
If you are used to something, you have nextdoor - he was used to it.
often done or experienced it, so it's not
strange, new or difficult for you.
The opposite of be used to is be not used

I am not used to the new system yet.
to.
Get used to
Get used to + noun phrase or verb-ing (in

this pattern used is an adjective and to is a
preposition). I got used to getting up early in the
morning.
If you get used to something, you become After a while he didn't mind the noise in the
accustomed to it. office - he got used to it.
It is the process of becoming used to
something.
Used to
Used to + verb refers to a habit or state in the past. It is used only in the past simple.
Past habits
We used to live there when I was a child.
If you used to do something, you did it for
I used to walk to work everyday when I was
a period of time in the past, but you don't do
younger.
it any more.
Past states
We also say used to to express a state that I used to like The Beatles but now I never
existed in the past but doesn't exist now. listen to them.
States are not actions. They are expressed He used to have long hair but nowadays his
using stative verbs such as have, believe, hair is very short.
know and like.
The form of the question is

did(n't) + subject + use to be. Did(n't) he use to work in your office?
The form of the negative is We didn't use to be vegetarians.
subject + didn't + use to be.
Exercise. Choose the right form
Q1 - I like it now, but I ____.
didn't use to
didn't used to
Q2 - I find it hard _____ to the dark evenings in winter.
used
get used
to get used
Q3 - It took me a while to get used to ____ on a continental keyboard.
type
typing
Q4 - I _____ to being spoken to like that!
am not used
don't get used
used
Q5 - I ____ play football on Saturdays when I was at school.
was used to
used to
Q6 - Before I started cycling, I _____ go to work by bus.
used to
got used to
Q7 - I haven't studied for ages and I'm finding it hard to get used to _____ every day.
study
studied
studying
Q8 - I couldn't _____ used to the food.
because
get
Q9 - He never _____ behave like that.
used
used to
Q10 - It's taking me a long time to ____ speaking Norwegian.
used to
get used to
USED TO+infinitive ,GET USED TO gerund, BE USED TO+gerund.

1.-Choose the correct sentence
a.- We aren´t used to listening to that kind of music
We arent´used to listen to that kind of music
b.- She will soon get used to work here

She will soon get used to working here
c.- I used to working for that company

I used to work for that company
d.-We never got used to getting up so early

We never got used to get up so early
D) CASE STUDY – (1hour)
INTRODUCTION: Discuss these questions:
• What do you know about Wrigley?

• Do you think chewing gum is a global business?
Reading The William Wrigley Jr. Company

It was founded in 1891, and originally it sold products
such as soap and baking powder. In 1892, William Wrigley Jr. began offering
chewing gum with his baking powder products. The chewing gum eventually became
more popular than the baking powder and Wrigley's changed his production to
chewing gum.
The company currently sells its products in more than 180 countries and has 14
factories in various locations, including the United States, Mexico, Australia, Spain,
New Zealand, and France.
In 2007 the company revenues were $5.389 billion.
In April 2008, Mars, a global confectionary company, bought Wrigley for $23 billion.
Answer the following questions.
1. What did William Wrigley Junior sell originally?

2. Why did Wrigley change production to chewing gum?
3. How many factories does the Wrigley Company have?
4. Company revenues in 2007 were $5.389 billion. Is this correct?
5. What happened in April 2008?
CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT: Chewing Gum

In the UK chewing gum is seen as a thing young people do. It is also a litter
(street rubbish) problem and costs $300 million every year to clean chewing gum
from the streets.
What do you think?

• Does chewing gum have an image problem?
• What situations is chewing gum unacceptable?
• What do you think of all the chewing gum litter on the streets?
EXERCISE 1: put the verbs into the past simple form:

e.g. Make – made
1. Take 7. Think
2. Find 8. Write
3. Buy 9. Read
4. Sell 10. Send
5. Can 11. Have
6. Go 12. Eat
EXERCISE 2: correct the mistakes in these past simple sentences:

NOTE: one sentence contains no mistakes.
1. We goed to Moscow last week and I seed the factory

2. When I were a child I have a telephone and ringed my friends.
3. I thinked you was right when you sed the price no changed.
4. I not drink coffee yesterday, but I eated a cake and red the newspaper.
5. I tried to contact the boss on Tuesday but she was out of the office.
6. There were no money so she selled her car and payed her debts.
READING EXERCISE: put the verbs into the past tense (regular or irregular -
positive, negative or question form):
William Wrigley Jnr’s Quotes
1. Everybody likes something for nothing. I ____(give) them chewing gum.

2. People ___(ask) what single policy____ (be) most profitable in our
business. I always ____(reply) patience rather than immediate profits.
3. Eventually, I ___(make) a lot of money by taking the smallest possible profit
from a high number of customers.
4. I ____(tell) them quick and I ___(say) it often.
5. Even in a little thing like a stick of gum, quality____ (be) important.
6. Great things ____(need) a lot of enthusiasm.
7. Nothing _____(be) more fun than business. I ____(not want) to do anything
but work as long as I ____(can).
8. We ___(not like) to do business with anybody who____ (lose) money.
9. we ___(have) a secret? No, there (not be) a secret.
You just____ (have) to be pleasant, patient, always on time, and never argue.
10. We _____(be) a five-cent business, and we never___ (forget) it.
11. You _____(can) do anything when you ____(believe) in yourself.
12. Persistence ____(be) one of the most important things in sales. The best
salesmen _____(keep) asking until the buyer ____(say) ‘yes’.
SPEAKING PRACTICE:
In pairs, ask and answer questions about what you did and didn’t do yesterday.
e.g. Did you eat rice? Did you study? Did you work? Did you drive a car? What did
you think about? Where did you go? Who did you speak to? When did you get up?
BUSINESS EXPRESSIONS – Selected Phrasal Verbs

EXERCISE 1: Match the phrasal verb on the left with its meaning on the right.
e.g. Work out = find a solution to a problem
1. Give away a. examine something carefully

2. Take on b. stop the negotiations
3. Pull out of c. offer for free
4. Try out d. accept responsibility
5. Go over e. test for suitability
EXERCISE 2: Place a phrasal verb (in the past tense) into the correct gap.
e.g. We worked out why chewing gum sales fell in 2008.
1. He chewing gum with his baking powder.
2. The manager the new job with a lot of energy.
3. After we told them the price they the deal.
4. They the new computer system before they bought it
5. I the contract and found six mistakes.
Reading 2
At the age of 29, Wrigley started his business. He had just $32. He did not invent
chewing gum, but he did build the biggest chewing gum company in the world and he
had 5 lessons for success.
Lesson 1: Everybody likes something extra, for nothing.
Wrigley gave away chewing gum with his baking powder and people thought he was
stupid, but it helped to develop his strategy.
Lesson 2: Think of the long-term not short term profits.
Wrigley knew that to build a great company you need to look a long way into the
future, not think about a quick profit.
Lesson 3: Tell them quick and tell them often.
Wrigley understood the power of advertising and spent millions of dollars on publicity.
His competitors thought he was wasting money, but they were wrong. Today Wrigley
is a global brand.
Lesson 4: Quality is important, even in a stick of gum,
Wrigley demonstrated that he was a man who always did his best job, always wanted
to improve, and had the highest standards of quality, even for the small things.
Lesson 5: It's who you are as an organization that makes everything possible.
Wrigley’s organization was strong because he was a strong leader. William Wrigley
said, “a man's doubts and fears are his worst enemies. He can do anything if he
prepares well and believes in himself.”
1. Did William Wrigley invent chewing gum?

2. What is his first lesson for success?
3. Why did he spend a lot of money on advertising?
4. How did William Wrigley demonstrate that Quality was important?
5. What did he say about a man’s doubts and fears?
Language of Consideration
This is used when you want to think about the information before making a decision
or comment. Here are some examples of phrases you can use to express
consideration.
Exercise: Put them in order - from the most formal (1) to the most informal (6)
1. Could I think about that?
2. I’ll get back to you
3. Give me a chance to think about it
4. Let me discuss it with my colleagues first
5. I can’t give you an answer right now
6. Please allow me to consider the offer before making a decision
SPEAKING EXERCISE: Use the phrases above in these situations:

1. We want an answer as soon as possible.
2. This is a great product, and we need to buy 10,000 units.
3. We’d like to offer you a job in Scotland.
4. What do you think about our new advertising campaign?
ROLE-PLAY
THE MEETING: The management team at Wrigley meet to discuss a new product
in chewing gum. Form two groups and decide on a new gum, its market and its
advertising image.
Group 1: You want to create a gum that gives you energy. Think of the market
(drivers, students, office workers etc.), think of a name and an advertising phrase.
Present it to the other group and take questions.
Group 2: You want to create a gum that helps you to relax. Think of the market
(stressed, too much energy, over excited, etc.), think of a name and an advertising
phrase. Present it to the other group and take questions.
LESSON 1 INTERMEDIATE UPPER INTERMEDIATE
Speaking&Writing ideas
Ask each other the following questions or write the answers and then discuss them
Countries
• What country would you like to visit?
• What country would you like to live in and why?
• What country would you like to work in?
• What country has the most interesting customs?
• What country would be fun to work in?
• Would you like to work in a tropical country?
• Would you like to work in Antarctica?
• Would you like to live where there is always snow?
• Would you like to live where there is desert and hot weather?
• What countries in Europe have you visited?
• What countries would you not like to visit and why?
• What country in Asia would be a great place to live?
• Is your country the best place for you to live?
• What is special about your country?
• What festivals and feasts does your country have?
• Would you like to go and live in another country?
• What countries would you like to travel to for a vacation?
• How would you travel to see your country?
• How would you travel the world?
• What countries would you travel to if you were to do a world trip?
• Which country gets the most snowfall and why?
• What country/ countries neighbor (neighbor) your country?
• What are some similarities and differences between your neighboring country and your
country?
Family
• Are friends more important than family? What do you think?

• Are chores assigned to children in your family?
• Are you married?
• Are you pressured by your family to act in a certain way?
• Are you the oldest among your brothers and sisters?
• Are your parents strict?
• Did you ever meet any of your great grandparents?
• Do you get along well with your family?
• Do you get along well with your brothers and sisters?
• Do you get along well with your in-laws?
• Do you have any brothers or sisters? If so, how old are they?
• Do you have any children? If yes, what are their names and ages?
• Do you have to clean your own room?
• Does your mother make you clean your room?
• Do you like your family? Why or why not?
• Do you live with any of your grandparents?
• Do you live with your parents?
• Do you look more like your mother or your father?
• Do you often argue with your mother or father? What about?
• Do you often visit your grandparents?
• Do you think people should adopt children from other countries?
• Do you usually have any influence on family matters?
• Do your parents let you stay out late?
• What time do you have to be home?
• Do you have a curfew?
• How did you get your name?
• For whom are you named?
• Who are you named after?
• How big is your family?
• How many (first) cousins do you have?
• How many aunts and uncles do you have?
• How many brothers and sisters do you have?
• How many children do you have?
• How many members do you have in your family altogether?
• How many people are in your (immediate) family?
• How many people are in your family?
• How often do you see your cousins?
• How often do you see your grandparents?
• How often is your entire family together?
• How old are your brothers and sisters?
• How old are your children?
• How old are your grandparents?
• How old are your parents?
• Is spanking a good way to discipline children?
• Should people follow the religion of their parents, or should they have the liberty to choose
another?
• What are some of your fondest memories of childhood?
• What are your parents like?
• What do you and your family like to do together?
• What do you think of married couples who decide not to have any child?
• What do your mother and father look like? How about your grandparents?
• What do your parents do in their free time?
• What are the occupations of your family members?
• What does your father do? What's his job?
• What does your mother do?
• What is the best memory you have of your family doing something together?
• What kind of things do you do with your family?
• What will you teach your children? (what values, beliefs, hobbies, skills, etc.)
• What would you change about your childhood?
• Where do your grandparents live?
• Where does your father's father live?
• Where does your mother's mother live?
• Who do you get along better with, your mother or your father?
• Who is the black sheep (odd ball) in your family?
• Would you get involved in your in-laws' family problems?
• Would you live with your parents after you get married?
• Should children help with the housework?
• How much or how often should they help?
• What kinds of housework is not appropriate for children to do?
• Do you live in a nuclear family or an extended family?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of family?
• What impact has divorce and/or modern day living had on the family?
• Is the nanny and/or the day-care centre the third parent?
• Where is the best place to raise a family?
• Where do you think the best place to raise a family is? Why?
• What can make you happy in the long term/ short term? Consider the following: job
satisfaction, a loving family, good health, plenty of money, strong religious believes, ...
• What do you think of your mother and your father?
• Which do you think is more important: following the dreams your parents want for you or
following your own dreams?
• What's the hardest thing you ever had to do?
• What was the most important thing your parents taught you?
• What's the best thing about your mom?
• If you could have a different number of siblings, what would it be?
• Who should take care of old people?
• What is the perfect number of children to have?
• What's the best thing about your grandparents?
• Should parents give their children an allowance?
• How often does your family eat dinner together?
• How should parents discipline their children?
• After you're married, should your parents make decisions for you?
• What's the best thing about your dad?
• Who is the breadwinner in your family
• How is nudity regarded in your family?
• Describe the perfect family.
• Do your parents get along with each other?
• If you are a mother or father, would you allow your son or daughter to listen heavy metal
music?
• What was the saddest time in your family?
• Why do people get married
• What to look for in a life long mate
• What makes a person a good friend, a friend for life ,, a life mate
• What makes a person a bad, traits that irritate and confuse you
• What do you think of the budget, what is a budget and how do you make one work?
• How do you feel about your parents growing older? If they could no longer care for
themselves, would you let them live with you or put them in a nursing home?
• Did you help your mother at home?
• What household chores do you do?
• Can you think of examples of countries that have different cultural values regarding the
importance of family?
• Do you get along well with your family?
• Do you get along well with your brothers and sisters?
• Do you get along well with your in-laws?
• Do you have to clean your own room?
• Does your mother make you clean your room?
• Do your parents let you stay out late?
• What time do you have to be home?
• Do you have a curfew?
• How did you get your name?
• For whom are you named?
• Who are you named after?
• What are the occupations of your family members?
• What does your father do? What's his job?
• What does your mother do?
• Should children help with the housework?
• How much or how often should they help?
• What kinds of housework is not appropriate for children to do?
• Do you live in a nuclear family or an extended family?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of these types of family?
• Where is the best place to raise a family?
• Where do you think the best place to raise a family is? Why?
• Do you think your parents understand you? Why or why not?
• Who does the household work, your father or your mother or both of them?
• Have you ever seen your mother (or father) cry? When was that and why?
• Who is the breadwinner in your family?
• Do your parents trust you?
• If you were offered an excellent job opportunity abroad, would you consider leaving your
family for an indefinite period of time?
• Describe a typical family unit and the importance of family in your country.
Neighbourhood Policy: • In the EU, from 1 January 2007
there are 23 of them
Non-paper: • an unofficial document – a paper
that has not been through a formal
Official languages: adoption procedure
. • It is reached if a majority of
Open method of coordination: member states (in some cased a
two-thirds majority) approve or if a
Qualified majority voting: minimum of 255 votes is cast in
favour – which is 73.9% of the
total.
• governments share information,
adopt best practice and bring their
national policies into line
• the aim of this policy is to avoid
new dividing lines between the
enlarged EU and neighbouring
countries and instead strengthening
the stability, security and well-
being of everyone.

Intergovernmental: • A conference at which the EU
member states' governments come
Intergovernmental Conference (IGC): together to amend the European
Union treaties.
Lisbon treaty: • five criteria that determine whether
an EU country is ready to adopt the
Maastricht criteria: euro
• between governments
Mainstreaming (mainstreamed): • the current treaty on European
Union, as presently in force
Member state: • The countries that belong to an
international organisation
• making sure it is fully taken into
account in all EU polices
1) Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek,
Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak,
Slovenian, Spanish and Swedish are the __________ of the EU.
2) A way of learning from one another in the EU is called the _________
3) _______ is the most common form of voting in the EU Council of Ministers.

4) Security and defence issues are decided purely by________ agreement (i.e. agreement between
the governments of the EU countries).
5) The ______was signed on 13 December 2007 in Lisbon, because Portugal held the presidency of
the EU Council at that time.
6) Every European Union policy decision must now take account of its environmental implications.
In other words, environmental considerations have been ________
7) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom are the
_______ of the European Union
Institutional affairs
The European Union is a unique body. Its members are sovereign states who have pooled their
sovereignty in some key areas of government. Like any government, the Union has a legislative and
an executive branch and an independent judiciary.
The powers of the EU institutions flow from its founding treaties which have been freely negotiated
and ratified by its members. In policy areas not covered by the treaties, EU countries are free to
exercise sovereignty alone.
The most important treaties are the Treaty of Rome (1957) which created the then EEC, and the
Maastricht Treaty (the Treaty on European Union) which took effect in 1993. Others are the Single
European Act (1987), which launched the European single market, and the Treaties of Amsterdam
(1999) and Nice (2003).
EU countries are currently ratifying the Lisbon Treaty, signed by their leaders in December 2007,
which will make the enlarged Union more efficient and more democratic. This treaty replaces the
draft constitution for the EU which was agreed in 2004, but not ratified by all member countries.
What are treaties for?
When are the EU countries free to decide sovereignty?
What are the most important treaties?
Which treaty launched the European single market?

Why are the EU countries are currently ratifying the Lisbon Treaty?
The institutional triangle

Three institutions are responsible for making policy and taking decisions. They are
• the Council of the European Union,
• the European Commission, and
• the European Parliament
Council of the European Union

This is the main decision-taking body and therefore the most powerful of the three. It is the voice of
the member states, and meets several times a month at minister level. It has both a legislative
function, which it shares with the European Parliament, and an executive function, which it shares
with the European Commission. The Council meets in specific policy formations: external relations,
economic and financial affairs, transport, energy, agriculture, etc. It is commonly called the Council
of Ministers.
Most decisions are by majority vote, although sensitive issues in areas like taxation, asylum and
immigration, or foreign and security policy require unanimity.
At its highest level, the Council meets as the European Council where members are represented by
heads of state and government (presidents and/or prime ministers). These summits, held up to four
times a year, set overall EU policy and resolve problems that emerge at lower levels.
European Commission
The Commission is independent of governments and represents and upholds the interests of the
Union as a whole. It has two essential functions. One is to propose EU policies and legislation and
the other is to ensure that the terms of the EU treaties and the laws adopted by the Council and the
European Parliament are respected. It is sometimes called the ‘guardian of the treaties’.
A new Commission is appointed every five years so that its term is largely aligned with each five-
year mandate of the European Parliament. The Commission members – one from each country – are
vetted by the European Parliament before taking office.
European Parliament
Like parliaments throughout history, the European Parliament has had to fight for its right to
represent the people. It was first directly elected by EU citizens in 1979. The present Parliament,
elected for five years in June 2004, has 785 members from all 27 countries.
Parliament’s principal function is to adopt, in a process called ‘co-decision’ with the Council, the
draft legislation submitted to them by the European Commission. The Parliament has the power to
dismiss the European Commission through a vote of censure.
How many institutions are responsible for making policy and taking decisions?
Which one is the most powerful ?
What is the Council of the European Union also called?

What are the functions of the European Commission?
What are the Parliament’s principal function?
Other institutions and bodies

The job of the Court of Justice of the European Communities is to make sure that EU legislation is
interpreted and applied in the same way by the member states, so that it applies equally to all.
The Court can also rule in legal disputes involving member states, EU institutions, businesses or
individuals. The court, located in Luxembourg, is made up of one judge from each EU country.
In addition to the big four, the European Union has six other main bodies with specific tasks:
• The Court of Auditors, which checks that the EU budget, funded by the European taxpayer, is
spent correctly;
• The European Central Bank, based in Frankfurt, which manages the euro and sets EU monetary
policy;
• The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions are
consultative bodies, speaking for civil society and local government in Brussels;
• The European Investment Bank in Luxembourg, which funds projects in the EU’s poorer regions
and promotes small and medium-sized businesses.
What is the job of the Court of Justice of the European Communities ?

Where is the court located?
How many members are there?
What are the tasks of the Court of Auditorr ?
What are the tasks of the European Investment Bank ?
Possesive pronoun review
Fill in the blank with the correct pronoun.
1. Ann likes teacher at school.
2. Is this Peter’s book? No, book is in the schoolbag.
3. Mary, is this your bike? No, bike is behind the house.
4. The hamster is in house.
5. We go to school. school is nice.
6. Peter helps little brother.
7. Children, where are home-exercise books?
8. The boys play with football.
9. Tommy, give me back pencil.
10. Sylvie writes homework.
11. Paul and Cathy eat sandwiches.
12. My sister and I go to grandmother.
13. The monkey eats bananas.
14. The monkeys eat bananas.
15. Tom and I like spaghetti. It is favourite food.

Quantifiers review
Choose the correct quantifier. (much any many lots of a lot little a little few most)
1. They have had_________ homework in mathematics recently.

2. How_________ime do you need to finish the work?
3. There are too___________students in the library.
4. Have you visited_________ foreign country?
5. Although he's very ill, he didn't take___________medicine.
6. __________people know as much about linguistics as John does.
7. They say__________knowledge is a dangerous thing.
8. He's having__________of trouble passing his driving test.
9. I spend___________of my time reading novels.
Modals Review
10.Use the correct modal verb.
Must / Have to
Children mustn't/must/don't have to play with dangerous products.

We are on holiday ! We have to/don't have to/mustn't go to school today !
The sea is rough today, you doesn't have to/don't have to/mustn't swim here !
She's very ill, she mustn't/doesn't have to/must stay in bed.
You don't have to/mustn't/must smoke here ! It's a hospital !
She don't have to/doesn't have to/mustn't come if she doesn't want to !
You don't have to/have to/doesn't have to worry about me ! I'm all right now !
You mustn't/don't have to/must forget your toothbrush !
Babies don't have to/must/mustn't go to bed early.
She is happy because she don't have to/mustn't/doesn't have to wear a uniform in her new
school.
.
Can / Able to
1. Ask him, he should help you.
2. I hardly believe it.
3. I'm sorry I won't come.
4. She has everything money buy.
5. I've not sleep very well recently.
6. Don't shout, I hear you very well.
7. How you possibly imagine that?
8. Will he continue his journey?
9. I'm locked in! I get out!
10. Once I've passed my test I'll hire a car.
11. (Attention utiliser could ou was/ were able to!!) My mother play the
piano very well.
12. Fortunately, he open the door before the car fell into the sea.
13. She was an excellent player . She beat anybody.
14. They had a spare key so they start the car.
15. At five she read very well.
16. I was near the stage. I see and hear very well.
17. I had forgotten my keys, fortunately my son was awake so I get.
18. The police were very suspicious but he convince them that he was not
guilty.
.
.
Modals May / Might
May / Might for Possibility
We use may or might + infinitive (or base form) without 'TO' to talk about something that is
possible now or in the future.
Both mean “perhaps”. There is almost no difference in meaning, but may is a little stronger
than might.
We use may or might to say that something is possibly true. We can also use may or might for
anuncertain prediction or intention.
Examples:
You may be rich one day. (= Perhaps you will be rich.)
I'm not sure, but I may / might go to see them this weekend.
We use may not or might not + base form to say what will not possibly happen in the future. There
are NO short forms of may and may not. Might not has a short form: mightn't.
Examples:
We may not be able to do it. (= Perhaps we can't do it.)
She might not eat that food. (= Perhaps she will not eat that food.)
That may not / might not (or mightn't) be a good idea.
We use may and might with all persons (I / he / she / it / we / you / they).
We don't often use may or might in questions.

Complete with the correct modal verb. (may/might)
Q1 - I was just wondering whether you ____ be able to help me.
may
might
Q2 - ____ God have mercy on your soul.
May
Might
Q3 - You ____ well be right.
may
might
Q4 - I told them I ____ go if I felt like it, but wasn't sure.
may
might
Q5 - Students ____ only borrow four books at a time.
may
might
Q6 - The examiner says we ____ leave when we've finished.
may
might
Q7 - It ____ be very expensive, but it's much better than the others.
may
might
Q8 - I just ____ accept your offer.
may
might
Q9 - You ____ try asking her for help- she knows her stuff.
may
might
Q10 - You ____ have told me earlier!
may
might
More MODAL VERBS
1
1) expressing ability CAN - María can drive.
2) asking for permission MAY, CAN, COULD - Could I borrow your pen?
3) giving permission MAY, CAN -You can use my phone.
4) refusing permission, prohibition CAN'T, MAY NOT - You may not talk in the exam
5) requestsCAN, COULD - Can you pass me the salt?
Choose the correct modal verb.
1 _You (may/could)________________ leave now if you wish
.2_(Could/May)________________ you open the window a bit, please?
3_(May/Can)________________ you play the piano?
4_Listen, please. You (may not/could not)________________ speak during this exam.
5_You (can't/might not)________________ smoke on the bus.
6_(Can't/May)________________ I make a call on your mobile?
7_Do you know if Mark (can/may)________________ sing?
8_(Can't/May)________________ I sit here, please?
9_Caroline, your friends (can/could)________________ stay the night if they want to. They're
perfectly welcome.
10__I'm sorry but you (can't/may)________________ use the computer until after I've finished.
11__(May/Could)________________ you lend me 40 Euros til Monday?
12_ Listen, please. Students (may/could)________________ study in the library from five to nine
in the evening.
Past probability - must have / can't have / might have / may have
Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle
must have been, can't have gone, etc.
We use must have to express that we feel sure that something was true.
They must have left early.
He must have already gone.
We use can't have / couldn't have to say that we believe something was impossible.
May / might / could have - to express probability in the past

Structure: modal + have + past participle
may have been, could have gone, might have lost, etc.
We use may / could / might have to say that it was possible that something happened in the past
(but we are not 100% sure).
The negatives are may not have and might not have.
Complete with the correct modal of past probability
He ______ (escape) through this window. It is too small.

He ________ (miss) the bus.
The road ______ (be) blocked.
She ________ (say) that.
She ________(say) that.
He ________ (leave) yet.
The assistant_________ (receive) his message.
INTRODUCTION:
Discuss these questions:
What do you know about Lego?
Are its products still popular?
Synonyms
EXERCISE 1:
Match the words on the left with their meaning on the right.
You will hear them in the listening exercises.
1. Blame a. accuse
2. Loss-making ____b. slogan
3. Diversify ______c. fail
4. Deserve _______d. power
5. Fundamental ____e. assess
6. Evaluate _______f. justify
7. Worth _______g. core
8. Motto ______h. expand
9. Collapse _____i. unprofitable
10. Strength _______j. value
EXERCISE 2: Put the words above (1-10) into the gaps below.
11. The company’s____ is innovation.

12. You can’t ____the manager, he was on holiday.
13. Lego____ too much.
14. The sales team are good and____ a bonus.
15. Low investment is the____ cause of our problems.
16. Before making an offer we need to____ the company.
17. Is the company____ $100 million?
18. Lego’s____ is: ‘“Only the best is good enough”.
19. If we don’t fix the problem the company will _____.
20. The girls’ toys are_____ and we need to stop production.
Reading 1
Lego was founded in 1932 when Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter
from Billund, Denmark began by making wood toys. The name Lego comes from the Danish
phrase leg godt, which means “play well”. The Lego Group’s motto is “Only the best is good
enough”. The Lego Group sold $1.35 billion worth of toys in 2003. These include its famous
bricks, video games, and Mindstorms, robots. It has four Legoland amusement parks, in
Denmark, England, Germany, and America. However, the Lego Group’s profitability dropped
and in 2004 it was in trouble. Sales fell by 30 percent the company made a loss of $250m.
How could such a successful toymaker lose so much money? Some people blamed the
popularity of video games and the low-cost competitors in China. The management needed to
change things and quickly or the company would collapse.
1. What did the founder of Lego make in the beginning?

2. What is the motto of the Lego group?
3. What were the sales figures in 2003?
4. Did Lego make a profit in 2004?
5. What did some people blame?
Lead-in questions:
Is this sentence correct?
I could speak English, but last year I can speak the language.
ABILITY
Will Be Able To / Can / Could
Could is the past form of Can, and both are followed by the infinitive without to.
We can also use was / were able to when we express past ability:
Will be able to is used to express future ability.
e.g. Last year we could (were able to) see the potential, now you can (are able to)
see it. Next year everyone will be able to see the potential.
Could is often used as a polite form of Can e.g. Could you pass me the box please?
Will be able to / Can / Could are also used to talk about:
1. Ability and Inability

A: When can we speak to the sales executives?
B: They can’t meet us today.
C: Will they be able to meet us tomorrow?
2. Possibility and Impossibility

A: What can we do to improve the products?
B: We could change the size.
C: Are we able to do that?
3. Permission and Prohibition

A: Could I leave at 3pm?
B: When you finish you can leave
4. Request for Action or Information

A: Could you repeat that please?
B: Can Jane go to the factory and check the products?
EXERCISE 1: Complete the following with:

will be able to – can - can’t – could - couldn’t – was able to
1. “____ I you help me?”
2. “____ I see the document, please?
3. The company____ make a profit last year.
4. The airplane is delayed so they____ be very late.
5. ___you ask Paul about the sales figures.
6. ___we improve the sales figures next year?
7. When I was young I ____work 15 hours a day. Now I .
8. Where do you think we ____sell more toys? China, Japan, USA?
9. Last year we _____stop the competition copying our products.
10. Lego _____change its supply chain, and that saved the company.
EXERCISE 2: Use the phrases will be able to, can, can’t, could, couldn’t to replace
the underlined words.
11. When you read the report, did you understand it?
12. Do you know how to speak French?
13. Is it possible for you to work next Monday?
14. Is it okay if I open the window? Yes, you .
15. I am unable to finish this report before 6 pm, it’s impossible.
Lead in Questions: Do you think Lego bricks are based on any other product?
How many bricks have been manufactured since the company started?
Reading 2: LEGO
EXERCISE: Put the paragraphs into the correct order.
1. In addition to the famous bricks, there are other products, for example Lego
movies, video games, clothes, competitions, and four Lego amusement parks.
2. The Lego Group has released thousands of brick play sets with different themes.
Examples include, town and city, space, robots, pirates and dinosaurs.
3. The company estimates that in 50 years it has sold some 400 billion Lego blocks.
Annual production of Lego bricks averages approximately 20 billion per year.
That’s 62 Lego bricks for every person in the world.
4. Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter from Billund, Denmark made wooden toys, and
started the Lego Company in 1934.
5. Lego bricks can be assembled and connected in many ways, to construct such
objects as vehicles and buildings. Anything constructed can then be taken apart
again, and the pieces used to make other objects.
6. In 1949, Lego began producing the now-famous interlocking bricks, calling them
"Automatic Binding Bricks." These bricks were based on the design of Kiddicraft
Self-Locking Bricks, which were released in the UK in 1947.
SPEAKING PRACTICE:
In pairs, think of companies that have been in business for a long time and could
have an old fashioned image e.g. McDonald’s, Rolls Royce, Kodak.
How can these companies adapt so that the customer will continue to buy their
products?
Present your ideas to the class and answer questions.
Width, Length, Height, Depth & Weight
Look at these sentences.

The brick is 1cm high. The box is 10cm wide, 20cm deep and 25cm long.
These adjectives describe dimension and specifications of objects.
Noun Depth Height Length Width Weight

Adjective Deep / shallow
High /low
Long /short
Wide /narrow
Heavy /Light
EXERCISE: Complete the following this text with a correct word.

1. The room is 12 metres ___and 10 metres___ , but the ceiling is ___, it
is only 2 metres___ .
2. The Lego train is 120cm ___and 2cm____ .
3. How ____is the Pacific Ocean?
4. The Amazon river is over 1,000km ____.
5. In the summer, when there is no rain, the lake is very____ .
6. My___ 1.83m and my____ is 50 kilos. That is not ___it is ____.
CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT: Children in the Office

In the UK children are sometimes invited to the office to see where their
parents work. This is to help integrate families into the company.
• Does this happen in your country / culture / company?
• Do you think this a good idea?
• Should children be kept away from the work place?
Reading 3
The management looked at the company structure and decided that the supply chain was out
of date. Poor customer service and limited product availability were having a negative impact
on profits. Another problem was that the company diversified too much. Apart from its famous
bricks, the Lego Group was producing video games, TV programs, clothes, amusement parks
and retail stores. Introducing new products every year is normally a good thing, but at Lego
only 20% of its product list generated 80% of its sales. The diversification complicated the
supply chain and Lego needed to focus on the areas that were profitable and drop the lossmaking
products. Management reduced operating costs by cutting manufacturing distances
and suppliers, selling 70% of their amusement parks and cutting all Lego products that were
non-profitable. It worked hard to make its supply chain more efficient and in 2006 Lego went
back into profit. The Lego Group managed to survive because it could identify the problems
and was able to transform itself. The company reported a sales increase of 32% in 2007 and
made $135 million profit.
What was having a negative impact on profits?

2. What else was causing problems for Lego?
3. What generated 80% of its sales?
4. How did management reduce operating costs?
5. How did the Lego Group manage to survive?
ROLE-PLAY
1. What was having a negative impact on profits?
2. What else was causing problems for Lego?
3. What generated 80% of its sales?
4. How did management reduce operating costs?
5. How did the Lego Group manage to survive?
EXERCISE: Lego needs to diversify but it doesn’t know how to do it?

In small groups, decide on a new product for Lego e.g. junior real estate, sponsor a
construction company that’s building a school, produce real bricks
Discuss your ideas and then present them to the class. Ask questions about the
other group’s ideas
Childhood
• Did you have a happy childhood?

• What did you like to do when you were a child?
• What did you look like?
• Where were you born?
• When were you born?
• How old were you when you learned to ride a bicycle?
• Did you have your own bicycle?
• Do you remember who taught you to ride a bicycle?
• Did you have a bad bicycle accident?
• Who was your favorite teacher? Why?
• What was your favorite subject? Why?
• What was your favorite game?
• Who did you play it with?
• Who gave it to you?
• When did you like to play it?
• Do you remember anything about your personality when a child?
• Were you good at making friends?
• How did you make friends?
• Did you have a lot of friends?
• What did you enjoy doing with your friends?
• What were some embarrassing situations when you were a child?
• Were you a good student?
• Did you enjoy going to school?
• Did you get good grades?
• Did you enjoy doing your homework?
• What did you like about school?
• What didn't you like about school?
• Who was your best friend?
• How did you meet this friend?
• What did you do together?
• Do you still do things with this childhood friend?
• What other things can you tell us about your best friend?
• Were your parents super protective?
• At what age could you go places by yourself?
• Did your parents always tell you what to do?
• Did you play outside?
• What did you like to play?
• How long did you play outside a day?
• Could you play outside all year long?
• Did you play on the streets?
• Was it dangerous to play in the streets?
• What kind of things did you do in the streets?
• Did you ever have an accident while playing in the streets? What happened?
• When you were a child, what did you want to grow up to be? Did you want to be a mother
or father? A firefighter? A doctor? A scientist?
• Can you remember specific things from your childhood clearly?
• How old were you at the time of your first memories?
• What kind of food did your like?
• Did you used to eat anything or were you a picky eater?
• What foods did you like eating?
• What foods didn't you like to eat?
• Did you have any foods you hated?
• What was your favorite toy when you were a child?
• Who gave you this toy?
• Did it have a name?
• Do you still have it?
• What was your worst punishment as a child?
• Where did you grow up? Did you move frequently? If so, why?
• Who took care of you when you were little? A parent? A grandparent? A nanny? A daycare
center?
• How are you similar to your parents? How are you different?
• Describe the first memory you have of going to school.
• Do you think children today eat too much fast food and don't play enough sports?
• What childhood diseases did you have?
• Did you have any nickname? Tell us about it.
• Were you afraid of anything? What?
• What were your favorite cartoons and TV shows?
Sentences
• When playing a game...
• You always wanted to win and if you didn't you cried.
• You changed the rules just to win.
• You stopped playing if you were losing.
• When sharing your stuff...
• You never lent anything but you wanted to borrow things from the others.
• You lent your stuff but you also had to borrow from the others.
• You lent things to the other children and they never lent you anything.
• On your birthday, you'd like to receive...
• toys
• clothes
• things for school
• When going to school...
• Your mother had to take you to school and you always cried before getting there.
• You had no problem going and soon started talking to friends deciding what you'd do
at at school.
• You went to school but nobody talked to you because you'd answer nothing and look
at people with an angry face.
Children
• Were there many children in your family?

• How many children do you have. How many would you like to have.
• Do you enjoy being around children?
• When you were a child, what did you want to be when you grew up?
• What are the positive or negative things about being a child?
• Do you think that children are different today from the time when you were child? Or from
50 years ago? 100 years ago?
• What is most annoying or amazing thing about children?
• What is the most important thing that we need to teach children?
• Do you think that children are naturally good? Why or why not?
• What were some important experiences that you had when you were child which shaped you
as a person?
• Why do you think children commit violent crimes?
• Do you think children are more violent today than they used to be? Why?
• What was your favorite game when you were a child?
• Do we have to answer children's questions even if they are inappropriate ones?
• Is it better to err on the side of strictness or leniency with children?
• Who should be primarily responsible for taking care of children? Wife? Husband?
Grandparents? Relatives? Day-care center?
• What are the most important lessons to teach young children at home? Older children?
• Is childhood the best time of life?
• Who raised you? Your parents or grandparents or another family member?
• Are you close to your parents? Do you get along well with your parents?
• What did your family like to do together when you were a child?
• What are your fondest childhood memories?
• What are your earliest childhood memories?
• What were your favorite games as a child?
• How did you play as a child?
• Who was your best childhood friend?
• What was the most important lesson your parents taught you?
• Should children be paid for household chores?
• Can you remember doing anything that got you into trouble? What was it? How were you
punished?
• Should children be spanked? Why or why not?
• What was your favorite toy?
• What was your favorite toy as a child?
• Do you think children today are under more pressure?
• Do you think parents today have less time for their children?
• Do you think video games are a bad influence on children?
• Do you think children watch too much television?
• Do we have a responsibility to correct children when their parents aren't around and they are
misbehaving?
• Do you think it is important for children to learn English and their family's native language?
Why?
• How do you think children can learn through play ?
• What are basic children's rights?
• At what age should discipline be introduced to children?
• Can you tell when a child is being honest or trying to get away from something? How?
• Did you have any accidents at home as a child? If yes, what happened?
• What's something children do that you'd like to be able to do it too?
• What's the cutest thing you think children do?
• What's a bad thing you think children do?
• What kind of games do you like to play these days with children?
• Do you agree that children nowadays are smarter then the children from some decades ago
used to be?
• What are you never going to allow, or have never allowed, your children to do?
• Is there a best time to have children?
• If yes, when do you think that is?
• When is it OK for little girls to wear makeup?
• What do children use their cellphones for?
• Will you give one to your children?
• After what age?
Community method: • powers and responsibilities
Competencies: • the meeting of Heads of State and

Government (i.e. presidents and/or
Competent authority: prime ministers) of all the EU
countries, plus the President of the
Convention: European Commission.
• a group of people representing the
Copenhagen criteria: EU institutions, the national
governments and parliaments, who
The European Council come together to draw up an
important document.
The Council of the European Union • known as the Council of Ministers,
this institution consists of
The Council of Europe government ministers from all the
EU countries.
• EU's usual method of decision-
making, in which the Commission
makes a proposal to the Council
and Parliament who then debate it,
propose amendments and
eventually adopt it as EU law.
• This is not an EU institution. It is
an intergovernmental organisation
based in Strasbourg, which aims
(amongst other things) to protect
human rights
• three criteria that any candidate
country must meet before it can
join the European Union
• the government department or
other body responsible for dealing
with a particular issue.
Cultural capitals: • The complexities and difficult
legal texts of the EU's decision-
Democratic deficit: making system.
• To publicise and celebrate the
DG: cultural achievements and charms
of these cities and so make
ERASMUS: European citizens more aware of
the rich heritage they share.
EFTA: • an EU-supported education
programme
Enhanced co-operation: • European Free Trade Association
Enlargement:
EEA:
• Directorates-General, the staff of
the main EU institutions organised
into a number of distinct
departments
• European Economic Area
• An arrangement whereby a group
of EU countries can work together
in a particular field even if the
other EU countries are unable or
unwilling to join in at this stage.
1) The EU is trying to overcome the ____ through simpler legislation and better public information
2) Well over 1.5 million students have so far benefited from ______grants, which give European
university students a chance of living and studying for the first time in a foreign country.
3) Poland supports the ______ of EU-decision-making, recently defended by European

Commission President José Manuel Barroso against attempts by France and Germany to revert to
intergovernmental methods.
4) What _______ should be given to EU institutions and what should be left to national, regional
and local authorities?
5) The French______ for exportation or importation is the 'préfecture'
6) _______ have met to draw up the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.
7) The EU reserves the right to decide when a candidate country has met the __________and when
the EU is ready to accept the new member.
Development and Cooperation
More than half the money spent to help poor countries comes from the European Union and its
member states, making it the world's biggest aid donor. But development policy is about more than
providing clean water and surfaced roads, important though these are. The Union also uses trade to
drive development by opening its markets to exports from poor countries and by encouraging them
to trade more with each other.
Who is the world's biggest aid donor ?

What is development policy about?
Eradicating poverty for the new millennium

The primary and overarching objective of EU development policy is to eradicate poverty in a
sustainable way. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are key to the policy. The eight
MDGs were adopted by world leaders in 2000 with a 2015 deadline and range from halving
extreme poverty and halting the spread of HIV/AIDS, to providing universal primary education.
The EU has asked national authorities to set financial targets for development funding so as to
demonstrate their commitment to the MDGs. A 2005 progress report found that all countries had
made financial contributions, but that more were needed. The world is on track to halve poverty by
2015. 120 million people were lifted out of poverty between 2000 and 2005. But in other areas,
targets will not be met by 2015. These include lowering child and maternal mortality levels and
providing clean drinking water.
What are the MDGs?

When were the MDGs adopted?
Have all countries made financial contributions?
How many people were lifted out of poverty between 2000 and 2005?
Trade and aid

Since 2001, the EU's Everything But Arms initiative has eliminated all duties and quotas for all
products (except arms) originating from the world’s least developed countries. The EU was the first
developed market bloc to do so. The special trading relationship between the Union and its 79
partners in the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) group has been a model for how rich countries can
open their markets to poor ones. An Africa-EU strategic partnership, founded in 2007, marked a
tightening of relations and further efforts to promote the MDGs in Africa.
This is why the Union has designed a new series of economic partnership agreements with the ACP
countries. These were due to be in place by the start of 2008, but not all were ready in time so
interim agreements were drawn up. The idea is to help ACP countries integrate with their regional
neighbours as a step towards global integration. At the same time, the EU will continue to open its
markets and remove barriers to exports from the ACP group.
What is the Everything But Arms initiative?
What are ACP countries ?
How is Europe helong ACP countries?
Controlling their own destiny

EU development policy aims to give disadvantaged people in the third world control over their own
development, which means attacking the sources of their vulnerability. These can include poor
access to food and clean water, to education, health, employment, land, social services,
infrastructure or a sound environment. It also means disease eradication and access to cheap
medicines to combat scourges like HIV/AIDS. EU policy aims to reduce the debt burden that
diverts scarce resources from vital public investments back to rich lenders in industrialised
countries.
The Union also promotes self-help and poverty eradication strategies which enable developing
countries to consolidate the democratic process, expand social programmes, strengthen their
institutional framework, expand the capacities of the private and public sectors, and reinforce
respect for human rights, including equality between men and women.
What are the aims of the EU development policy?

What areas are affected by this policy?
What are the stategies that the EU promotes?

Comparative Superlative review
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets

1. My house is (big) than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.
10.He was the (clever) thief of all.
Future forms review
(leave / they) the house?

(take part / she) in the contest?
I (not / spend) my holiday abroad this year.
Why are you running about with the toothbrush?
→ (I / brush / my teeth)
Why is daddy not coming with us?
→ (he / repair / the car)
Hurry up!
→ (they / light / the bonfire)
Why are all these tapes on the table?
→ (we / learn / Greek)
What do you need the pen for?
→ (I / write / some postcards)
Change the verb into either the present
simple or the future simple: 1) I'll call you when I (arrive) at my hotel..
2) He (text) you as soon as he's on the bus..
3) Let's eat dinner when John (get) here..
4) Julie (be) late tomorrow evening, so I've booked a

table at a restaurant for 10pm..
5) As soon as I (be) able to, I'm going to get a new

job..
6) Please wait here until the nurse (call) you..
7) I (get) up early tomorrow morning and finish the

report then..
8) Before you (leave) , please make sure you've

locked the door..
9) She (let) us know later, when she's ready to leave..
10) I must clean my kitchen before my

mother (get) here..
11) I (come) to meet you at the station next weekend..
12) I (wait) until you're finished - then we can go..
13) John (study) until he knows all the answers..
14) She think that it (rain) next weekend..
15) What do you want to do after the class (finish)?.
16) I think that the Democrats (win) the next election..
17) Jenny will come here after she (finish) work..
18) She's going to look for a job as soon as

she (arrive) in London..
19) I (give) up smoking!..
More Future forms
Future Continuous Tense
I will be singing
How do we make the Future Continuous Tense?

The structure of the future continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb BE + main verb
invariable invariable present participle
will be base + ing

For negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we insert not between will and be. For
question sentences, we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example sentences with the
future continuous tense:
subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will be working at 10am.
+ You will be lying on a beach tomorrow.
- She will not be using the car.
- We will not be having dinner at home.
? Will you be playing football?
? Will they be watching TV?

When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will he'll
she will she'll
it will it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

For spoken negative sentences in the future continuous tense, we contract with won't, like this:
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not he won't

she will not she won't
it will not it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.
How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?

The future continuous tense expresses action at a particular moment in the future. The action will
start before that moment but it will not have finished at that moment. For example, tomorrow I will
start work at 2pm and stop work at 6pm:
At 4pm tomorrow, I will be working.
future
past present 4pm
At 4pm, I will be in the

middle of working.
When we use the future continuous tense, our listener usually knows or understands what time we
are talking about. Look at these examples:
• I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.

• They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
• What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
• What will you be doing when I arrive?
• She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
• We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
• Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return
Exercise
Make the future continuous:

1) At three o’clock tomorrow, I (work) in my office..
2) At three o’clock tomorrow, you (lie) on the beach..
3) At three o’clock tomorrow, he (wait) for the train..
4) At three o’clock tomorrow, she (shop) in New

York..
5) At three o’clock tomorrow, it (rain)..
Make the future continuous negtive:

1) When she arrives, I (not/read)..
2) When she arrives, you (not/sleep) will

you..
3) When she arrives, we (not/work)..
4) When she arrives, Julie (not/watch) a film..
5) When she arrives, it (not/snow)..
Make future continuous

questions: 1) When the boss comes, (I/sit) here?.
2) When the boss comes, (John/use) the computer?.
3) When the boss comes, (Jane and Luke/discuss) the new

project?.
4) When the boss comes, (we/work) hard?.
5) When the boss comes, (you/talk) on the telephone?.
6) When the boss comes, (she/send) an email?.

The Gerund
Use
-ing form used as a noun
Form
infinitive + -ing
Examples
Going to parties is
I enjoy reading.
fun.
Gerund is subject Gerund is object
Gerunds and infinitives are forms of verbs that act like nouns. They can follow adjectives and other
verbs. Gerunds can also follow prepositions.
A gerund (often known as an -ing word) is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. See
also Nouns/Gerund. Not all words formed with -ing are gerunds.
An infinitive is to + the verb.
When a verb follows a verb it either takes the gerund or infinitive form.
Some verbs can take either the gerund or the infinitive with no loss of meaning.
For example:
• With the verb start - "It started to rain." or "It started raining." Both sentences have the same
meaning.
Sometimes the use of the gerund or infinitive changes the meaning of the sentence.
For example:
• With the verb remember - "I remembered to do my homework". or "I remembered doing my
homework."
In the first sentence (I remembered to do my homework), the person speaking remembered they had
some homework first and then carried out the action and did it. In the second sentence (I
remembered doing my homework.), the person speaking carried out the action (their homework)
first and then remembered doing it.
Other verbs only take one or the other, unfortunately there is no rule as to which form the verb
takes. The same is true when the verb follows an adjective.
We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs:
He began talking.
begin
He began to talk.
They continue smoking.
continue
They continue to smoke.
Do you hate working on Saturdays?
hate
Do you hate to work on Saturdays?
I like swimming.
like
I like to swim.
She loves painting.
love
She loves to paint.
Pat prefers walking home.
prefer
Pat prefers to walk home.
They start singing.
start They start to sing.
We use the Gerund or the Infinitive after the following verbs. There are two possible
structures after these verbs.
Gerund: verb + -ing
Infinitive: verb + person + to-infinitive
They advise walking to town.

advise
They advise us to walk to town.
They do not allow smoking here.
allow
They do not allow us to smoke here.
They encourage doing the test.
encourage
They encourage us to do the test.
They do not permit smoking here.
permit
They do not permit us to smoke here.
We use the following structures with the word recommend:
They recommend walking to town.
recommend They recommend that we walk to
town.
Verbs that are normally followed by the gerund form:-
acknowledge | admit | adore | anticipate | appreciate | avoid | celebrate | confess | contemplate

delay | deny | describe | detest | discuss | dislike | dread | endure | enjoy
fancy | finish | imagine | involve | keep | justify | mention | mind | miss | omit | postpone | practise
quit | recall | recommend | regret | report | resent | resume | risk | suggest | tolerate | understan
Verbs which are normally followed by the infinitive form:-
afford | agree | appear | arrange | ask | attempt | care | choose | claim | come | consent
dare | decide | demand | deserve | determine | elect | endeavour | expect | fail | get | guarentee
hate | help | hesitate | hope | hurry | incline | intend | learn | long | manage | mean | need
offer | plan | prepare | pretend | promise | refuse | resolve | say | seem | tend | threaten | want | wish
Some verbs can be followed by the gerund or infintive.
begin | continue | hate | like | love | neglect | prefer | start | try
Gerund or Infinitive
• I adore _____(read)your books.
• They anticipated ____(win)the election.

• I detest _____(go)to discos.
• We postponed _____(make)any decision in the meeting.
• I quit smoking.
• Do you recall ______(see)someone like that?
• He began _____ (learn)English when he was eight.
• I hate ___( leave).

• I can't afford ____( go) to the pub.
• He agreed _____(practise) more.
• You should learn ____ (express )yourself.
• They managed ______( fix ) the problem.
Gerund or Infinitive
• 1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike.

• 2) He agreed (buy) a new car.
• 3) The question is easy (answer).
• 4) The man asked me how (get) to the
airport.
• 5) I look forward to (see) you at the
weekend.
• 6) Are you thinking of (visit) London?
• 7) We decided (run) through the
forest.
• 8) The teacher expected Sarah
(study) hard.
• 9) She doesn't mind (work) the night
shift.
• 10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age
of 5.
INTRODUCTION:

Do you know what a doll is? What do you know about
Barbie? Have you heard of Bratz?
Reading 1- Bratz versus Barbie
Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by Mattel, and launched in America in 1959.

She is based on a German doll called the Bild Lilli, which was popular with children
who liked to dress her in different clothes.
The doll is modelled on a woman, because Mattel realised that small girls prefer to
role-play adult action, not children’s activity.
Barbie has been an important part of the toy fashion doll market for over fifty years.
More than one billion Barbie dolls have been sold around the world, with Mattel
claiming that three Barbie dolls are sold every second.
So how do you compete with this market domination?
You create a different doll. One based on teenagers not women. One with a large
head, big eyes, lots of make-up, and big lips. Bratz are more sexual than Barbie,
more fashionable.
They are the "girls with a passion for fashion," as their slogan says.
Bratz dolls were launched by MGA Entertainment in 2004 and in their first five years,
sold over 125 million Bratz dolls, and, in 2005, global sales reached two billion
dollars. Since 2006 sales of Barbie dolls have fallen by 30%, because of Bratz.
Answer the following questions
1. Which company manufactures Barbie?

2. What is the Barbie doll modelled on?
3. How are Bratz dolls different to Barbie?
4. What company makes Bratz?
5. How many Bratz dolls were sold in the first five years?
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME:
Still, Yet, Always, No Longer, During, By, After, Before, Until
Still means something continues when you expect it to have stopped:

Do they still produce that doll or have they stopped?
Yet indicates that something has not happened but is expected to happen soon.
They haven’t signed the contract yet.
Always means ‘on all occasions,’ and is the opposite of ‘never’.
We always use this supplier.
No Longer explains that something does not happen any more.
We no longer export to China.
During signifies ‘between two points of time’.
I visited the company during our trip to America
By is used for actions completed on or before a certain time limit.
We need to know the decision by Friday.
After is used for actions that happen later than another action.
We had lunch after the meeting.
Before describes events that happen earlier than another action
She opened the office before 7am.
Until or till means ‘continuing up to a particular time.’
We will work here until / till June 20th.
EXERCISE: Complete the following with a suitable time preposition.

1. We agreed to finish the order ____Friday at the latest.
2. They ____sell more dolls at Christmas than in the summer.
3. Are you ____working at Mattel? Yes, I haven’t changed jobs____ .
4. The director received the call _____the meeting and left the room.
5. the manager____ signed the contract we opened the champagne.
6. We ordered the dolls____ the price rise and saved a lot of money.
7. The store_____ sells the dolls at discount. The offer finished last week.
8. Stay here______ 7pm, you can go home.
READING EXERCISE:
Read the text & put a preposition of time into the gaps
During – By – Until – After – Always - No Longer
The Man who introduced Bratz

Isaac Larian is the founder of MGA Entertainments, the company that produces Bratz
dolls.
Larian grew up in Iran, where his father owned a textile shop. When he was
seventeen, he told his parents he wanted to go to the United States. They sent him to
Los Angeles with $750, all the money the family had.
In his first job, he washed plates from eleven at night _____seven in the morning
at a coffee shop. Later, he was a waiter and with his salary he studied civil
engineering at California State University, Los Angeles.
_____this period he became interested in being an entrepreneur_____. graduating,
he began importing cheap products from South Korea.
In the 1980s, he persuaded Nintendo to give him the American rights to their
handheld games_____. " the end of the first year, we had sold twenty-two million
dollars in games, and we had a thirty-five-percent profit," he said.
"But the next year we had two million Nintendo games that were ____fashionable.
The kids wanted something new."
A company marketing to children, he realised, has to be quick to recognise when
fashion changes.
"With Bratz, we _____ need to change them every three, four months," he
explained. "What you see in the stores today was not in the stores last year and will
not be there in three months time.
The key is to be fresh, to listen to the kids carefully, because they change their ideas
every week. And you have to think, ‘what are they interested in now?’ And we have
to design products that they want and what their friends want.
Agreeing & Disagreeing

Sample sentences:
I agree with most of what you say, but I think we need to do more research.
I totally disagree with the new expansion plan.
Form and Uses:
Agreeing with Someone Agreeing to Something
Agreement I totally agree with you

I fully / completely agree
I am in total / complete agreement
with you
I totally agree
I completely / fully agree
I am in favour
Partial
Agreement
I agree up to a point but …
I agree, but …
In part I agree, but …
I agree with you, but …
You are right, although …
I accept that, but …
That is right, but …
Disagreement I can’t agree with you

I don’t agree at all
Sorry, but I think you are mistaken
I can’t agree to that
I don’t accept that
Sorry, but I think it is a
mistake
Exercise
Provide a suitable word or phrase to complete the sentences. There are different possibilities in
some cases.
1. I ____that. It’s completely wrong.

2. You____ , but we still need to improve customer service.
3. Yes, I____ with everything you say.
4. Do we ____that the dolls are a good product?
5. Yes, I _____that, but the marketing is a problem.
Speaking Practice:
Provide a response to these statements:

• The price of the products is too high
• The logo needs to be redesigned
• The economy has a big impact on sales
Cultural Awareness Point: Styles of disagreement

Generally, the British do not openly disagree in meetings. This style is too direct
The British like to hide disagreement in what sounds like agreement.
E.g. ‘That’s a very interesting idea, but …’

Americans are often more direct and will openly disagree.
E.g. No, we cannot agree to that
Discussion
• How does your culture / nationality express disagreement in meetings?
• Is humour important in a business meeting?
Reading 2
Barbie is still a recognizable brand name, like Microsoft or Coke, but the competition
has changed.
The Bratz range of dolls has seriously affected the sale of Mattel's leading fashion
doll.
By 2006, Bratz had captured about forty per cent of the fashion-doll market,
compared with Barbie's sixty per cent.
So how does a leading brand fight back when it faces strong competition?
In 2007 Mattel sued MGA Entertainment for $500 million.
Mattel claimed that the creator of Bratz was working for Mattel when he developed
the idea for Bratz.
MGA says this is not true. In the past he worked for Mattel but had finished when he
designed the Bratz doll.
In December 2008, an American judge banned MGA from selling Bratz. MGA
appealed against the ban and the companies continue to dispute the origins of the
doll.
1. By 2006 how much of the market did Bratz have?

2. What did Mattel do in 2007?
3. What does Mattel say about the design of Bratz?
4. What did a judge do in December 2008?
5. What is MGA’s reaction to the decision?
ROLE-PLAY
The meeting: The management team at Mattel meets to discuss how they can
compete with Bratz.
First group wants to expand the doll range.

Second group wants to fight them in the courts with legal challenges
Discuss the options and try to come up with a compromise solution.

Practice using the grammar (still, yet, by, etc.) and the functional vocabulary
(Agreeing/Disagreeing) you have learnt in this unit.
Speaking and writing topics
Food & Eating
• About how many different color foods did you eat for dinner last night?
• Do you think about color when you are preparing a meal?
• Are there any foods that you wouldn't eat as a child that you eat now?
• Are you a good cook?
• Are you a vegetarian?
• Are you concerned about your daily calorie intake when choosing something to eat?
• At what times do you usually eat your meals?
• Breakfast?
• Lunch?
• Dinner?
• Can you cook well?
• Did you drink coffee this morning?
• Did you eat lunch today?
• Do you always eat dinner with your family?
• Do you always eat vegetables?
• Do you cook? If yes, what food do you cook the most often?
• Do you drink milk every day?
• Do you drink tea every day?
• Do you eat beef?
• Do you eat bread every day?f
• Do you eat breakfast every day?
• Do you eat fruit every day?
• Do you eat lunch at school every day?
• How much does lunch usually cost at school?
• Do you bring your lunch to school?
• Do you eat rice every day?
• Do you ever skip breakfast? If so, how often and why?
• Do you have a favorite cafe? If so, where is it? Why do you like it?
• Do you have coffee for breakfast?
• Do you know someone who struggles with an eating disorder?
• Do you like Thai food?
• Chinese food?
• Spanish food?
• American food?
• Mozambican food?
• French food?
• Italian food?
• Do you like Japanese food?
• What kind of Japanese food do you like?
• Do you like deep fried food?
• Do you like food from other countries? If yes, which do you like the most?
• Do you like peas and carrots? How about spinach?
• Do you like to cook? Why or why not?
• Do you like to eat a lot of food every day?
• Do you like to eat at fast food restaurants?
• Do you like to eat cakes?
• Do you like to eat junk food?
• Do you like to eat some desserts after dinner?
• Do you like to eat? Why or why not?
• Do you like to have breakfast each morning? Why or why not?
• Do you like to try new food and drinks?
• Do you often eat out?
• Do you prefer fish or meat?
• Do you prefer to eat at a restaurant or at home?
• Do you prefer your own country's food or other kinds of food?
• Do you read the nutritional information on the foods you buy?
• Do you take vitamin pills?
• Do you think a vegetarian diet is better than a diet that includes meat?
• Do you think fast food, soda and sweets should be sold in school cafeterias?
• Do you usually want to eat dessert after dinner?
• Have you ever been a diet? If so, how long did you stayed on it?
• Have you ever eaten dog meat?
• How long do you take to eat lunch?
• How many calories do most people need every day?
• How many meals do you usually eat every day?
• How much do you eat when you are sad or happy?
• How much does it cost to eat dinner at a hotel in your country?
• How much rice do you eat?
• How often do you eat at a fast-food restaurant?
• How often do you eat bread?
• How often do you eat fresh fruit?
• How often do you eat in a restaurant? (How often do you eat out?)
• Where do you usually go?
• Who do you usually go with?
• About how much do you spend?
• Do you ever go to an Indian restaurant?
• How often do you eat steak?
• How often do you go drinking? What's your favorite drink?
• How often do you go shopping for food?
• If you are living abroad, what is the food that you miss most from home?
• Is there any food that you really dislike to eat?
• What are some foods that are considered unhealthy?
• What are some foods that you know are healthy for your body?
• What country's food do you like the most?
• What did you eat for lunch yesterday?
• What did you eat the last time you ate at a restaurant?
• What did you have for breakfast this morning?
• What did you have for supper last night?
• What do you eat for breakfast every day?
• What do you eat when you feel sad?
• What do you like to drink?
• What do you like to eat for your dinner?
• What do you think of Thai food? Chinese food? English food?
• What do you usually eat for lunch?
• What do you usually like to drink when you go out?
• What food can you cook the best?
• What food do you hate? Why do you hate it?
• What foods do you hate?
• What foods do you love?
• What foods have you tasted which you will never forget for the rest of your life?
• What fruit do you eat the most often?
• What have you eaten so far today?
• What is a typical meal from your country?
• What is one of your favorite foods?
• What is the cheapest place to eat that you know?
• About how much is a meal?
• Where is it?
• How often do you go there?
• What is the food you like about your country.
• What is the last meal you cooked for someone else?
• What is the most expensive meal you have ever eaten?
• What is the most expensive restaurant that you have ever been to?
• What did you eat there?
• When did you go?
• Who did you go with?
• What is the most unusual thing you've ever eaten. Did it taste good or bad?
• What is the strangest thing you have ever eaten?
• What is your favorite food?
• Please describe your favorite food.
• What is your favorite dessert?
• What is your favorite fast food restaurant?
• What is your opinion of Chinese food?
• American food?
• British food?
• India food?
• Greek food?
• What kind of beverages do you usually drink?
• What kind of desserts do you like to eat?
• What kind of food do like to eat when you are angry?
• What kind of food do you eat between meals?
• What kind of food do you like the most?
• What kind of food do you like to eat?
• What kind of food does your mother make?
• What kind of food that you think is the least healthy?
• What kind of food that you think is the most healthy?
• What kind of food you usually eat?
• What kind of fruit do you like the best?
• What kind of restaurants you like?
• What kind of vegetables do you like?
• What kinds of food do you usually eat for lunch?
• What restaurant in this city do you recommend?
• Why is it a good place?
• About how much does a meal cost?
• What special foods do you eat on holidays? (Christmas, New Year's Day, etc.)
• What time do you usually eat breakfast? How about lunch and supper?
• What vegetable do you like best?
• What's the best restaurant you've ever been to?
• What's the best restaurant you've ever been to? Why did you like it?
• What's the strangest food you've ever eaten?
• What's your favorite dessert?
• What's your favorite drink in the summer?
• What's your favorite fish?
• What's your favorite food?
• What's your favorite fruit?
• What's your favorite junk food?
• What's your favorite kind of ethnic food?
• What's your favorite kind of food?
• What's your favorite kind of meat?
• What's your favorite restaurant? Why do you like it?
• What's your favorite snack?
• When was the last time you ate at a restaurant?
• When was the last time you ate dinner with your mother?
• Where do you usually eat dinner?
• Breakfast?
• Lunch?
• Dinner?
• Which country's food do you like the most?
• Which do you eat more often, rice, bread or potatoes?
• Which fast food restaurants do like?
• Which fast food restaurants do you eat at the most often?
• Who do you usually eat dinner with?
• Why are diets usually short?
• Why can't people stop eating?
• Why do you think obesity is becoming such a problem in the United States and
throughout the world?
• What do Chinese people eat for lunch?(Substitute the nationality of your students.)
• Do you know the nutritional value of the things you eat every day?
• Do you believe that "we are what we eat?"
• How many meals a day do you think should be eaten?
• Do you usually eat at home or eat at a restaurant?
• Can you name a spice or flavoring that is good for your health?
• If you were on death row, what would you request for your last meal?
• Do you pray before each meal?
• Have you ever eaten something that made you ill?
• How many calories are in one hamburger?
• If you don't know, can you make a guess? Is it more or less than an ice-cream
cone?
• Have you ever had pot-luck?
• Have you ever tasted African food?
• Does your family have any special recipes that are passed down from generation to
generation?
• What would you bring to a pot-luck lunch?
• Do you like brunch?
• How much should you tip the server in a restaurant?
• What type of restaurants would you not tip in?
• Have you ever found something disgusting in your food?
• Have you ever sent food back in a restaurant?
• Have you ever left a restaurant without paying ("dined and dashed")?
• Do you like trying new foods?
• What new foods have you tried this month?
• What is the strangest food you have ever tried?
• Do you have any food allergies?
• Which food from this country do you like the least?
• What do you think about super-sizing?
• Should fast food restaurants serve healthier food?
• Are food portions too big for our health?
• What food would you like to see in a restaurant in this country?
• Do you think it is good to count calories when you are eating?
• Which food is overpriced?
• What differences do you notice in the preparation of American/British/Australian and
Chinese/Japanese/Korean foods?
• Do the utensils we use to eat affect the kind or way we prepare the foods we eat?
• Do you think that food defines a culture? If so, how?
• Do you notice any differences in the way food is served at the table when you travel?
• Do you enjoy eating intestines? (Substitute in other foods that students are not likely
to enjoy.)
• How does the etiquette of eating together in your country differ from other countries?
• Are there any foods that bring back special memories for you? What are they?
• What can you do when a fishbone is caught in your throat?
• If you were invited to a fancy dinner with the president or a celebrity, what would
you do to prepare?
• Name a spice or flavoring that is good for your health?
• What to do when you cut your finger preparing food?
• Have you ever thought food was your only friend?
• What types of foods do Japanese people eat?
• What types of foods do Chinese people eat?
• How often do you have unhealthy food?
• When you are alone do you always cook a meal.
Pizza
• Do you like pizza?
• What is your favorite pizza topping?
• How often do you eat pizza at a restaurant?
• How often do you order pizza to your home?
• Are there pizzerias near your home that deliver pizzas?
• What do you like to drink with your pizza?
• Do you know how to make a pizza?
• Do you know who invented the pizza?
• Why is pizza popular?
• Have you ever called for pizza delivery?
• How do you make pizza at home?
Clothes & Fashion
• About how much money do you spend on clothes a year?

• Do you like shopping for new clothes?
• Do you often buy new clothes?
• Do you prefer to go shopping or just browse? Why?
• Do you think men should be allowed to wear skirts?
• What piece of clothing do you spend your money on the most? Why?
• Do you read fashion magazines?
• Do you sometimes wear a hat?
• Do you think it is important to wear fashionable clothes?
• Do you think it is important to be in fashion?
• Do you wear jewelry?
• If so, what kind of jewelry do you wear?
• How often do you wear jewelry?
• What is your most valuable piece of jewelry?
• Do you wear the same color clothes now that you wore ten years ago?
• Do you wear the same size clothes this year as you wore last year?
• Do you think people feel different when they wear different clothes?
• Have you ever made your own clothes?
• If so, what did you make?
• Do you often make your own clothes?
• How many pairs of gloves do you have?
• What are some of the strangest fashions you have seen?
• What colors do you think look good on you?
• What colors do you think look good on your mother?
• What did you wear yesterday?
• What do you think of body piercing?
• Do you have pierced ears?
• Do you know anyone with a pierced nose?
• Would you ever pierce your tongue?
• What do you think of people who dye their hair green?
• What do you think of women who wear high heel shoes?
• Do you think high heel shoes are bad for a person's health?
• What fashions that you see today do you think will be out of fashion within two years?
• What is your shoe size?
• What kind of clothes are in fashion now?
• What kind of clothes do you usually wear?
• What's the most expensive piece of clothing you have ever bought?
• What's your favorite color for shoes?
• When was the last time you got dressed up?
• Why?
• How often do you get dressed up?
• Do you like to get dressed up?
• Where are some good stores to buy clothes in this area?
• Where do you usually buy clothes?
• Would you like to be a fashion model?
Eurobarometer: • Latin name for Europe, and it is
also the name of the European
Eurocrat: Union's official website
• the new limit on the prices mobile
Euroland: operators can charge for mobile
calls made or received while
EUROPA: abroad in an EU country.
• It measures and analyses trends in
European integration: public opinion in all the member
states and in the candidate
Europe Day, 9 May: countries.
• the name of the EU's plan for
Europe 2020: creating job and growth in the
years
Eurosceptic: • a person who is opposed to
Eurotariffs: European integration
• Any system of government where
Federalism (federation):
several states form a unity and yet
remain independent in their
internal affairs.
• ’the euro area‘ – also often
referred to as 'the euro zone'.
• building unity between European
countries and peoples
• refers to the many thousands of EU
citizens who work for the
European institutions
• It's when Robert Schuman (then
French Foreign Minister) made his
famous speech proposing European
integration as the way to secure
peace and build prosperity in post-
war Europe.

Financial perspective: • bringing national laws into line
with one another, in order to
Flexicurity: remove national barriers that
obstruct the free movement of
Fortress Europe: workers, goods, services and
capital
Founding fathers: • A model in wich there is a
combination of easy hiring and
Four freedoms: firing and high benefits and
training for the unemployed
Free trade area: • (1) people, (2) goods, (3) services
and (4) money can all move around
Harmonisation: freely
• a group of countries that have
removed barriers to trade between
them
• an attitude that wants to defend
Europe from outside influences,
especially cultural influences.
• a spending plan that states the
maximum amount the EU can
spend, and what it can spend it on.
• People like Jean Monnet and
Robert Schuman who dreamed of
uniting the peoples of Europe in
lasting peace and friendship.
1) Knowing what the general public thinks is important in helping the European Commission draft
its legislative proposals, take decisions and evaluate its work. That's why the _______ uses both
opinion polls and focus groups.
2) Within the European Union it means that countries pool their resources and take many decisions
jointly to achieve _________
3) The European Union is not a ______ but a unique form of union in which the member states
remain independent and sovereign nations while pooling their sovereignty in many areas of
common interest.
4) In a world of rising costs, the purpose of the ________ is to keep EU expenditure under control.
5) The European Union is a _______, because it is built on a process of economic and political
integration, with joint decision-taking in many policy areas.
Competition
Effective competition to provide goods and services cuts prices, raises quality and expands
customer choice. Competition allows technological innovation to flourish. The European
Commission has wide powers to make sure businesses and governments stick to EU rules on fair
competition. But in applying these rules, it can take account of the interests of innovation, unified
standards, or small business development.
It is illegal under EU rules for businesses to fix prices or carve up markets between them.
Companies with a dominant position in a particular market may not abuse that power to squeeze out
competitors. Big companies may not merge if that would put them in a position to control the
market, though in practice this rule only prevents a small numbers of mergers going ahead.
Larger companies planning to merge need approval from the European Commission – irrespective
of where they are headquartered: the criterion is the amount of business they do within the EU.
The Commission may agree to a company having a monopoly in special circumstances – for
example where costly infrastructure is involved (‘natural monopolies’) or where it is important to
guarantee a public service. However, monopoly companies must be able to demonstrate that they
treat other companies fairly. Natural monopolies must make their infrastructure available to all
users. Profits from providing a public service may not be used to subsidise commercial operations,
and thus potentially undercut competitors on price.
Why is competition good?

Why is it important to have fair competition?
Can big companies always merge?
Is a monopoly possible? When?
The large may not exploit the small

In doing business with smaller firms, large firms may not use their bargaining power to impose
conditions which would make it difficult for their supplier or customer to do business with the large
firm’s competitors. The Commission can (and does) fine companies for all these practices.
Its investigations into anti-competitive practices are not restricted to goods. They also cover the
liberal professions and services, including financial services, such as retail banking and credit cards.
In addition, the Commission monitors closely how much assistance EU governments make
available to business (‘state aid’). This aid can take many forms – loans and grants, tax breaks,
goods and services provided at preferential rates, or government guarantees which enhance the
credit rating of a company compared to its competitors. No state aid in any form is allowed to an
ailing business that has no hope of ever becoming economically viable.
What does the commission do agaisnt large firms that impose unfair conditions?
What is state aid?
Is state aid allowed to ailing businesses? Why?
Exceptions that prove the rule

Some exceptions to the general rules are possible. The Commission can allow companies to
cooperate in developing a single technical standard for the market as a whole. It can allow smaller
companies to cooperate if this strengthens their ability to compete with larger ones. State aid will
get a green light if there is a real chance that a business in difficulty – or a new venture – can
eventually become profitable and if it is in the interests of the Union (e.g. by preserving or creating
jobs).
The overriding considerations are whether consumers will benefit or other businesses be harmed.
Aid for research and innovation, regional development or small and medium-sized enterprises is
often allowable because these serve overall EU goals.
Are smaller companies allowed to cooperate? Why?
When is state aid most allowable?

The benefits in practice
One of the European Commission's highest profile competition cases has involved the US computer
giant, Microsoft. The Commission fined Microsoft for its practice of bundling various types of
software together in a single package. It decided that Microsoft had been unfair to consumers by
depriving them of choice, keeping prices artificially high and stifling innovation in the software
industry.
Intervention by the Commission has also resulted in cheaper cars for many people. The
Commission’s efforts to bring greater transparency in pricing have meant that differences in pre-tax
prices across the EU have narrowed considerably. Country-to-country price differences remain,
because tax systems vary, but they have narrowed markedly.
It is also thanks to the Commission that the way cars are sold and serviced now offers consumers
more options. Multi-brand car dealerships are now possible, car dealers can operate in more than
one EU country, and it is no longer necessary to be an authorised dealer to sell parts and carry out
recognised repairs.
The Commission's extensive powers to investigate and halt violations of EU competition rules are
subject to judicial review by the European Court of Justice. Companies and EU governments
regularly lodge and sometimes succeed in appeals against Commission decisions.
Why did the Commission fine Microsoft?

In what other areas did the Commission intervene?
Is it necessary to be an authorised dealer to sell parts and carry out recognised repairs?
Simple Past/ Present review
Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).t perfec
Simple Past Present Perfect Simple

I / open
he / write
they / do
you / swim
she / give
Use
When do we use which tense?
1. 'Already' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple

2. 'Just' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
3. '2 years ago' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
4. 'Yet' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
5. 'Yesterday' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. Mary (win) the lottery last year.

2. We (prepare / already) dinner.
3. James (find) your ring in the garden yesterday.
4. He (come / just) home.
5. They (buy) their car two years ago.
Negative Sentences
1. I (see / not) anyone yet.

2. Phil (go / not) to the cinema last night.
3. We (be / not) to the zoo so far.
4. She (arrive / not) yet.
5. Emily (visit / not) me last week.
Questions
1. (you / read) the book yet?

2. How many letters (they / write) so far?
3. When (he / tell) you that?
4. (you / be) at home last night?
5. How often (you / travel) abroad till now?
Text
1. A: (you / taste / ever) sushi?

2. B: Yes, I (eat) sushi at least five times so far.
3. A: When (you / eat) sushi for the first time?
4. B: I (eat) sushi for the first time on my dad's 50th birthday. He (invite) the whole family to a
Japanese restaurant.
5. A: (you / like) it?
6. B: Absolutely. In fact, it (be) so good that we (be) to that restaurant three times yet. And on my
mum's birthday, we(order) some sushi and (have) it at home.
Review - Form
Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).

she / live
I / look
you / buy
he / see
they / take
Use
1. 'How often so far' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
2. '... ago' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
3. 'Until now' is an signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
4. 'Yesterday', 'last week' und 'in 2006' are signal words for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
5. 'Just', 'already', 'yet' are signal words for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences
1. William (tidy / already) up his room.

2. Caroline (miss) the schoolbus yesterday.
3. I (finish / just) my homework.
4. I cannot go out tonight. My grandparents (come) to see us.
5. In 2004, the Olympic Summer Games (take) place in Athens.
Negative Sentences
1. We (watch / not) TV last night.

2. Joanna (read / not) the book yet.
3. Collin (not / go) on holiday last year.
4. I (have / not) any problems so far.
5. They (learn / not) the new words yet.
Questions
1. (they / be / ever) to New York?

2. (you / see) Catherine a minute ago?
3. What time (you / get) up today?
4. (he / hear) the news yet?
5. How often (you / play) that game up to now?
Text
1. A: I (see / not) you for a long time. Where (you / be) ?

2. B: I (come / just) back from Canada.
3. A: Oh really? What (you / do) in Canada?
4. B: I (take) a nature tour.
5. A: Wow! (you / see) many wild animals there?
6. B: Of course. I (watch) bears, wolves and whales in the wild. That (be) so interesting. (you /
spend / ever) a holiday in Canada?
7. A: Yes, I (travel) around Canada twice so far.
8. B: When (you / go) there?
9. A: The first time I (go) there (be) in 1997 and the second time in 2004.
10.B: (you / enjoy) it?
11.A: I absolutely (love) it, especially the west coast.
Review - Form
Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).

he / listen
they / speak
I / watch
she / grow
you / fall
Use
1. To talk about an action in the past (without any consequences in the present), we use ... Simple
PastPresent Perfect Simple
2. To emphasise a past action's consequence in the present, we use ... Simple PastPresent Perfect
Simple
3. 'so far' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
4. '5 minutes ago' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
5. 'recently' is a signal word for ... Simple PastPresent Perfect Simple
Positive Sentences
1. He (leave / just) his house.

2. We (build) a tree house last week.
3. Two years ago, Fiona (break) her leg.
4. I (wash / already) the dishes.
5. The other day, our cat (bring) home a mouse.
Negative Sentences
1. We (empty / not) the bin last week.

2. She (be / not) there an hour ago.
3. He (lose / not) any game so far.
4. My brother (pick / not) me up at 8 o'clock.
5. I (make / not) up my mind yet.
Questions
1. (you / see) Bob recently?

2. Who (switch) off the lights a minute ago?
3. When (she / become) a teacher?
4. (you / ride / ever) an elephant?
5. (you / hurt) your knee when you were playing football?
Text
1. Last week I (be) very busy and I (have not) the time to do a lot in the household.
2. On Monday I (work) three hours overtime and (come) home very late in the evening.
3. From Tuesday to Thursday I (be) on a business trip.
4. On Friday I (go) to a friend's birthday party and at the weekend I (visit) my grandparents.
5. Tomorrow some friends are coming over. I (see / not) them for ages and they (be / never) at my
place before.
6. I (clean / just) my house so I can show them around. Now everything is perfect.
Use the correct tense

Mother: I want to prepare dinner. (you / wash) the dishes yet?
Daughter: I (wash) the dishes yesterday, but I (have / not) the time yet to do it today.
Mother: (you / do / already) your homework?
Daughter: No, I (come / just) home from school.
Mother: You (come) home from school two hours ago!
Daughter: Well, but my friend Lucy (call) when I (arrive) and I (finish / just) the phone call.
Mother: (you / see / not) Lucy at school in the morning?
Daughter: Yes, but we (have / not) time to talk then.
Lisa and Holly / never / cycle / around England
Barry / never / drive / a Ferrari
Clare / never / meet / Mickey Mouse
Tamara / talk to / her best friend
Bridgette / draw / a picture
Carol / read / a computer magazine
Tell / Say
We use 'say' and 'tell' in both Direct and indirect speech

DIRECT SPEECH: I said: "I'm hungry." / I told him: "I'm hungry."
INDIRECT SPEECH: I said that I was hungry / I told him that I was hungry.
We cannot use 'say' or 'tell' with indirect questions.

Jim asked (me) if I wanted to play football.
NOT: Jim told/said me if I wanted to play football.
Using objects
With 'tell', we say who is told.
He told me that he liked playing tennis.
NOT: He said me that he liked playing tennis.
NOT: He told that he liked playing tennis.
With 'say', if we want to use a personal object, we use to.

He said to them that he would be late.
With other objects, we don't usually use 'tell'.

He said a strange thing.
NOT: He told a strange thing.
Orders and instructions
We can use 'tell' + object + infinitive to give orders and instructions.
I told my son to stop shouting.
She told me to shut up.
say or tell? - Choose the correct answer.

1) Can you say tell me the way to the station,
please?
2) He didn't say tell a word.
3) She said told her name was Sue.
4) Let me say tell you something about my hobbies.
5) Forget everything I just said told .
6) Why didn't you say tell him that before?
7) Why didn't you say tell that before?
8) They said told nothing to me.
9) You don't need to say tell us that.
10) What did Eric say tell when he saw the new bike
TELL Expressions
EXPRESSION SENTENCE
THE TRUTH, A LIE He always tells the truth / a lie.
RECOUNT He tells me jokes / stories / anecdotes.
PLANS, FACTS, DETAILS He told me his plans.
TIME, DATE, YEAR,
Could you tell me the time.
HOUR
THE DIFFERENCE Can you tell the difference between black and navy blue?
TELL / SPILL SECRETS Do tell!
SCOLD She told him off after he missed their date.
She told on me after I took an extra cookie. I was in trouble with
INFORM, TATTLE
Mom.
SAY Expressions
EXPRESSION SENTENCE
INDICATE OR SHOW What time does the clock say ?
ATTENTION GETTER Say, can you help me?
TO SAY PRAYERS Say your prayers and go to bed.
TO ASSUME A
Let's say , for the sake of argument, that the "earth is flat".
HYPOTHESES
TO BE CERTAIN It's hard to say exactly what is wrong.
A SOCIAL MESSAGE Finally, we have a leader with something to say.
FINAL AUTHORITY Who has the say-so here? (person with decision-making authority)
Make / Do
MAKE DO
Make means to create or arrange something Do means to perform or execute a job or plan.
Make a cake. (create something) Do something! (move, act, perform)
He is making a new dish (recipe). (prepare
He is doing the dishes. (wash)
something)
He is doing the accounts. (performing the
She is making a bed. (arrange something)
accounting job)
MAKE — Additional Meanings

VARIANT MEANING EXAMPLES
ERROR (idiom) I made a mistake.
GIVE V. He made a good speech.
PREPARE v. She made dinner.
ARRANGE, PUT TOGETHER
He is making travel plans (an itinerary).
v.
EARN v. I'm trying to make a living.
BE LOGICAL (idiom) That doesn't make sense.
DO GOOD DEEDS (idiom) He wants to make a difference.
MOVE FORWARD, IMPROVE
I'm making progress.
(idiom)
TELL, GIVE, THINK UP
He made an excuse for being late.
(idiom)
DECIDE, FINALIZE (idiom) Make up your mind!
IMPRESS
He made an impression on us.
FAVORABLLY (idiom)
RECONCILED, GET BACK
Bill and his brother made up.
TOGETHER (idiom)
MANAGE, GET BY (idiom) We'll have to make do until Friday.
APPLY COSMETICS (idiom) She is making up her face.
SELECT WELL (idiom) Did you make a good choice.
SUCCEED (idiom) We made out well in the stock market.
COMPLETE LATE (idiom) I made up missing assignments.
STEAL (idiom) The burglar made off with my television.
DO — Additional Meanings
VARIANT MEANING EXAMPLES
GREETING (idiom) How do you do?
OCCUPATION v. What do you do?
GREETING (idiom) How are you doing?
TRIES (idiom) He always does his best. (tries)
STYLE v. Are you going to do your hair?
MANAGE, SURVIVE,
Can you do without cigarettes.
GET BY (idiom)
PERFORM CHARITABLE
Do a good turn each day.
WORK (idiom)
REPEAT(idiom) I had to do it all over.
DINE, EAT Let's do lunch sometime?
Make and Do - Causative

MAKE DO
CAUSATIVE – To force someone or something to do CAUSATIVE – To cause something to
something happen
He made the children clean their rooms. He did me a favor.
She made me laugh with her joke. She did me wrong!
We made them try. It will do you no wrong. (cause)
They made him die. They did him in. (injure, cheat or swindle)
Make or Do?
1) to do make a journey
2) to do make the shopping
3) to do make the beds
4) to do make fun of someone
5) to do make an exercise
6) to do make one's best
7) to do make a speech
8) to do make a good job
9) to do make a mistake
10) to do make the homework
Choose between
doing -make -do -made -did -making
I'm an engineer. What do you ______ ?

I'll be late back. I'm going to ______ the shopping.
I just cannot find the time to ______ the accounts.
I'm way behind with my work.
I'd like you to ______ more of an effort.
I'm going to night school. I really want to ______
something of myself.
Do you like this skirt? I ______ it myself.
I didn't win the competition but I ______ my best.
I'm ______ enquiries about flights to Miami.
I know you want to help but you are ______ more
harm than good.
Could you ______ me a favour?
I was really frightened. He was ______ more than
200 kpm. That's about 125 mph!
I don't promise anything but I'll ______ my best.
Is there anywhere I could ______ a phone call?
Don't tell them about it. It's not worth ______ a
fuss.
I don't see how we can ______ a profit in this
market.
I've ______ all the necessary arrangements.
Someone has to ______ a decision.
What shall we ______ now?
I don't usually go to parties but in this case I will
______ an exception.
Could you ______ me a favour?
INTRODUCTORY QUESTION: How can a company maximize sales?
If you buy an iPod will you buy an iPhone or an iPad?

Will you buy an iMac computer?
Reading 1 -
Apple is a globally recognized brand, and highly successful, but in the 1990s it was
nearly bankrupt.
Steve Jobs founded the company in a garage in 1976 and then Apple left in 1985
and the company went into trouble.
Jobs returned and he reorganized Apple, energized the workers, and in 1998
launched the iMac computer. This was followed in 2001 by the iPod music player. It
was a huge success.
Apple had sold more than 220 million iPods by 2009.
Next came the iPhone with its touch screen and Apps. Apple sold more than 33
million iPhones in 2009.
Steve Jobs knew that the way to make profit was to invest in new products, and not
cut costs. Apple spends a lot of its revenue on developing new innovative and cool
products and then exploiting the concepts.
To exploit the iPod the company set up iTunes, an on-line music download store that
dominates the music industry.
In addition the success of the iPod has made an impression on Apple’s computer
sales.
This is called the “halo effect”. The success of one product has an effect on the
sales of other products in the company. 20% of PC users who have an iPod will buy
other Apple products such as the iPad and Apple TV.
1. When was Apple founded?

2. What three things did Steve Jobs do when he came back to Apple?
3. How many iPods have been sold by 2009?
4. What is the ‘halo effect’?
5. What percentage of people who use an iPod will buy an iMac computer?
MAKE or DO
There is very little difference in meaning between the verbs make and do.
Unfortunately we either use make or do in expressions and if you use the wrong one
by mistake, it does not change the meaning but sounds strange.
EXERCISE: Place the expressions either in the MAKE or DO box.

Friends - enemies - contact - a decision - an appointment - nothing - deal - business -
damage - offer - an impression - a profit - loss - a mistake - phone call - research
MAKE DO
EXERCISE 3: Choose the correct word for the gaps.
1. You have to ___an appointment.

2. The iPhone ____a good impression at the conference last week.
3. Let’s ___a deal and then we can all some profit.
4. I ____a serious mistake yesterday, but they nothing to stop me.
5. Please wait a minute; I need to _____a phone call.
Words to Describe Movement and Trends
Exercise: Put these words into the correct category below
Role-Play 1:
PREDICTED MP3 MUSIC SALES TO 2013

With a partner use the vocabulary of MOVEMENT to describe the predicted
sales in these graphs.
Shrink - boom - soar - shoot up - recover - rocket - slump - plummet - bomb - plunge
Rise quickly Surge

Go down quickly drop
Go down and then up rebound
No change
At the top plateau
At the bottom peak
hit rock bottom
What do you know about the history of Apple?
Exercise: Read the article and read fill the gaps with word(s) from the vocabulary of
Movement and Trends exercise above and put into the correct tense.
More than one answer is possible
Reading 2 - The Highs and Lows of company performance
1976: Jobs and Wozniak found Apple

Apple Computer Company was started in a garage by Steve Jobs and Stephen
Wozniak, who wanted to exploit the ___in computer use.
1980: Apple goes Public
Apple had a valuation of $1.8 billion. More than 40 of Apple’s employees became
instant millionaires thanks to the___ of their shares.
1983: The Lisa Is introduced
The Lisa is the world’s first computer with a mouse, but sales ___-due to high
cost, slow speed, and incompatibility.
1985: Steve Jobs resigns from Apple
After losing a boardroom battle Steve Jobs resigned from Apple.
The company ____.
1992: Microsoft releases Windows 3.1
The situation get worse when Microsoft introduces Windows 3.1 and Apple’s market
begins to ____. They are heading for bankruptcy
1997: Jobs returns and Jonathan Ive joins the company
Jobs becomes chairman. Jonathan Ive joined Apple and he is the creative force
behind the iMac, a product that ____Apple.
2001: First iPod is launched
Nobody realized it at the time, but the iPod transformed Apple, and the entire music
industry. Apple share price _____.
2003: iTunes Music Store opens
Apple opened the iTunes Music Store with over 200,000 tracks available for 99 cents
each. The company is on the____ again.
2007: iPhone launch announced
Apple is set to launch its version of the mobile phone called the iPhone. The world is
waiting with a lot of excitement.
CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT: BRITISH STYLE GREETINGS
In the UK, when you meet a business contact for the first time, it is normal to greet
them with the phrase “How do you do?”
The response is “How do you do?”
We also shake hands, both men and women, and do not kiss, hug, or bow
SPEAKING PRACTICE: Explain how your nationality greets a business contact,

and how you would react if somebody tried to kiss or hug you.
Do you know any other national forms of greeting?
Reading 3 -
Steve Jobs saved Apple from bankruptcy and made it into one of the world’s biggest
brands.
His business philosophy and the way he communicates it is very important to the
success of Apple.
Here are some of his ideas about innovation.
• It's not about how much money you spend; it's about the people you have. The
team must be motivated
• Great innovation is all about saying no to 1,000 things to make sure we don't try
to do too much. You have to concentrate on the "really important" creations.
• Design is not just what it looks like and what it feels like. Design is how well it
works.
When he returned to Apple in 1996 he told the innovation team that the company
products were bad, that they were not sexy.
He decided that the way to save Apple was to innovate, not to cut costs.
Jobs said that the computer mouse, the iPod and the iPhone are all great Apple
innovations and their influence on our lives is incredible.
But you must remember, innovation is not as important as exploiting the innovation.
With the iPod you need iTunes and with the iPhone you need Apps to really make a
difference.
1. What does Jobs say about money and people?

2. What is great innovation all about?
3. What does Jobs say about design?
4. What did Jobs tell the innovation team when he returned to Apple?
5. What is more important than innovations?
ROLE-PLAY:
Steve Jobs philosophy on Innovation
Steve Jobs is the Chairman of Apple. He is the man
who saved the company from bankruptcy and made it
into one of the biggest brands in the world.
THE MEETING: Management board talk about the company direction: music,
TV or computers. Divide into groups for role-play
COMPUTER TEAM: You think that APPLE is a computer company. Prepare a
presentation on why APPLE should make computers the priority product.
MUSIC TEAM: You think that the real growth market is in i-Tunes. Prepare a
presentation on why APPLE should concentrate on music.
TV TEAM: You think that the future is TV. Prepare a presentation on why
APPLE should concentrate on TV.
Speaking and writing topics
Body Language
• Why do you think body language is important?

• How do you use body language in your daily life?
• How does body language help you to communicate?
• How does your native culture use body language? What kind of body language do you use at
school? What are some examples of body language that boys use? Women? Boys? Girls?
Children?
• What actions are threatening?
• What actions are friendly?
• What actions are not allowed?
• What "new" body language have you seen since coming to your new country? did those
actions confuse you?
• How does eye contact differ from your native country to your new one?
• How can you misinterpret someone's body language?
• Do you try to use body language when you communicate in English?
Home
• Can you describe each room of your house?

• What does the outside of your house look like?
• Where do you park your car at your house
• Do you like the place where you are living? Why or why not?
• What is your favorite room in your house? Why?
• How are homes different in your home country and in this country?
• How have you changed your home since you've started living there?
• How long have you lived where you are living now?
• How many different homes have you lived in?
• Which one did you like the best? Why?
• Which one did you like the least? Why?
• How many rooms are there in your house?
• How much is your rent? (Some people may not consider this to be a polite question.)
• If you could change anything about your present home, what would it be?
• Is your home in a convenient location?
• What changes would you like to make to your home?
• What do you like about your home? What don't you like?
• What do you think is the worst color for a living room?
• What is in your bedroom?
• What things in your home couldn't you live without?
• What things in your house could you easily live without?
• Where would your dream home be?
• What would it be like inside and out?
• Which room do you spend the least time in?
• Which room do you spend the most time in?
• Who are your neighbors?
• Do you get along well with your neighbors?
• How well do you know them?
• What have you done with your neighbors?
• Who lives with you? / Who do you live with?
• Would you prefer to live in a house or an apartment? Why?
• Is every house a home?
• What makes 'a house' into 'a home'?
• Have you ever been homesick?have you changed anything in your house recently? If so,
what was that?
• What would you like to change in your house?
• What is the color of your front door?
• What kind of housing would you prefer?
• What is your dream house?
• Do you like to keep pets in your home?
• Are there any parks near your home?
• What strange materials do you know of that have been used to make houses?
• Could you build a house for yourself? How would you do it? (you cannot have a builder
help you)
• How could you live without electricity? Could you make your own electricity? How?
• How can houses be made more environmentally friendly?
• Describe how you go about buying a house in your country. Can you borrow money from a
bank? Is it easy to buy and sell houses?
• What would be important to consider when designing a city? Was your city planned?
Describe a perfect city
• Draw/describe your dream house (money is no problem) where, materials, design, interior,
landscaping etc
• Imagine you have arrived in a country where they don't speak your language. You have no
money or friends there. What would you do for accommodation?
• Give some reasons why people become homeless.
• What problems do home owners have? What can they do about them?
• Is it better to rent or buy? Give reasons for your answer.
• What do you think houses in the future will be like?
• How important is security? How do you make a house secure?
• Make a list of the 10 most important things you would look for when choosing a house to
live in.
• Some people say houses are too much like boxes or cages. Do you agree or disagree? Why?
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of a home stay?
• List alternatives to a house or apartment. (e.g. igloo)
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of these alternatives? Which alternative
would you prefer to live in?
• Which are the advantages and disadvantages of living in a small house/flat/apartment? And
living in a big one?
• Do you have a nice garden at your home? Do you plant flowers and trees in your garden? Do
you help your mother/father to water those plants/flowers?
• Do you raise fish in your home? If so, what type of fish?
• Which do you like better, a home with a nice garden or a home without one?
• Do you have a mini swimming pool in your home?
• A basket ball court
• A ping pong table?
• Do you help to mow the lawn in your garden?
Rendezvous clause: • the way EU countries work
together on economic policy, a
Schengen land procedure that takes about six
Semester: months.
• discussion, negotiation and joint
Social dialogue: action between the European social
partners and discussions between
Social partners: these social partners and the EU
institutions.
• Employers and workers.
represented by three main
organisations
• when EU leaders are discussing an
important legal document and their
decision is made official by putting
it in writing and including it as a
clause in the legal text they are
discussing.
• a territory without internal borders

• It describe cooperation between
Stakeholder: businesses or organisations based
in more than one EU country.
Strasbourg: • French city located close to the
border with Germany where the
Subsidiarity: plenary sessions of the European
Parliament are held.
Summit: • a non-EU country
• It means openness in the way the
Supranational: EU institutions work.
• It means that the Union does not
Third country: take action (except on matters for
which it alone is responsible)
Transnational: unless EU action is more effective
than action taken at national,
Transparency: regional or local level.
• at a level above national
Unanimity:
governments
• Meetings of the European Council
• Unanimous agreement
• Any person or organisation with an

interest in or affected by EU
legislation and policymaking
Read the text and answer the questions below each paragraph
Public Health
Health is a priority for Europeans, and therefore for the European Union. We expect to be protected
against illness and disease. We want to bring up our children in a healthy environment. We are
entitled to a safe and hygienic workplace. When travelling within the European Union, we need
access to reliable and high-quality health advice and assistance.
Each EU country is free to decide on the health policies best suited to national circumstances and
traditions, but they all share common values. These include the right of everyone to the same high
standards of public health and equity in access to quality health care. So it makes sense to work
together on common challenges, ranging from ageing populations to obesity. The EU is also
committed to taking the implications for health into account in all its policies.
Moreover, diseases know no borders, particularly in a globalised world where many of us travel
widely. Joint action adds value when facing potential threats such as influenza epidemics or
bioterrorism. It is also equally logical that the EU has common standards on safe food and nutrition
labelling, the safety of medical equipment, blood products and organs, and the quality of air and
water.
How important is public health for the EU?

How does each EU country decide on the health policies ?
Why is joint action better?
Tackling the challenges jointly

To meet the common challenges, the EU is spending more than €50m annually on activities to
improve our health security, to promote good health – including reducing inequalities, and to
provide more information and knowledge on health. The money goes on a wide range of issues,
including planning for health emergencies, patient safety and reducing injuries and accidents.
There is also funding to promote better nutrition and safe consumption of alcohol, healthy lifestyles
and healthy ageing, to combat consumption of tobacco and drugs, to prevent major diseases
including HIV/Aids and tuberculosis, and to exchange knowledge in areas such as gender issues,
children’s health and rare diseases.
Activities to combat drug use can draw on the expertise of the European Monitoring Centre for
Drugs and Drug Addiction in Lisbon. This provides the EU and its member states with objective,
reliable and comparable information on drugs and drug addiction.
How much money is the EU spending annually on health security?

How is this money invested?
What does the EU do about drug addiction?
Disease prevention and control
When a pandemic threatens, the EU draws up a coordinated response plan as it has done, for
example, for avian influenza. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
headquartered in Stockholm pools and shares knowledge on current and emerging threats, and
works with its national counterparts to develop Europe-wide disease surveillance and early warning
systems. By having a central agency, the EU can respond quickly to threats. That can make the
difference between a minor outbreak and a serious epidemic.
Improving our environment improves our health

Environmental factors, largely pollution, cause between one quarter and one third of illness and
disease in industrial countries. Children are particularly vulnerable. A strategy within the European
Commission’s Environment and Health Action Plan is tackling the links between environmental
factors and conditions such as asthma, allergies, respiratory diseases, cancer, and neuro-
developmental disorders, such as autism and speech problems.
Improving health through research

In addition, the EU is spending €6 billion on health research between 2007 and 2013 under the
Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7). The money
funds research into improvements in our health and at the same time boosts the competitiveness and
innovative capacity of Europe’s health-related industries and businesses.
The emphasis is on translating basic discoveries into clinical applications, developing and
validating new therapies, health promotion and prevention strategies, better diagnostic tools and
medical technologies, and sustainable and efficient healthcare systems. Priority diseases include
cancer, and cardiovascular, infectious, mental and neurological diseases, in particular those linked
with ageing.
Access to medical treatment everywhere

Being able to travel freely, or to live and work anywhere in the EU only makes sense if EU citizens
can be sure of obtaining health care wherever they go. The European health insurance card makes it
easier for holidaymakers and business travellers to claim their right to health care if they fall ill
while in another member state – and in some other European countries as well. In addition, EU
citizens are also entitled in certain circumstances to obtain treatment in any EU country of their
choosing even when they are not on holiday.
Where is located the The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control?
What does the EU do about asthma?
How does the EU improve health through research?
Do EU citizens have a right to health care in other member state?

Present Perfect progressive review
1) Max _______________this comic book. (not/to read)

2) How long ________________French? (they/to learn)
3) I _________________for two months now. (not/to drive)
4) __________________-the whole morning? (she/to walk)
5) Who ________________in the garden? (to dig)
6) It ________________much in this area. (not/to rain)
7) How long _____________this earring? (you/to wear)
8) Marie ______________in her diary. (not/to write)
9) _______________matchstick figures the whole lesson? (he/to draw)
10) What ___________? (we/to do)
Past continuous review
Sentences and questions in the Past Progressive -
Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use the Past Progressive/Present
Continuous. Watch the punctuation and form sentences or questions.
Example: ____ she ______ home? (to walk)
Answer: Was she walking home?
1) She the lunch basket. (to pack)
2) I . (not/to whisper)
3) he to help? (to try)
4) The men at the street corner. (not/to fight)
5) Frank the grass. (to cut)
6) you during the last lesson? (to yawn)
7) They stickers. (to swap)
8) The guest the whole evening. (to dance)
9) We in the tree house. (not/to hide)
10) it dark? (to get)

Questions and sentences in the Past Progressive -
Put in the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Use the Past Progressive/Present
Continuous. Watch the punctuation and form sentences or questions.
Example: ____ she ______ home? (to walk)
Answer: Was she walking home?
1) She a heavy bag. (to carry)
2) they hands? (to shake)
3) I a screwdriver. (not/to use)
4) the teacher the exercises? (to explain)
5) He in the kitchen. (not/to help)
6) The people themselves. (to enjoy)
7) in the garden? (Nick/to dig)
8) He thinks you too quickly. (to drive)
9) We . (not/to hurry)
10) when someone stole your clothes? (you/not/to swim)

Relative clauses
There are two different types of relative clause:
1. A "defining" or identifying clause, which tells us which person or thing we are talking
about. This kind of clause could often be information included in brackets (...)
2. A "non-defining" or non-essential clause, which gives us more information about the
person or thing we are talking about.
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or
thing we are talking about. Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or
thing involved.
Example
• Dogs that like cats are very unusual.

In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs, but it is clear that we are only talking
about the ones that like cats.
Punctuation
• Commas are not used in defining relative clauses.
Relative pronouns
The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses:
Person Thing Place Time Reason

Subject who/that which/that
Object who/whom/that/ which/that/ where when why
Possessive whose whose

Notes:
1. The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun.
This noun usually appears earlier in the sentence:
The woman who/that spoke at the meeting was very knowledgeable.
Noun, subject of relative verb + rest of relative verb + rest of main clause
main clause pronoun clause
referring to 'the
woman',
subject of
'spoke'
2. Who, whom and which can be replaced by that. This is very common in spoken English.
3. The relative pronoun can be omitted when it is the object of the clause
The woman that the man loved was living in New York.
Noun, subject of relative verb + rest of relative verb + rest of main clause.
main clause pronoun, clause
referring to 'the
woman', object
of 'loved'
(You can usually decide whether a relative pronoun is an object because it is normally followed by
another subject + verb.)
4. Whose is used for things as well as for people.
Examples
• The man whose car was stolen.

• A tree whose leaves have fallen.
5. Whom is very formal and is only used in written English. You can use who/that, or omit the
pronoun completely :
• The doctor whom/who/that/ I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.
6. That normally follows words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all, and superlatives.
Examples
• There's something that you should know.

• It was the best film that I've ever seen.
• A clown is someone who makes you laugh.
• An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.
• The plums that were in the fridge were delicious. I have eaten them.
• Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge?
• Has anyone seen the book I was reading?
• Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag.
• Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
• They live in the house whose roof is full of holes.
WHERE TO PUT THE PREPOSTITION IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE
There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is the object of the
preposition. This means that the preposition can sometimes be omitted.
The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause:
• Is that the man (who) you arrived with?
• Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to?
In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this
case the pronoun cannot be omitted:
• The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
• It is a society to which many important people belong.
However, this is unusual in spoken English.
Examples
• The jungle the tribe lived in was full of strange and unusual animals.
• He liked the people that he lived with.
• The tree under which they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
• To the east of the city was a lake that many people went to on the weekend.
• It was the river in which the children preferred to swim.
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

The information in these clauses is not essential. It tells us more about someone or something, but
it does not help us to identify them or it.
Compare:
• Dogs that like cats are very unusual. (This tells us which dogs we are talking about).
• Gorillas, which are large and orignate in Africa, can sometimes be found in zoos. (This gives us
some extra information about gorillas - we are talking about all gorillas, not just one type or
group).
• John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. (We know who John's mother is, and
he only has one. The important information is the number of grandchildren, but the fact that she
lives in Scotland might be followed with the words "by the way" - it is additional information).
Punctuation
Non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. The
commas have a similar function to brackets:
• My friend John has just written a best-selling novel. (He went to the same school as me)
• My friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel.
Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses
Person Thing Place
Subject who which
Object who/whom which where
Possessive whose
Notes
• In non-defining clauses, you cannot use 'that' instead of who, whom or which.
• You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative
clause:
• He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.
• He gave me the letter, which I read immediately
• The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause, e.g.
• This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about.
This pattern is often used in spoken English, but in written or formal English you can also put the
preposition before the pronoun: e.g. Stratford-on-Avon, about which many people have written is
Shakespeare's birthplace.
• Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of, many of + relative pronoun:
Person Thing
all of + whom + which
any of + whom + which
(a) few of + whom + which
both of + whom + which
each of + whom + which
either of + whom + which
half of + whom + which
many of + whom + which
most of + whom + which
much of + whom + which
none of + whom + which
one of + whom + which
two of etc... + whom + which
Examples
• There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.
• He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken.
• The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause, can refer to all the
information contained in the previous part of the sentence, rather than to just one word.
• Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise. (= the fact that he did well in his
exams was a big surprise).
• A socialist and a conservative agreed on the new law, which is most unusual. (= the fact that
they agreed is unusual).
Non-defining relative clauses
1 There is a hotel doctor on call,

A
who will provide emergency medical treatment.
B
where you can sweat out the dirt from the City.
C
where you can get your hair done.
D
where you can keep fit.
E
who will help you with your paperwork.
2 There is a team of highly qualified secretaries available,

A
where you can unwind over a few drinks.
B
C
D
E
3 There is 24 hour room service,
A
where you can get seats for all the hit shows.
B
who provides a manicure service in your room.
C
which will take you to and from the airport
D
which provides an excellent selection of snacks and drinks.
E
where you can send and receive faxes.
4 There is a typical English pub,

A
B
C
D
E
where you can enjoy a pint of bitter.
5 There is a gymnasium in the basement,

A
B
C
D
E
where you can buy goods at duty free prices.
6 There is a qualified chiropodist available,
A
B
C
where you can relax over a gourmet meal.
D
which will clean your clothes overnight.
E
7 We have a ticket reservation service,

A
B
who will look after your small children whilst you go shopping.
C
D
E
8 There is a top class hairdressing salon on the ground floor,

A
B
C
D
which stays open until 4.00 a.m.
E
9 There is a typical English fish and chip restaurant,

A
where you can have cod and chips.
B
C
D
E
10 If you have a problem, contact the senior receptionist,

A
B
who will deal with it as a top priority.
C
D
E
11 There is a fax machine at the front desk,

A
B
C
D
E
12 There is a dry-cleaning service available,

A
B
C
D
E
13 Be sure to speak to our tourist guide,
A
B
C
who will tell you about interesting places to visit.
D
E
14 There is a sauna in the hotel,

A
B
C
D
E
15 There is a night club in the hotel,

A
B
C
D
E
16 There is a five-star restaurant,
A
B
C
D
E
17 There is a trained nursery nurse available,

A
B
C
D
E
18 There is a shuttle bus service,

A
B
C
which will take you to and from the airport.
D
E
19 For a late drink, come to our night-club,
A
B
C
D
E
20 For that perfect gift, come to our gift shop,

A
B
C
D
E
Reflexive Pronouns
Definition:
We use the reflexive pronouns to indicate that the person who realizes the action of the verb is the
same person who receives the action. Reflexive pronouns are identical in form to intensive
pronouns.
Subject Reflexive
I myself
You yourself
Singular He himself
She herself
It itself
We ourselves
Plural You yourselves
They themselves
For example:
• I cut my hair myself.
* In this example "I" does the action of cutting the hair and at the same time "I" gets the
action of the hair being cut.
• We defended ourselves brilliantly.
* In this example the reflexive pronoun "ourselves" refers back to the subject of the
sentence.
• John talks to himself when he is nervous.
* In this example "Himself" refers to John.
Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the
subject and an object.
For example:
• Because she was not hungry when the cake was served, Ellen saved herself a piece.
* In the independent clause, "Ellen" is the subject and "herself" is a reflexive pronoun acting
as the indirect object. This sentence is grammatically correct.
• Jhon and myself are going to the movie.
* In this sentence, "Jhon" and "myself" are the subjects. Reflexive pronouns cannot be
subjects. This sentence is grammatically incorrect.
Care must be taken to identify whether the noun is singular or plural and choose the pronoun
accordingly.
For example:
• Nor is she shy about giving herself credit for it.
• We gave ourselves a second chance to complete the course.
• Did they lock themselves out of the house again?
• Give yourselves a pat on the back for a job well done.
Note: The reflexive pronoun can also be used to give more emphasis to the subject or object
(intensive pronoun).
For example:
• I did it myself.
* I want to emphasise the fact that I did it.
Examples:
• He washed himself.
• She looked at herself in the mirror.
• Diabetics give themselves insulin shots several times a day.
• After the party, I asked myself why I had faxed invitations to everyone in my office
building.
• Richard usually remembered to send a copy of his e-mail to himself.
Exercises:
A. Fill in the gaps as appropriate.
1. Ingrid, Paul! Please behave __________.
2. The pop star __________ attended the wedding ceremony, as she had promised.
3. I sent __________ a letter, but she hasn't replied to __________ yet.
4. We send letters to __________ regularly. I get on very well with __________. She's, in fact, my
best friend.
5. We looked at __________ in amazement, but we didn't say anything.
6. Make __________ at home, John. I'll be right back.
7. We've known __________ since we were kids. We even were at school together.
8. I made a fool of __________ by saying that stupid thing.
9. "He hurt __________ when he was playing soccer.
10. When you see your sister, give my regards to __________, please.
INTRODUCTION
• Do you use low-cost airlines
• What do you know about Ryanair?
• How does it make a profit?
"We saw the opportunity for

cheap air travel and took it."
Michael O’Leary CEO of Ryan
Reading 1 – RYANAIR
The low-cost airline, Ryanair, has revolutionised the air travel industry in Europe.
The company started in 1985 flying a small airplane between Ireland and the UK and
although it was not making any money it had an ambitious chairman.
His name is Michael O'Leary and he said, “to have a successful company you need
to look for opportunities and then when you find them you must take them. Don’t be
afraid.
In 1991 he saw a great opportunity and he took it. Southwest Airlines, based in
Texas, USA, was using a 'low cost’ business model that was very successful.
Ryanair adopted this low-cost business model on its flights between London and
Dublin and the company began to make profit.
The model included:
• No first class, only economy class passengers.
• A single make of airplane, like the Boeing 737, to reduce training, servicing, and
equipment costs.
• Flying to smaller cheaper airports
• Employees with multi jobs, like flight attendants who also clean the airplanes
The deregulation of the European air industry in 1997 was another great opportunity
for Ryanair because it allowed the company to expand across Europe and compete
with the big national airlines like British Airways and Air France.
Ryanair became extremely popular with passengers because of its cheap prices and
new routes. And by 2008 it was one of the biggest airlines in the world.
How did Ryanair start?

2. Where did Ryanair find its low-cost business model?
3. What things are included in the low-cost business model?
4. What was the opportunity to expand the business across Europe?
Cultural Awareness Point: Customer Service
In the USA customer service is very important to companies. They try

hard to make customers feel special, and this improves sales and
company reputation.
• Is customer service important for companies in your country / culture?

• Do you think customer service is more important than low prices?
• What do you think is good / bad customer service?
• Have you experienced good / bad customer service?
Reading 2: - Ryanair’s Business Model
EXERCISE: Read the text and fill the gaps with a past form of the verb.
In the 1971, Rollin King and Herbert Kelleher ____(decide) to start a new airline
in the USA. Their business plan ____(be) simple. To carry passengers at the
lowest possible fares, and SouthWest Airlines ____(be) born.
The company ____(fly) passengers from Dallas to Houston in Texas, and soon it
____(make) a profit.
In 1974, it -_____(carry) over one million passengers. The company ___(grow)
quickly and in less than 20 years SouthWest Airlines____ (make) a billion dollars
in revenue. In 1994 the company ____(pioneer) ticket-less travel.
By 2000, SouthWest Airlines ____(become) the fifth largest major airline in
America and ____(be) a great success story.
In 1985, a small company called Ryanair, ____(fly) a 15-seat airplane between
Waterford in Ireland and London. In the early years it ____(not make) a
profit, but its chairman, Michael O’Leary, (be) very ambitious.
The big opportunity ____(come) when Ryanair adopted the SouthWest Airlines
business model and the European air industry ____(be) deregulated.
In 2008 Ryanair ____(be) one of the biggest airlines in the world despite the
global economic crisis and high fuel costs.
However, Ryanair has attracted criticism. This includes, poor customer service and
high levels of carbon pollution.
Speaking Practice:
Do you think air travel increases damage to the environment?
How can we avoid air travel in global business?
How about a tax on air travel, or an incentive for not going by air?
WORDS OF CONTRAST
despite / in spite of / although / though / even though / however
words are used to contrast two ideas in a statement. e.g.
• Even though Ryanair is cheap, its safety record is excellent (Position: start or
middle of a sentence)
• Although Ryanair is cheap, its safety record is excellent (start or middle of a
sentence)
• Ryanair is cheap, though its safety record is excellent (middle of a sentence)
• Ryanair is cheap, but its safety record is excellent (comma before)
• Despite Ryanair being cheap, its safety record is excellent (followed by the
gerund)
• In spite of Ryanair being cheap, its safety record is excellent (followed by the
gerund)
• Ryanair is cheap. However, its safety record is excellent (starts a sentence of
contrast and is followed by a comma)
EXERCISE: Connect these sentences with a word of contrast. Use the words
once only. More than one option is possible in each case.
1. I am rich. ________________I am unhappy.

2. The company is expanding. ____________-Management is cutting jobs.
3. I go to work by bus. __________I have a new car.
4. Last year the chairman did not visit the factory. ___________He called us every week by
telephone.
5. I am going to the meeting now. _________I have not prepared for it.
6. The economy is bad at the moment. ___________We got a large bonus and a pay rise.

• What opportunities can Ryanair exploit in the future?
• Were can it save money?
Reading 3 -
Despite the global recession in 2009 Ryanair continues to see opportunities to

expand and increase revenues. It plans to fly to America with $5 tickets.
Ryanair also expects to save around $700 million in 2010 thanks to lower fuel costs.
"The savings will be reinvested in promoting lower fares," Michael O’Leary said.
Ryanair carried 60 million passengers in 2008, up from 50 million in 2007, and
although, air travel has been reduced because of global economic problems, the lowcost
company is becoming more efficient.
The company now charges passengers more for carrying luggage, it charges more if
you check in at the airport, and has dropped some loss making routes.
For example, Valencia in Spain and Fuerteventura, in the Canary Islands.
The company is also planning to close all check-in desks by the start of 2011.
Michael O'Leary, Ryanair's chief executive said we are always looking for new
opportunities to improve our company.
In spite of newspaper reports, the company denies it will introduce a charge for using
the toilets on its airplanes.
1. What opportunities does Ryanair see in the future?

2. How many passengers did Ryanair carry in 2008?
3. What does Ryanair charge more money for?
4. What loss-making routes were dropped?
5. What does Ryanair deny?
ROLE-PLAY
CASE STUDY: Ryanair plans to start low-cost routes to the USA but there is a
global recession and finances are low.
Split into two groups:

MICHAEL O’LEARY group: You believe that this is a great opportunity and
want the company to act now, before the competition. Think of routes and a
pricing policy. How can your maximise profits?
BOARD MEMBERS group: You want to concentrate on Europe and wait until
the recession is finished. You think there investment is too high for Europe to
America. Think of reasons and present your case.
THE MEETING: Try to come up with a solution and practice using the Past
Tenses, Words of Contrast and the pronunciation point when discussing the
theme.
Speaking&writing
Sports
• Do you play any sports?

• Are you a good soccer player? Basketball player? Baseball player? Rugby player? Tennis
player?
• Are you a member of any sports team? If not, have you ever been?
• Are you good at sports?
• What sports are you good at?
• Do you often play sports?
• Did your high school have a good baseball team?
• Do you ever listen to baseball games on the radio?
• Do you jog more than once a week?
• Do you know how to play golf?
• Do you like to exercise?
• Do you like playing tennis?
• Do you like to snowboard?
• Do you like to watch sports on TV?
• Do you like watching car races?
• Do you like wrestling?
• Do you think athletes earn enough money, not enough money or too much money?
• Do you think everybody should practice sports?
• Do you think playing sports helps people work better as a team at work?
• Do you think that parents are too involved in their children's sports activities?
• Have you ever been skiing?
• Have you ever been to a soccer game? An America football game? A baseball game?
• Have you ever played golf?
• Have you ever been to watch a professional sporting event?
• Have you ever played tennis with your mother?
• Have you ever tried snow boarding?
• How often do you exercise?
• How often do you go swimming?
• Where do you go?
• Who do you go with?
• How often do you go swimming? Is it good that professional sports are so commercial
nowadays?
• Go scuba diving?
• Go surfing?
• Go snokling?
• Is it good that professional sports are so commercial nowadays?
• Were you on any sports teams in high school?
• How about junior high school?
• How about now?
• What do you think is the most popular sport in the world?
• What do you think of pro wrestling? Thai kick boxing? Japanese sumo?
• What do you think of women playing hockey professionally?
• What do you think the top five most watched sports are in the world?
• What is the most dangerous sport?
• What is the most expensive sport?
• What is the most popular sport in your country?
• What is your favorite team sport?
• What is your favorite summer sport?
• What is your favorite winter sport?
• What new sports would you like to try?
• What sport do you think is the most dangerous?
• What sport do you think is the most expensive?
• What sports did you do in junior high school?
• How about high school?
• How about now?
• What sports do you watch?
• What sports do you like to watch?
• What sports do you hate to watch?
• What sports do you like to play?
• What sports do you like to watch live?
• What sports do you like to watch on TV?
• What sports do you think are the best?
• What's a sport that you don't like?
• Why don't you like it?
• What's your favorite baseball team?
• What's your favorite sport?
• Why do you like it?
• How often do you play it?
• How often do you watch it?
• When did you start playing tennis?
• Learn to swimming?
• Learning to snowboard?
• When was the last time you went to a baseball game?
• Where is the nearest stadium to your house?
• Which do you prefer, baseball or volleyball?
• Tennis or golf?
• Soccer?
• American football?
• Which sport would you not let your child play? Why?
• Who do you think is the best all around athlete in the world? In your country?
• Who is your favorite professional athlete? Why?
• Who swims better, your mother or your father?
• Would you like to become a champion at Wimbledon?
• Would you rather go swimming or skiing?
• How do you feel about extreme sports?
• Would you like to try any of these?
• Does it bother you that people gamble on sporting events?
• Is fishing viewed as a sport in your culture or solely a way of making a living?
• If you had the opportunity to do away with any sport, what sport would you do away with?
Why?
• Do you think professional athletes earn too much money? Why or why not? Which sport's
athletes do you think earn the money money?
• Are people in your country crazy about sports?
• Do professional athletes in your country make millions of dollars a year?
• Sometimes sports teams ask the city to help them build a new stadium. Do you think the city
should give money for this? Why or why not?
• When the city helps build a new sports stadium, who benefits the most - the team, the city,
the nearby businesses, or the sports fans?
• What do you do to keep fit?
• What are some of the benefits of sports?
• How are sports beneficial to you?
• What is your favorite winter activity?
• Do you like to ski?
• Are you a good skier?
• When did you learn to ski?
• How often do you ski?
• Who taught you to ski?
After a Vacation
• Did you enjoy your last vacation? (How was your vacation?)
• How do you feel after a long vacation?
• How many days was your vacation?
• How much money did you spend on your last vacation?
• Did you encounter any problems during your vacation?
• How did you resolve them?
• Did you have a part-time job during the holidays?
• Did you have any bad experiences?
• Did you meet any interesting people? Cn you tell me about them.
• Did you notice any cross-cultural differences during your vacation?
• Did you study during the vacation? If so, what did you study?
• How was your trip?
• Why did you visit the place(s) you went to?
• How did you get there?
• Why did you choose the means of transportation that you chose?
• How much luggage did you take?
• Would you take the same or different equipment next time?
• In what ways did you obtain real satisfaction when you were on vacation?
• Was the place you went to very different from where you live?
• What were the women like?
• What were the men like?
• Were people friendly?
• Did you stay in a hotel?
• What was the daily rate?
• What historical sites did you visit and what did you learn?
• What interesting people did you meet? Tell me about them.
• What souvenirs did you buy?
• What was the best food you ate during your vacation?
• What was the most enjoyable thing that you did during your vacation?
• What was the most interesting thing that you did during the vacation?
• What was the most interesting thing you did during the holiday?
• Where did you go for your last vacation?
• Did people speak English there?
• Did you have any problems?
• Did you use a lot of English?
• How did you get there?
• How long did it take to get there?
• How long were you there?
• How much money did you spend?
• What did you do there?
• What did you see in each place?
• What kind of food did you eat?
• What souvenirs did you buy?
• What was the activity you enjoyed the most, and why?
• What was the weather/food/scenery like?
• What were the people/restaurants/scenic spots like?
• Where did you stay?
• Where did you visit?
• Where would you like to go next?
• Who did you travel with?
• Would you recommend your friends visit there, why or why not?
• Where did you go? How long did you stay? How did you get there?
• Where is your favorite place to go on vacation?
• Where in the world would you most like to go for your next vacation?
• Of all the places you visited, which would you recommend to your friends?
• How do you get to sleep when you are traveling on a plane?
• How far was it to the beaches, to the nearest town, village etc.?
• How long did it take you to get there?
• What sort of condition was the hotel in?
• Did the room overlook the sea?
• Did you have a nice view from your room?
• Have you ever run out of money when you are on holidays?
• Who is the most remarkable person you have ever met on holiday?
• How would you feel if there weren't any holidays?
• Have you ever been mugged while on vacation?
• What is the most exotic or strangest thing you ate on holiday?
• Have you ever thought of giving up your holiday due to unavoidable reasons?
Passive review
Rewrite the sentences in Passive voice.
Example: The students wrote letters.
Letters were written by the students.
1) Levi Strauss invented the blue jeans.
2) The electricians test the fire alarm.
3) The girls can play handball.
4) Our dog did not bite the cat.
5) My friend bought a new car.
Make correct passive forms. Mind the tenses in brackets.
Example: the car - to produce (Simple Present)

the car is produced
1) songs - to sing (Simple Past)

2) films - to watch (Simple Present)
3) a prize - to win (Simple Past)

4) English - to speak (Simple Present)
5) volleyball - to play (Simple Past)
Type 2 Conditional
The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the
main clause is the present conditional:
'IF' CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
If + simple past Present conditional
If it rained you would get wet
If you went to bed earlier you wouldn't be so tired.
In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are notbased
on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.
Exercise Conditional II
Match up the parts of the sentence
1.
If I lost my job,
a) we'd both benefit.
b) I'd have a lot of problems getting another one.
c) you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
d) we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
2. If I were in your position,

a) I'd resign rather than wait to be sacked.
c) you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
3. If I spoke Japanese as well as you do,

b) I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
c) we'd both benefit.
4. If we spent more on Research and Development,

c) I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
Choose the correct tense
1 If I ______ promoted, I would be able to buy a bigger house.

A
had
B
got
C
took
D
paid
E
worked
2 I think it would create much better discipline in the office if you ______ me
a bit more respect in front of my staff.
A
had
B
got
C
were
D
showed
E
worked
3 If you ______ the train, you wouldn't be so tired when you arrived.
A
offered
B
met
C
took
D
showed
E
bought
4 If I ______ her again, I would be really angry with her.

A
offered
B
met
C
were
D
showed
E
bought
5 If you ______ a bit harder, you'd be really good at your job.

A
offered
B
met
C
took
D
paid
E
worked
6 If we ______ these premises, we'd quickly outgrow them. They're just not
big enough.
A
had
B
got
C
were
D
paid
E
bought
7 If I ______ you, I wouldn't tell anybody about this.

A
had
B
got
C
were
D
was
E
worked
8 If they ______ me the job, I would probably take it.
A
offered
B
was
C
were
D
showed
E
bought
9 If he ______ a shower every morning, it would be much easier to work with

him.
A
had
B
met
C
were
D
paid
E
worked
10 If you ______ more attention in meetings, you'd know what was going on.
A
offered
B
met
C
took
D
paid
E
bought
11 My father gave me that watch. He ______ very happy if he knew I had lost
it.
A
would have
B
would be
C
wouldn't be
D
would refuse
E
would lose
12 Do you think Harry ______ angry if I used his office whilst he was away?
A
would have
B
would be
C
wouldn't know
D
would refuse
E
would lose
13 If we didn't agree to their terms, what ______ ?

A
would have
B
would be
C
wouldn't be
D
would happen
E
would lose
14 If I won the Lottery, I ______ my job. I love it too much.

A
would make
B
wouldn't leave
C
wouldn't be
D
would happen
E
would feel
15 If my computer was stolen, I ______ months of work.

A
would make
B
wouldn't leave
C
wouldn't know
D
would refuse
E
would lose
16 If I got made redundant, I ______ what to do with myself.

A
would make
B
wouldn't leave
C
wouldn't know
D
would happen
E
would feel
17 If you stopped smoking, you ______ a lot better pretty quickly.

A
would have
B
would sit
C
wouldn't be
D
would happen
E
would feel
18 If I was made President of this company, I ______ quite a few changes.

A
would make
B
would be
C
wouldn't be
D
would happen
E
would feel
19 If I met Prince Charles, I ______ to bow to him.
A
would smoke
B
wouldn't leave
C
wouldn't know
D
would refuse
E
would feel
20 If we caught the earlier flight, we ______ a long wait in Atlanta airport for
the connecting flight.
A
would have
B
wouldn't leave
C
wouldn't know
D
would refuse
E
would lose
Type 3 Conditional
Used to express conditions in the past that did not happen. Often used to express criticism or regret
with would have, could have or should have.
Uses the past perfect tense:-
Formation
(IF Clause) (Main Clause)

If I had worked harder, I would have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder, I could have passed my exam.
If I had worked harder, I should have passed my exam.
or...
(Main Clause) (IF Clause)

I would have passed my exam if I had worked harder.
I could have passed my exam if I had worked harder.
I should have passed my exam if I had worked harder.
Note! We never use would have, or wouldn't have etc in the if clause.
For example:
• If I hadn't helped you, you would have failed. = You would have failed, if I hadn't helped
you. (I helped you so you didn't fail).
• If it had been sunny, we could have gone out. = We could have gone out, if it had been. (We
didn't go out because it wasn't sunny).
Exercise Conditional II
ut the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.
Example: If I _______ (to go) to the cinema, I ________ (to watch) an interesting film.
Answer: If I had gone to the cinema, I would have watched an interesting film.
1) If the weather (to be) nice, they (to play) football.
2) If we (to go) to a good restaurant, we (to have) a better dinner.
3) If John (to learn) more words, he (to write) a good report.
4) If the boys (to take) the bus to school, they (to arrive) on time.
5) If the teacher (to explain) the homework, I (to do) it.
6) If they (to wait) for another 10 minutes, they (to see) the pop star.
7) If the police (to come) earlier, they (to arrest) the burglar.
8) If you (to buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad (to taste) better.
9) If Alex (to ask) me, I (to email) the documents.
10) If he (to speak) more slowy, Peggy (to understand) him.
What a match – your favourite team has lost again! So after the game, the supporters discuss what
could have been different.
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
1. If the midfielders would have passedhad passed the ball more exactly, our team would have hadhad
had more chances to attack.
2. If the forwards would have runhad run faster, they would have scoredhad scored more goals.
3. Their motivation would have improvedhad improved if they would have kickedhad kicked a goal
during the first half.
4. The fullbacks would have preventedhad prevented one or the other goal if they would have
markedhad marked their opponents.
5. If the goalie would have jumpedhad jumped up, he would have caughthad caught the ball.
6. If the referee would have seenhad seen the foul, he would have awardedhad awarded a penalty kick
to our team.
7. Our team would have beenhad been in better form if they would have trainedhad trained harder the
weeks before.
8. The game would have becomehad become better if the trainer would have senthad sent a substitute
in during the second half.
9. If it would have beenhad been a home game, our team would have wonhad won the match.
10.If our team would have wonhad won the match, they would have movedhad moved up in the
league.
Complete the Conditional Sentences. Decide whether to use Type I, II or III.
1. If I had time, I gogoeswill gowenthad gonewould gowould have gone shopping with you.
2. If you speakspeakswill speakspokehad spokenwould speakwould have spoken English, you will
get along with them perfectly.
3. If they had gone for a walk, they turnturnswill turnturnedhad turnedwould turnwould have
turned the lights off.
4. If she comecomeswill comecamehad comewould comewould have come to see us, we will go to
the zoo.
5. I would have told you, if I seeseeswill seesawhad seenwould seewould have seen him.
6. Would you mind if I openopenswill openopenedhad openedwould openwould have opened the
window?
7. If they inviteinviteswill inviteinvitedhad invitedwould invitewould have invited me, I wouldn't
have said no.
8. My friend meetmeetswill meetmethad metwould meetwould have met me at the station if he gets
the afternoon off.
9. If I don't dodoesn't dowon't dodidn't dohadn't donewould dowould have done it, nobody would do
it.
10.If my father don't pickdoesn't pickwon't pickdidn't pickhadn't pickedwouldn't pickwouldn't have
picked me up, I'll take the bus home.
Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by putting the verbs into the correct form.
1. If they (have) time at the weekend, they will come to see us.
2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice) .
3. If we (know) about your problem, we would have helped you.
4. If I (be) you, I would not buy that dress.
5. We (arrive) earlier if we had not missed the bus.
6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be) complete.
7. Okay, I (get) the popcorn if you buy the drinks.
8. If I (tell) you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
9. She (go) out with you if you had only asked her.
10.I would not have read your diary if you (not hide) it in such an obvious place.
wishes about the present and future

1. We use 'wish' + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present (or future) to
be different.
I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian.)
I wish I had a big car. (I don't have a big car.)
I wish I was on a beach. (I'm in the office.)
Future: I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (It's only Thursday tomorrow.)
2. We use 'wish' + past continuous to express that we want to be doing a different action in the
present (or future).
I wish I was lying on a beach now. (I'm sitting in the office.)
I wish it wasn't raining. (It is raining.)
Future: I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow. (You are leaving tomorrow.)
wishes about the past
We use 'wish' + past perfect to express a regret, or that we want a situation in the past to be
different.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much. (I ate a lot.)
I wish they'd come on holiday with us. (They didn't come on holiday with us.)
I wish I had studied harder at school. (I was lazy at school.)
wish + would
We use 'wish' + would + bare infinitive to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction
with a present action.
I wish you would stop smoking. (You are smoking at the moment and it is annoying me.)
I wish it would stop raining. (I'm impatient because it is raining and I want to go outside.)
I wish she'd be quiet. (I am annoyed because she is speaking.)
Important points
1. To simply express that you want something to happen in the future (not talking about
wanting an action or situation to be different, and not talking about impatience or annoyance)
we use'hope', not 'wish'.
I hope it's sunny tomorrow.
I wish it was sunny tomorrow. x
I hope she passes her exam next week.
I wish she were passing her exam next week. x
I hope the plane doesn't crash tomorrow.
I wish the plane wouldn't crash tomorrow. x
2. We can use 'wish' + infinitive or 'wish' + object + infinitive to mean 'want' in a formal
situation.
I wish to leave now. (+ infinitive)
I wish to speak to your supervisor please. (+ infinitive)
I do not wish my name to appear on the list. (+ object + infinitive)
3. We can use '(I) wish you' in fixed expressions.

I wish you a happy birthday.
We wish you good luck in your new job.
Wishes and Regrets
Choose what you think is the correct answer.

1 She failed most of her exams, and now she wishes she __________ harder.
a works b worked c would work d had worked
2 I had to get the bus to work every day. I wish I __________ a car.
a have got b had c would have d had had
3 The weather's terrible today. I wish it __________ a bit warmer.
a is b was c would be d had been
4 It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house! I wish you __________ from
time to time.
a wash up b washed up c would wash up d had washed up
5 I missed my English class yesterday because I went to the doctor's. I wish I __________ it.
a don't miss b didn't miss c wouldn't miss d hadn't missed
6 The last bus always seems to leave early. I wish the driver __________ until the right time before
leaving.
a waits b waited c would wait d had waited
7 My sister will have to cancel her party next week. She wishes she __________ cancel it, but she's
broken her
leg.
a doesn't have to b won't have to c didn't have to d wouldn't have to
8 We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I've been feeling sick all afternoon. I wish we
__________ there.
a go b didn't go c wouldn't go d hadn't gone
9 The two brothers are always fighting. Their mother wishes they __________.
a don't b won't c wouldn't d hadn't
10 I gave that man in the pub my phone number. I wish I __________.
a won't b didn't have c wouldn't d hadn'
Replacing if
If can be replaced by words or expressions with a similar meaning.
The most common are:
as long as
assuming (that)
on condition (that)
on the assumption (that)
provided (that)
supposing (that)
unless
with the condition (that)
Omitting if
Had I known... (instead of If I had known...)
Were you my daughter,... (instead of: If you were my daughter,...)
Should you need my advice,... (instead of: If you should need my advice,...)
if vs. when
if and when are interchangeable when the statement of the conditional clause is a fact or a general
issue (also known as zero conditonal)
If you heat ice, it melts.
When you heat ice, it
melts.
if is used for something that, according to the speaker, might happen.
We can spend the afternoon on the beach if the weather is
fine.
when is used for something that, according to the speaker, will happen.
I will clean up the kitchen right away when I'm back from
work.
in case vs. if
in case of can be used to shorten an if-clause as shown below:
If there is a fire, leave the
In case of fire, leave the room.
room.
While if expresses a condition (1), in case is used to express a possibility (2).
(1) I need painkillers if I'm in severe pain.
I need painkillers in case I'm in severe
(2)
pain.
The expression just in case is used pretty much the same way.
I got you a pizza just in case you were
hungry.
(I don't know whether you are hungry.)
Look at the following sentences and choose either "if" or "in case" to fill the spaces.
1. You should bring your umbrella it rains.
2. I asked Bill for his e-mail address I needed to contact him.
3. you get a headache, take an aspirin.
4. your boss shouts at you - shout back!!
5. I took four books with me when I went travelling I got bored, but I never read a
page!
6. Take the front door key we are not up when you return.
7. I turned off my mobile phone during the concert it rang. It would've been so
embarrassing.
8. You can ask your father to take you to college you oversleep tomorrow morning.
9. you run out of money on your travels, bring a credit card.
10. Ask for Bryan Adam's autograph you see him backstage after the concert.
Manchester United changed its club emblem in 1998 and removed the words
‘football club’.
INTRODUCTION
• Why do you think the club removed the words ‘football club’ from its
emblem?
• Are these words important? Who might think they are important?
World’s richest football clubs 2009 - (value in $millions)
1. Manchester United (1,900)

2. Real Madrid (1,500)
3. Arsenal (1,250)
4. Bayern Munich (1,100)
5. Liverpool (1,000)
6. AC Milan (998)
7. Barcelona (995)
8. Chelsea (900)
9. Juventus (700)
10. Schalke 04 (650)
TALKING POINT:
• Why do you think Manchester United is the richest football club?

• How does the club promote the team around the world?
• In pairs, think of ways to promote a team in a new region where
football is not popular.
• Do you know what these words mean?
Reading 1 - Manchester United
Add the words in the text
virtuous cycle. - tours – signing – successful -platform - replica - network - keen -
In 2009 Manchester United was not the best football team in the world but it was the
richest. This is because its international brand is very strong.
The team is recognised by billions of people and has over 300 million fans around
the world, representing 5% of the global population. This is an excellent ____for
sponsors to market their own products. Nike, for example, sells over 3 million _____
Manchester United shirts each year, and they cost supporters $80 each.
The most important factors for an international club like Manchester United are:
Firstly, it must continue to have a ____team. This means winning games,
winning trophies and ____ the world’s best players. This attracts more fans.
Secondly, the club needs to turn its fans into customers, offering them a range of
products from credit cards to mobile phones. 95% of United’s fans never visit its
stadium at Old Trafford, so the club needs to go to them.
This means ____around the world, and build a _____ using ManUtd.com, MUTV
online, a television station MUTV, and MU Mobile phones.
Thirdly, the football success and increased fan base allows the club to charge more
for television and sponsorship. This is a ______
Other big clubs, like Liverpool, Real Madrid and AC Milan are ____ to compete in the
same market but Manchester United is top of the branding league.
Comprehension Questions: Are these facts true?
1. Manchester United has over 300 million fans.

2. Nike sells 30 million replica shirts each year.
3. 95% of United’s fans visit Old Trafford
4. Manchester United has a website called ManUtd.com
SPEAKING PRACTICE:
• What sport stars earn the most money from sponsorship?
• Do you think the sport is important, or is the star more important?
• Is image important to the sponsors?
Promoting the Brand

Exercise: match the words on the left with their meaning on the right
1. Handsome = A. Beautiful
2. Earn _____-B. Talent
3. Stage ______C. Correct image
4. Pitch _____D. Marques
5. Deals _____E. Money from salary
6. Good Fit _____F. Winning
7. Skill ______G. Period of time
8. Brands ______H. Business agreements
9. Successful_____ I. Football field
Reading 2 - David Beckham and Cristiano Ronaldo
Exercise: put the missing words from above (1-9) into the gaps.
Footballers, Cristiano Ronaldo and David Beckham, are more than sport-stars, they
are, in effect, global __________.
Cristiano Ronaldo will __________more from sponsorship__________ after his world
record $130million move to Real Madrid in 2008.
In the 2007-8 season, at Manchester United the 24-year old Portuguese player
earned $20 million off the__________ from advertising, compared to $42.5 million
earned by 34-year old Beckham.
Adidas, and Motorola sponsor Beckham because he is a __________for their products.
Beckham’s brand is in decline, because of his age and the __________of his career.
Ronaldo has many of the qualities you need to be an international success: he has a
lot of __________, he is handsome, plays for a__________ team and is already famous.
Put the verbs into the correct form using the 1st Conditional
1. If United (not sell) ….….. him soon, the opportunity …… (disappear).

2. If I ……… (speak) to the agent I ……..(tell) him about my ideas.
3. Ronaldo ……… (earn) a lot of money if he ……… (play) well.
4. I ……. (not accept) if the company ……….. (offer) me the job.
5. If I ……………….. (walk) to work I ………….. (save) money.
6. You ……….. (make) business contacts if you ….. (join) the club.
7. If I ……. (not answer) all the questions correctly I …..… (not pass) the test.
8. What …… (you do) if your company ……..(ask) you to transfer to Paris?
Reading 3 -
On the surface things look great at Manchester United. 2008/9 was a fantastic
season on the pitch when the team won the English Premier League title and
reached the final of the European Champions’ League.
These achievements generated a 50% increase in media revenues, higher ticket
sales for the games, and doubled the commercial sponsorship deals. The result was
a profit of $100 million.
However, if you look below the surface it is a different picture.
The Glazer family bought the club in 2005 for $1.4 billion, and borrowed $800 million
to pay for it. Because of the interest on the loan the debt has risen to $1 billion, and
it needs to be paid. This has a negative impact on the club.
In 2008, for example, Manchester United sold its star player, Cristiano Ronaldo to
Real Madrid for $130 million, but it did not invest the money by buying a suitable
replacement. Instead the club used the money to pay the interest on its debt. This
might be a serious mistake.
To survive with this level of debt the team must continue to win trophies. If it doesn’t
television companies will not show United’s games around the world. If this happens
the sponsors will disappear, the top players will look for different clubs, and the fans
will be put off by high prices and poor team performances.
The club will struggle to repay its debt, and money allocated for world-class players
will be taken by the banks. This is a vicious cycle.
1. What did Manchester United win in 2008-2009 season?

2. What did these achievements generate?
3. What has a negative impact on the club?
4. What example do they give of the negative impact?
5. Why is this a serious mistake for Manchester United?
Speaking Practice:
• What things can damage a sport star’s public image?
• Can you think of any sport stars that have a poor public image?
• Is bad publicity always a negative thing?
Reading 4: Cristiano Ronaldo will become the best-paid sportsman in the world if …
Exercise: Put the verbs into the correct form of the first conditional
In 2008, Cristiano Ronaldo transferred from Manchester United to Real Madrid for a
world record fee of $130million. He is paid a salary of $20 million each season,
making him the world's most highly paid football player, but this is only half the story.
Playing for Real Madrid helps Ronaldo to develop his global image and this means
that he_______ (become) the best-paid sportsman in the world if he _______ (continue)
to play well. In 2009, Tiger Woods was number one, earning $120 million a year, and
David Beckham was fifth on the list, collecting $42 million. But things can change
quickly and in December 2009, Tiger Woods suffered personal problems.
If Ronaldo_______ (want) to reach the top he_______ (have) to overcome a couple
of disadvantages. He does not have a stable family life to protect him, like Beckham,
and he is accused of not being a team player. These factors_______ (damage) his
popularity if he_______ (not be) careful.
Ronaldo _______ (become) number one in the money league if he _______ (can)
produce great football performances,
In this area he has a clear advantage over Beckham. Ronaldo is an elegant and
graceful footballer, and he is very exciting to watch. Beckham is more of a workhorse
type of a player.
Speaking Practice:
• What things can damage a sport star’s public image?
• Can you think of any sport stars that have a poor public image?
• Is bad publicity always a negative thing?
Role-Play 1: ‘good fit’

• In pairs, you are the Marketing Managers of a major company. Decide on the
company and then think of a spot star you want to promote your products.
Give reasons why you think it will be a good fit.
BUSINESS SKILLS: NEGOTIATING
Here are some basic rules for successful negotiations:
Listen to your client

This is the golden rule. Have positive body language. Smile, lean forward, take notes,
show you are interested in the person by asking questions. Aim to build a relationship.
Focus on the client’s needs and benefits

Don't tell the client about how good you are; tell him about the millions of dollars of
sales you will earn for him.
Know your competition

You must know what your competition is offering because the client will know and he
will compare prices, products and service.
Price is not everything - service is also important

Service is very important for a lot of clients, especially if your prices are higher than
your competitor.
The final rule – be prepared to say "no"

If the deal is not profitable, if the client wants too much, if you believe the relationship
will not be productive, say ‘NO’.
SPEAKING PRACTICE: NEGOTIATIONS

Do you agree with the rules above? Can you think of any other rules?
ROLE-PLAY 2
In pairs, one student is the marketing manager of Ferrari, and the other student
is Cristiano Ronaldo’s agent.
You negotiate a contract for the player to endorse the cars. Try to use the rules
above and come to an agreement for a five-year deal. Use the first conditional
in the negotiations e.g. “If we sign the deal will you give us a Ferrari?”
When you have completed the negotiations compare the terms with the rest of
the class to see who agreed the best terms for Ronaldo and Ferrari.
Speaking and writing topics : WISHES (use conditionals)
• What are three wishes you have for your life?

• If you could choose only one of these to come true, which would it be and why?
• What would be some positive and negative consequences (results) if each of these
wishes came true?
• What other wishes do you have for yourself?
• What wishes do your parents have for you?
• Are they the same?
• What wishes do you have for your country?
• For your family members?
• For your classmates?
• For your roommates?
• How have your wishes changed since you were young?
• When you were young, how did you answer this questions: "What do you want to be when
you grow up?"
• Have you ever had a wish come true?
• Was it what you always wanted?
• Why do we wish for things we don't have?
• If you have a wish but your family doesn't agree with you, what should you do?
• Do you have any strange wishes?
• Why are wishes very important to people?
• Do you really want all your wishes to come true?
• What would be one thing you would wish for your spouse?
• What would be one thing you hope your spouse remembers most about you if you were to
die before him/her?
• What wishes do you have for your country?
• For your family members?
• For your classmates?
• For your roommates?
• What in your life would you not change?
• What are you thankful for?
• Who are you thankful for?
Prepositions + ing
This is a good rule. It has no exceptions!
If we want to use a verb after a preposition, it must be a gerund. It is impossible to use an infinitive
after a preposition. So for example, we say:
• I will call you after arriving at the office.
• Please have a drink before leaving.
• I am looking forward to meeting you.
• Do you object to working late?
• Tara always dreams about going on holiday.
Notice that you could replace all the above gerunds with "real" nouns:
• I will call you after my arrival at the office.
• Please have a drink before your departure.
• I am looking forward to our lunch.
• Do you object to this job?
• Tara always dreams about holidays.
Always + ing
Which sentence is the best continuation of the first sentence?
1 You're always using up all the hot water.

A
She'll get the sack soon.
B
I don't think we should let it in the house any more.
C
You should save some for the rest of us.
D
In future I'm going to get the earlier one.
E
Doesn't she know how much other work we've got to do?
2 The problem with Stalone films is that he's always going around shooting
everybody.
A
What on earth do you and your friends find to talk about?
B
But have you seen 'Copland'? It's a very good film and he's
excellent.
C
You shouldn't let yourself get so worked up.
D
You should save your money.
E
I wish he would go and bother somebody else.
3 The problem with diabetes is that I'm always going down with colds and flu.
A
B
excellent.
C
My immune system is weak.
D
E
4 We're in financial trouble but you're always going out spending money.
A
B
excellent.
C
D
Unless you stop doing that, we'll soon go broke.
E
5 This car is always breaking down.

A
B
C
D
I think I'll have to trade it in for a newer one.
E
6 She's always complaining that she doesn't have enough clothes.

A
I'm fed up of being wet all the time.
B
But I've looked in her wardrobe and she's got loads more than me.
C
D
E
She should find one that she likes better.
7 You're always getting phone calls.

A
B
C
D
E
8 She's always saying she's too fat.

A
B
excellent.
C
D
E
But I think she looks great. Any thinner and she'd be too thin.
9 They're always having parties.
A
I think I'm going to complain to the police about the noise.
B
excellent.
C
D
E
10 Not Steve again! He's always dropping in.

A
B
C
D
E
11 That cat is always making a mess in the corner.

A
B
C
You cannot believe a word she says.
D
E
12 You're always arguing with someone.

A
B
C
D
E
13 That dog is always barking.

A
B
It seems really unhappy. He should look after it a bit more and
take it for walks.
C
D
E
14 She's always telling lies.

A
B
take it for walks.
C
D
E
15 Gill is always moaning about her job.

A
B
C
D
E
16 You're always buying me presents.
A
B
C
D
E
17 It's always raining here!

A
B
C
D
E
18 Mary is always arriving late for work.

A
B
take it for walks.
C
D
E
19 This flight is always arriving late.

A
B
take it for walks.
C
D
E
20 The teacher is always telling us to study English more.

A
B
take it for walks.
C
D
E
Stative Verbs
There are a group of verbs in English, which usually refer to a STATE (a situation which isn't in a
process of change). These verbs are either unusual in the continuous form, or when used in the
continuous the meaning of the verb is different.
• 1. Verbs of the MIND and THINKING.

agree, assume*, believe, consider*, doubt, expect**, forget, know, realise, remember, suppose*,
think**, understand
• 2. Verbs of EMOTION.
care, detest, dislike, enjoy*, envy, hate, hope*, like, love, prefer, want, wish,
3. Verbs of POSSESSION and STATE.
appear*, belong, consist, contain, cost*, depend, have**, mean, need, own, seem, weigh*
4. Verbs of the SENSES.
feel**, hear**, see**, smell**, taste**
These verbs can sometimes be used in the continuous, but they refer to the ACTION in
progress at that moment. Eg. We are assuming he will come to the meeting. (Means that at
this moment we think he will come to the meeting, but it is probably not correct).
**THINK
When 'think' is used for your opinion it is a stative verb.
Eg. I don't think it's going to rain.
When 'think' refers to the mental process it is a normal verb.
Eg. You are very serious! What are you thinking about?
Think can also be used to talk about future plans.
Eg. We're thinking of going to Brazil for our holidays, this year.
**EXPECT
When 'expect' is used to mean 'suppose', it is a stative verb.
Eg. I expect you'd like something to drink.
'Expect can also be used to mean 'to be pregnant'.
Eg. Have you heard that Susan's expecting a baby?
**HAVE
When 'have' is used to mean 'to possess sth.' it is a stative verb.
Eg. He has (got) three children.
Have + noun can also be used for an activity in progress.
Eg. We're having a lovely time in Greece, the weather's lovely.
**SEE & HEAR

'See' and 'hear' are stative verbs when used to refer to what your eyes or ears register.
Eg. I can't see what is happening because there's someone standing in front of me.
If you WANT to see something, then WATCH is used for sth. in motion, and LOOK AT is used for
sth. static. If you WANT to hear sth. then LISTEN TO is used.
Eg. Look at that man over there! What's he doing? He's watching a football match on TV.
Eg. Where's John? He's in his bedroom listening to his heavy metal CD's.
'See' can also mean the same as 'meet' and is a normal verb.
Eg. I can't come to the meeting because I'm seeing a client at 3 o'clock.
**TASTE & SMELL
These verbs can refer to the senses and are stative verbs which combine with CAN
Eg. Have you left the oven on? I can smell something burning!
Can you taste the herbs I've put in this soup?
When referring to the activity, they are normal verbs and can be used in the continuous.
Eg. She's tasting the soup to see if it needs any more pepper.
Why are you smelling the meat? Do you think it's gone off?
**FEEL
When 'feel' is used for the sense, it is stative and it is used with CAN.
Eg. It was so cold that I couldn't feel my toes.
'Feel' can refer to your opinion, in which case it is a stative verb.
Eg. How do you feel about the new project? I don't feel very happy about it.
'Feel' can refer to a person's health and is used as a normal verb.
Eg. How are you feeling today? I'm not feeling very well.
Exercise
Put the verb into the correct form. Use either the present simple or the present continuous.
1. Please don't make so much noise. I __________________ (study).

2. How many languages __________________ (Tom speak).
3. I __________________ (not/belong) to a political party.
4. Hurry! The bus __________________ (come). I __________________ (not/want) to miss it.
5. The River Nile __________________ (flow) into the Mediterranean.
6. The river __________________ (flow) very fast today — much faster than usual.
7. __________________ (it/ever/snow) in India?
8. We usually __________________ (grow) vegetables in our garden, but this year we
__________________ (not/grow) any.
9. A: Can you drive?
B: No, but I __________________ (learn). My father __________________ (teach) me.
10. You can borrow my umbrella. I __________________ (not/need) it at the moment.
11. (at a party) I usually __________________ (enjoy) parties but I __________________
(not/enjoy) this one very much.
12. George says he's 80- years old but I __________________ (not/believe) him.
13. Ron is in London at the moment. He __________________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel. He
usually __________________ (stay) at the Hilton Hotel when he's in London.
14. My parents __________________ (live) in Bristol. They were born there and have never lived
anywhere else. Where __________________ (your/parents/live)?
15. She __________________ (stay) with her sister at the moment, until she finds somewhere to
live.
16. A: What __________________ (your father/do)?
B: He's a teacher, but he __________________ (not/work) at the moment.
17. What time __________________ (the banks/close) in Britain?
18. I don't understand the word 'aint'. What __________________ (it/mean)?
19. He is still ill but he __________________ (get/better) slowly.
20. The economic situation is already bad and it __________________ (get/worse).
INTRODUCTION

Do you ever buy coffee at Starbucks? What makes
Starbucks attractive? What is a ‘buzz’?
Reading 1 - Starbucks
Howard Schultz is the founder of Starbucks, and he changed the coffee drinking experience for
millions of people around the world. His background was difficult. He came from a poor
neighbourhood in New York, but with hard work and a strong vision he was able to start his
business and become very successful. During a trip to Italy in 1983 Schultz noticed great coffee
shops on every street. They were used as meeting places, and were a big part of Italy's social life.
He decided he wanted to build a company with a similar idea, and have friendly
coffee shops in cities across the world. He built Starbucks up to be a global coffee
shop chain, and in 2008 it had over 15,000 stores and $10 billion in annual revenue.
Schultz believes that his success is based on a set of key principles. Firstly, always
change things, improve and innovate. Secondly, Starbucks must represent more than
a cup of coffee. And thirdly, everything matters, always.”
1. Was Howard Schultz’s background easy?

2. The coffee shops in Italy were used as …
3. How many coffee shops did Starbucks have in 2008?
4. What was the company’s annual revenue in 2008?
5. What key principles are important for success?
Still, Yet, Always, Already, No Longer, During, By, Till / Until
Still means something continues when you think it has stopped:

Do they still produce good coffee?
Yet indicates that something has not happened but is expected to happen soon.
They haven’t signed the contract yet, but they will do.
Already means something has finished / stopped when you expect it to continue
Tom has finished the sales project already.
Always means ‘on all occasions,’ and is the opposite of ‘never’.
We always use this coffee.
No Longer explains that something does not happen any more.
We used to export to Canada but we no longer have any customers there.
During signifies ‘between two points of time’.
The cafe is shut during the night.
By is used for actions completed on or before a certain time limit.
We need to know the decision by Friday at the latest.
Until / till: means ‘continuing up to a particular time.’
We will stay in London until / till next June
Exercise:
Complete the following with a suitable time preposition.
1. Please finish your coffee break ____10.30

2. There are ___more customers at lunchtime than in the afternoon.
3. Are you ___working at Starbucks? Yes, I haven’t changed jobs____ .
4. The company is hoping for record sales____ the Easter period.
5. The store____ offers a breakfast menu. It finished last week.
6. The customers have paid____ .
Reading 2 - STARBUCKS’ SUCCESS
Choose a preposition of time (from the exercise above) into the gaps.
In 1983, (by / during) a trip to Milan, Howard Schultz, got the idea of creating
a coffee shop that would be a social centre, a place to meet and talk. He had the
vision of his coffee shop opening in every city in the USA, and then across the world.
Schultz created the Starbucks concept and it became a great success.
(By / Yet) 2008 there were more than 15,000 Starbucks stores in 45 countries,
and the company is (till / still) growing. It created a real buzz around the world.
China is the next market Starbucks is concentrating on for expansion.
So how did Howard Schultz create such a successful company?
He trained for success: Schultz uses the same skills as a long distance runner,
endurance and perseverance to keep going, even when you want to stop.
He has vision: His dream of an Italian café experience across the world is now a
reality, and he is (always / during) thinking of news ways to grow.
Unusually, there are no Starbucks stores in Italy (yet / till).
Schultz built a global brand: “Starbucks focuses on the total experience of the
customer, and is not a cup of coffee, it is a lifestyle that people aspire to. They want
to live the Starbucks life.”
Starbucks (no longer / still) sells only coffee products. It also sells music and
has a partnership with Apple and iTunes for customers to download music in the
coffee stores. It is (already / yet) looking at other diversifications of the brand.
Starbucks is not (by / always) seen as a good thing, there is controversy
over globalization, labour conditions and exploitation of coffee produces.
It also saw a drop in profits in 2009 with increased competition, the international
economic crisis, and over-expansion.
However, most people agree that the company is a fantastic success.
SPEAKING PRACTICE
Provide a response to these statements:

• The price of coffee is too high
• The logo should be redesigned
• The weather has a big impact on sales
• Coffee will sell more than Coca-Cola next year
CULTURAL AWARENESS POINT: Style of Disagreement
Generally, the British do not openly disagree in meetings. This style is too
direct for the British.
They like to hide disagreement and make it sound like agreement.
E.g. ‘That’s a very interesting idea, but …’
‘We would certainly like to do that, however …’
Other types of hidden disagreement include:

Vagueness in reply e.g. ‘That depends on a lot of things.’
Understatement e.g. ‘There might be a small problem.’
Humour e.g. ‘If my name was Howard Schultz I would buy you a coffee.’
Discussion
• How does your culture / nationality express disagreement in
meetings?
• Do you think ‘hidden disagreement’ is wasting time, or is it polite?
• Is humour important in a business meeting?
Questions:
Do you agree that Starbucks has changed our idea of coffee shops?
What should a good coffee shop have?
Reading 3 - Why do so many people buy coffee at Starbucks?
Some experts think it is because the company sells great coffee, but Starbucks disagrees. It is not
the coffee that brings customers back, because you can get a great coffee at a cheaper price in
many of its competitors’ stores. The big attraction is the atmosphere found in Starbucks.
They all have comfortable seating, soft music and great service.
The customers can relax in a safe place, and Starbucks works hard to promote this
concept. Like McDonald’s, all Starbucks locations are designed in the same style,
and this creates familiarity and security for the customers. They are always trying
new ideas, like free Internet access and music for sale. The stores have also become
a place for informal business meetings. Why not meet over a coffee at a location that
you know will be friendly and stress free? This image makes Starbucks popular with
the business community. But you pay a high price for your cappuccino … in 2008 it
was as much as $5.
1. What is the big attraction of Starbucks?

2. In which way is Starbucks like McDonald’s?
3. What new ideas has Starbucks introduced?
4. What image makes it popular with the business community?
5. How much does a cappuccino cost at Starbucks?
ROLE-PLAY
THE MEETING: The management team at Starbucks meet to discuss how they can
expand the stores and extend the brand.
First group wants to expand the stores into sports stadiums, mobile coffee units,
petrol stations, supermarkets, hospitals, airlines etc.
Second group wants to extend the brand through food, music, business services
and sponsorship.
Discuss the options and try to come up with a compromise solution.
Practice using the grammar (still, yet, by, etc.) and the
Speaking and Writing topics
Feelings
• Are you annoyed when your partner, husband, or wife flirts with someone else ?
• Do bad mannered people upset you?
• Do you get angry when politicians make promises they can't keep?
• Do you get angry when you watch the news on TV and see all the terrible things happening
in the world?
• Does it annoy you when shop assistants try to sell you things you don't need?
• Does it annoy you when someone interrupts you when you are speaking?
• Does it annoy you when someone knows everything better than you and says so?
• Does it annoy you when you are waiting in a long queue and someone pushes in front of
you?
• Does it annoy you when your teacher speaks too quickly?
• Does it drive you crazy to always see the same faces and read about the same celebrities in
the gossip columns?
• Does it drive you crazy when waiters ignore you?
• Does it drive you crazy when you have invited people to dinner and they come late and the
meal is spoiled?
• Does it make you angry when motorists drive too closely behind you?
• Does it make you angry when people make nasty comments about you ?
• Does it make you angry when you have made an appointment to see the doctor at a certain
time and he/she keeps you waiting for ages ?
• Does it upset or annoy you when a beggar asks you for money?
• Does it upset you when have to say "No" when someone asks you for help?
• Does it upset you when you see homeless people?
• Does it upset you when you see people hitting children or animals?
• Does it upset you when you see pictures of famines in India, Africa or other countries?
Fears
• Are there any parts of the city where you live which you are afraid to visit after dark?
Where? Why?
• Are there certain weather conditions that scare people? What are they? Why do people
become scared?
• Are you afraid of flying?
• Are you afraid of ghosts?
• Are you afraid of giving a speech in public?
• Are you afraid of going to the dentist?
• Are you afraid of heights?
• Are you afraid of scary movies?
• Are you afraid of the dark?
• Are you afraid to die? Why?
• Are you afraid of getting old? Why?
• Are there any numbers that people are afraid of in your culture?
• Do you fear certain insects or animals? Why?
• Do you know anyone with a phobia?
• Do you like horror movies?
• Do you think young children should be allowed to watch horror movies?
• How do you react when you see something frightening?
• Is there any person you are afraid of?
• Were you afraid of the dark as a child?
• Were you afraid on your first day of school here in the United States? How do you feel now?
• What animal do you think is the most scary?
• What are some things which many people are afraid of? Why are they afraid of them?
• What is the scariest movie you have ever seen?
• What is your biggest fear in life? Are you afraid that it might come true?
• What kinds of things make you nervous?
• What was the most frightening experience you've had?
• When you were a child, what things were you afraid of?
• Do you ever have nightmares (bad dreams)?
• What are they about?
• How often do you have nightmares?
• Have you ever seen any reality TV shows where people face their fears for money?
• Would you ever face one of your fears for money?
• Do you find this kind of show interesting to watch?
• What is your biggest fear?
• Have you overcome any of your fears?
• Are you afraid of being ill? What disease are you most afraid of? Why?
• Do you believe people can be cured of phobias by hypnosis?
• Are you afraid to fly?
• -Are you afraid to ride a motorcycle?
• -Are you afraid of death, of dying?
• How do you cope with your fears?
• Are you afraid of being ill? What disease are you most afraid of? Why?
• What is your biggest fear for yourself?
• What is your biggest fear for the world?
• How often do you feel afraid?
• How would you help someone to get over their fear?
• Do you have any form of phobia or paranoia?
• What were you afraid of as a child?
• What facial expressions accompany fear?
• If you 'put the fear of God into someone,' how do you think that person feels?
• Are you afraid you might get sick?
• Are you afraid of speaking English?
• A foreign language?
• In front of many people?
• At official functions?
• Are you afraid of germs?
Either/Or and Neither/Nor

The pairings either/or and neither/nor can be used to group two people or things. Although not a
major grammatical error, the grouping of more than two things is frowned upon by some style
conventions.
Examples:
Neither the forwards nor the scrumhalf, all of whom were within 10 metres
of the tackle, nor the crowd appealed for a foul. (three things grouped)
I could neither laugh nor cry.
Either the clerk or the secretary has the keys to the Rover.
(Note: "has" is correct / "have" would be wrong
The clerk or the secretary has the keys to the Rover. ('Either' left out)
He did not find the key either on or under the mat.
Beware Double Negative

The pairing neither/nor plays a negative role in the sentence. Be careful not to use a double
negative.
Adam did not find the key neither on nor under the mat.
(This is a double negative.)
He did not mention neither the flooding nor the landslide.

(This is a double negative.)
He mentioned neither the flooding nor the landslide.
He did not mention either the flooding or the landslide.
Singular Verb with Singular Elements

If the pairings either/or or neither/nor form part of the subject of a verb and both elements are
singular, then the verb must be singular too.
Examples:
Neither Mark nor Dawn is at the function.

"Mark" (singular - i.e. one person), "Dawn" (singular), "is" (singular - i.e., not "are")
Neither Dickens nor Thackeray was a panderer to the public taste.

"Dickens" (singular), "Thackeray" (singular), "was" (singular - i.e.,not "were
panderers")
Either the clerk or the secretary has the keys to the Rover.
"clerk" (singular), "secretary" (singular), "has" (singular - i.e., not "have")
Neither Simon nor Gary do as they are told.

"Simon" (singular), "Gary" (singular), "do" (plural - should be "does")
Either a mouse or a rat eats the cable at night.
Plural Verb with a Plural Element

If the pairings either/or or neither/nor form part of the subject of a verb and at least one of the
elements is plural, then the verb must be plural too.
Examples:
Neither the lawyer nor the detectives are able to follow the sequence
of events.
"lawyer" (singular - i.e., one person), "detectives" (plural - i.e., more than
one person), "are" (plural - i.e., not "is")
There were neither cakes nor ice-cream at the party.
Neither the firemen nor the policemen know him. (i.e., not "knows")
Either the budgies or the cat has to go.
Proximity Rule
Not all grammar conventions agree with the ruling above. In fact, there is notable leniency on
whether to use a plural or singular verb when one of the elements is plural. Under 'the proximity
rule', the verb is governed by the element nearest to it.
Examples:
Either crumpets or cake is sufficient.

( under standard convention; should be "are sufficient")
( under the proximity rule - "cake" governs "is" because it is the nearest element.)
There was neither ice-cream nor chocolates at the party.

( under standard convention; should be "were")
( under the proximity rule - "ice-cream" governs "was" because it is the nearest element.)
In conclusion:
Both … and
Subjects connected by 'both … and' take the a plural conjugation.
Examples:
Both Alice and Janice attended USC.
Both Jim and Peter are attending the conference in New York this weekend.
Either … or
'Either … or' is used in sentences in a positive sense meaning "one or the other, this or that, he or
she, etc." Verb conjugation depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to the conjugated
verb.
Examples:
Either Peter or the girls need to attend the course. (second subject plural)
Either Jane or Matt is going to visit next weekend. (second subject singular)
Neither … nor
'Neither … nor' is used in sentences in a negative sense meaning "not this one nor the other, not this
nor that, not he nor she, etc.". Verb conjugation depends on the subject (singular or plural) closest to
the conjugated verb.
Examples:
Neither Frank nor Lilly lives in Eugene. (second subject singular)
Neither Axel nor my other friends care about their future. (second subject plural)
Choose the correct pair (either / or and neither / nor).

1. In this game you ___win ___ lose. It depends on you (either - or neither - nor )
2. ___ Sue ___ Sara will help you with your homework. They are both busy at the moment.
(Either - or Neither - nor )
3. This is my offer. You ___ take it ___ leave it. (either - or neither - nor )
4. When I go to the restaurant, I eat ___ fish ___ roast chicken. These are my favorite meals.
(either - or neither - nor )
5. His father believed ___ his son ___ his friend. He thought that both were lying. ( either -
or neither - nor )
6. I need ___ your help ___ your compassion. I can perfectly handle my problems all alone.
(either - or neither - nor )
7. ___ Charly ___ Bill will write the report. Just ask one of them. ( Either - or Neither -
nor )
8. ___ you return the money you had stolen ____ I'll call the police. ( Either - or Neither -
nor)
9. My mum can ___ read ___ write. She is illiterate. ( either - or neither - nor )
10.You can use ___ this computer ___ the other one. Someone must fix them first. (either - or
neither - nor)
As or Like?
Like and as are often confused in English. They can both be used to talk about how things are
similar.
Like is followed by a noun or pronoun. For example, "I'mlike my sister", or "Like my sister, I have
brown eyes."
As is followed by a subject and verb. For example, "She's a good student, as her brother was before
her."
However, in spoken English, like is often used instead ofas. "She's a good student, like her brother
was before her."
As is used with a preposition, such as, "As in the 1960's, the population explosion will cause some
problems."
We can use as in certain expressions, such as "as you know", "as you requested", "as we agreed".
We also use as…..as to give comparisons. For example, "He's as clever as his sister."
She sings ______ an angel.

I'm much better ______ you can see.
My sister is not at all ______ me.
My daughter is just ______ my sister.
I'm attending the meeting ______ an observer
I use one of the bedrooms ______ an office.
You are very ______ your mother.
I hope to qualify ______ an engineer.
My friend Rob looks ______ John Travolta.
There is too much traffic in London ______ in New York.
We're late for the train. We'll have to run ______ the wind.
I'm your friend and, ______ a friend, I advise you to think again.
I don't know you as well as he does but, ______ your friend, I advise you to
think again.
You don't like confrontations, ______ me.
I want to join the air force ______ a pilot.
We need a strong leader ______ Winston Churchill.
He has gone to our competitors ______ marketing manager.
I've appointed Simon Williams ______ the new trustee.
I've done the work ______ we agreed.
I was sure, ______ was everybody else, that you would do well in this job.
Time Clauses
Using Before, After, While and When
We use these words (before, after, while and when) to introduce time clauses to tell
when something happens.
Rudy washed the floor before he watched the soccer match.
Rudy washed the floor after the soccer match.
Rudy washed the floor when the soccer match ended.
Rudy washed the floor while he was watching the soccer match.
In all of these cases, Rudy washed the floor. However, we have to look at the time clauses to
see when the floor was washed.
Time clauses: before he watched the soccer match
after the soccer match
when the soccer match ended
while he was watching the soccer match
In all of these examples, the main (independent) clause is "Rudy washed the floor".
The time clause simply states the relationship of other actions (watching the soccer
match) to the activity in the main clause.
Let's analyze the time sequence--with another example.
The phone rang after we ate dinner.
(First we ate our meal, and then the phone rang.)
The phone rang before we ate dinner.
(First the phone rang, and then we ate.)
The phone rang when we started dinner.

Also: The phone rang as we ate dinner.
(We started to eat and the phone rang at the same time.)
The phone rang while we were eating dinner.

Also: The phone rang as we were eating dinner.
(This is the same as above, but with the progressive tense [-ing]).
The Grammar
Independent clause Dependent clause

The phone rang is an independent clause. It can stand alone grammatically.
before we ate dinner is a dependent clause. It needs an independent clause to be a
complete sentence. It is a sentence fragment when it is used alone.
Punctuation

Before we ate dinner, the phone rang.
When the independent clause comes first in the sentence, no comma is needed.
When the dependent clause comes first in the sentence, the clauses are separated by a
comma.
Different verb tenses

Look at these verb tenses:
two past tense
It started to rain before I got home.
events
Jaime had a drink before he played tennis.
modal auxiliary
and present I have to get home before it starts of rain.
tense
Jaime has to have a drink before he plays tennis.
two past tense

Henry went to the movie after he had dinner
events
Prof. Simon gave a test after the spring break ended.
modal auxiliary
and present Henry may go to the movie after he has dinner.
tense
Secretary Simon ought to negotiate with the rebels
before the situation gets out of hand.
an on-going
event
interrupted by a Myra was reading a book when the phone rang.
single event in
the past
past tense cause
Myra had to get up when the phone rang.
and effect
two past tense
Ben asked for a ride when Myra answered the phone.
events
two future
Myra will leave to pick up Ben when she hangs up.
events
two past tense
I was listening carefully while the manager was
continuous
explaining the problem.
activities
one past tense
continuous event
The doorbell rang while I was taking a shower.
interrupted by
single action
Cause and Effect
You can use when or after to explain some cause and effect situations.
Effect: He got a flat tire (puncture).
Cause: He ran over some glass.
He got a flat tire after he ran over some glass.
After he ran over some glass, he got a flat tire.
Cause: It rained.
Effect: Our paint job was ruined.
When it rained, our paint job was ruined.
Our paint job was ruined when it rained.
Exercises
Combine the following sentences using the conjunction that is provided.

1. Rosalie studied very hard.
She took the exam on Thursday. (before)
2. Angus was thoroughly exhausted.
He ran the Boston Marathon (26 miles). (after)
3. The doorbell rang.
Brian was taking a shower. (when or while)
4. Jonathan was eating his dinner of pork chops and beans.
He was watching the news on TV. (when or while)
5. Giles was backing into a parking space.
He heard a crunch. (when or while)
Now you supply the conjunction: before, after, when, while
6. The CAO had heard the orchestra several times.
He invited them to play at the Independence Day concert.
7. Jennifer had a date with Charles.
She thought she was falling in love.
8. Christie cried for weeks.
Her mother died.
9. Aaron was eating dinner.
Caroline called to ask about the assignment.
10. Sean had to stay home for three weeks.
He injured his back.
Read the sentences and then write 1 next to the action that came first and 2 next to the action that
came second. If they happened at the same time, put S next to each.
1. The kidnappers called shortly after the group of tourists disappeared.

_____ the kidnappers called _____ the tourists disappeared
2. The governor authorized delivery of food to the kidnappers when they promised to release some
hostages.
_____ the governor authorized the delivery _____ the kidnappers promised to release
hostages
3. Only two hostages were released after the governor sent in food.
_____ hostages were released _____ the governor sent in food
4. We were all watching carefully while the two hostages walked out of the house.
_____ we watched _____ the two hostages walked out
5. The governor's assistant grabbed the phone after it rang again.
_____ the assistant grabbed the phone _____ the phone rang again
6. The kidnappers were angry when the governor didn't come the phone in person.
_____ the kidnappers got angry _____ the governor didn't come to the phone
7. The kidnappers shouted a lot of political rhetoric before they slammed down the phone.
_____ they shouted rhetoric _____ they hung up the phone
8. They called again while we were trying to decide what to do.
_____ they called again _____ were trying to decide what to do
9. They were very pleased when the governor agreed to come to the phone.
_____ they were pleased _____ the governor agreed to come to the phone
10. They began to negotiate seriously after the governor got involved.
_____ they began to negotiate _____ the governor got involved
11. Before we finished the negotiations, the kidnappers promised to release all hostages.
_____ we finished the negotiation _____ the kidnappers promised the release
12. The kidnappers were allowed to make a public statement before the army arrested them.
_____ they made a statement _____ the army arrested them
INTRODUCTION
• What do you know about the clothes shop, ZARA?

• Do you shop at Zara?
• Do you know anything about the man who started the company?
Reading 1 - Zara
Amancio Ortega is Spain’s richest man, and the Chairman of Inditex, the company
that owns Zara. Ortega started his company in 1963 with $25 and opened the first
Zara shop in Galicia, Spain in1975.
He comes from a poor family. His father worked for the train company and his mother
was a cleaner, and at the age of 13 Ortega started work in shirt factory.
At the age of 17 he quit his job and with his small investment bought cheap fabric in
Barcelona, and began to make low-cost fashionable clothes.
He sold the clothes to local shops, and with the profits he was able to open a small
factory.
The speed of production and good quality were very important factors to his early
success.
In 1975, Ortega opened his first Zara shop. His strategy was to rent the best location
possible, directly opposite the most important shop in town. The rent was expensive
but the location was crucial because the footfall in the area was really high.
Zara’s clothes were instantly popular with the younger generation and in 2008 the
company had sales of approximately $10 billion.
1. Where and when did Ortega open his first Zara shop?
2. What is his family background?
3. What did he do when he was 17 years old?
4. What was his strategy when he opened his first shop?
5. What were the sales figures in 2008?
Reading 2 - Read the following article on Zara and fill in the gaps
with either the correct form of the verb (PAST or PRESENT simple,
REGULAR or IRREGULAR).
Amancio Ortega started Zara with $25

Amancio Ortega (be) the son of a railway worker who (start) with
nothing, and is now Spain's richest citizen. The entrepreneur (begin) the
fashion company Zara, in the basement of his home.
In 2008 Zara (sell) clothes worth $9.6 billion, and has over 800 stores in 50
countries.
Zara (be) now part of the Inditex group of companies, owned by the Ortega
family.
Amancio Ortega (be) born in León in 1936. They migrated to Galicia in the early
1950s. In 1963 he (quit) his job as an administrative assistant and with
approximately $25 he (launch) a range of lingerie. Soon he (open)
the first Zara shop in the city of La Coruña, Spain. The year (be) 1975.
Like other successful entrepreneurs, Ortega (be) a control freak. He is
obsessed with the quality of his clothes. From the beginning he (invest) in
clothing design and production. Ten percent of Zara’s employees (work) in
manufacturing. Zara’s fashion designers (develop) 10,000 trendy items every
year. They (find) inspiration in the street, the nightclubs and the catwalk.
Zara’s store presentation is another area that is important to Ortega, especially the
window displays. Inditex window designers (create) the best displays
possible for the city and the local climate. The design team at Zara (believe)
that attention to detail (be) crucial to the success of Zara.
The next time you (pass) a Zara store take a close look at the window display.
Ability and Inability
Example Sentences
• Leaders can delegate and motivate
• The company is unable to deliver the order tomorrow
Ability:
1. Making someone able or something possible
The computer system enables Zara to change products quickly
2. Being able
Zara is able to produce a lot of items
3. Making something impossible or something unable
Slow production prevents the competition from growing.
Uses
• Being able to do something:
Great businessmen are capable of inspiring others
• Making something impossible or someone unable:
The high cost prevented us from ordering the shirts
The manager stopped the meeting early
• Being unable to do something:
I want to visit the factory but I can’t (something is preventing me)
Make Able / Be Able Make unable / Be Unable to /

Possible impossible impossible
Enable Can Prohibit Can’t
Allow Be able to Prevent from Be impossible to
Permit Be capable of Stop/halt Unable to
Approved Be possible to Forbidden Be incapable of
Exercise
Fill the gaps with an appropriate verb from the table above and put it in the correct form.
More than one answer is possible.
1. Yesterday, we ____enter the shop but today we (be un/able).

2. The price ____us____ manufacturing in England (impossible).
3. Due to machinery failure we are____ ______complete the order (impossible)
4. The staff were ___an extra day’s holiday (possible)
SPEAKING PRACTICE:
With a partner discuss your ability or inability to become a successful
entrepreneur, or a great manager. Ask each other questions.
CULTURAL AWARENESS IN BUSINESS: Spanish Siesta

Traditionally, the Spanish take a siesta in the middle of the day: a 2-3 hour break
to have lunch and a short sleep (a nap).
However, with the new corporate culture in Spain the siesta is disappearing
because it is unproductive.
TALKING POINT:
• What are the benefits of a siesta?
• In your country/culture what is a normal business lunch?
Reading 3 - So, what are the business strategies that make Zara successful?
Firstly, Zara keeps production in Spain and Portugal, and this means up to 15%
higher labour costs, but enables shorter delivery times.
Secondly, Zara's production cycles are much faster than those of its rivals, H&M,
Gap and Next. A new Zara garment takes 5 weeks from design to delivery, but at
H&M it takes 12 weeks. This means that the traditional 4 seasons of the fashion year
have been replaced by as many as 12 seasons.
Next, clothes are made in small quantities to avoid over-production, and styles are
replaced quickly with more new designs. This creates a ‘limited opportunity to buy’,
which is attractive.
Another advantage is the range of products. Over 10,000 new items are launched
each year, compared with the 2,000 to 4,000 at Gap.
But things are changing at Zara. In 2007 the company moved some of its production
to Eastern Asia, although the bulk of its manufacturing remains in Europe. China
now produces 12.5% of Zara’s clothes and this could cause problems with future
delivery speeds.
1. What is the first strategy?

2. What is the second strategy?
3. Why are the clothes made in small quantities?
4. Is Zara’s range of clothes important?
5. What is changing at Zara?
ROLE-PLAY - THE MEETING
CASE STUDY: Zara is considering moving all of its production from Spain to
China. This will reduce labour costs by 200% but will increase transport costs
and give a longer delivery period from 10 weeks to 16 weeks.
CHAIRMAN & FAMILY MEMBERS: The Company is losing market share to

strong competition but you do not want to move production away from your
home country to China. For you it is not the solution, it will be fatal.
You believe that better production is the answer, and you have a lot of
experience. The problem is that you only own 25% of the company and
shareholders want more profit.
Present reasons for more investment in technology, machinery and staff
training.
SHAREHOLDERS: You see the moving of production to China as the only way
the company can compete. If the company restructures and invests, it will be
very expensive and you don’t want to take the risk.
The Chairman is being sentimental and unrealistic, and although he built the
company up from nothing he is going to bankrupt it if you don’t explain the
reality of the global economy.
Present reasons why production should be moved to China.

Think about competition, profit demands, good labour skills etc.
Speaking and Writing topics
The Art of Conversation
• What makes it easy to talk to someone?

• What traits do you look for in a conversation partner?
• Tell about your favorite types of conversations to have?
• What do you talk about?
• How do you know the other person?
• Who is the best conversationalist that you have ever met?
• Why are they such a great conversationalist?
• Have you ever had a great conversation with a complete stranger?
• What made it so great?
• What did you talk about?
• Where were you?
• What is your role in a conversation?
• Do you dominate?
• Do you subordinate?
• What percent of a conversation do you spend talking?
• Have you ever tried to consciously change your conversational style?
• What did you change?
• What are some good habits you have in conversation?
• What are some bad traits you have in conversations?
• Who communicates better: men or women?
• What makes their style better?
• What makes it worse?
• Do you like to flirt?
• How do you flirt?
• What do you say?
• On a scale of 1-10, how do you rate your conversational skill with the opposite sex? Explain.
• How do conversations between men and women differ?
• Do you like to argue?
• What do you like to argue about?
• Do you always want to be right?
• What types of arguments do you hate to lose?
• What topics should you avoid when talking to a stranger?
• To a Swiss person?
• To a Japanese?
• To an American?
• What topics are taboos for your culture?
• What topics are taboo for you personally?
• Why do people like to learn bad words in another language?
• What do people do that drives you crazy in a conversation?
• How do you feel about talking on the phone? Why?
• Do you think that some conversations are easier to have on the phone? Face to face?
• What types of conversations, and why?
• What are some topics that you can't stand to talk about? Why?
• Do you have better conversations when you are drinking?
• How do your conversations change after you have been drinking?
• Have you ever said something to someone that you wish you hadn't said?
• What was it? Explain.
• If you could relive any conversation of your life, what would it be? Why? Explain.
• How do you feel about being frank? Explain.
• How do you feel about blunt people?
• Is there such a thing as being too honest? Explain.
• In your experience, which country's people are the easiest to talk to? Explain.
• Which country's people are difficult to talk to? Explain.
• If you could have the voice of any famous person, whose voice would you want? Why?
• How do you feel about conversations with people older than yourself?
• Are there any older people who you have conversations with regularly?
• Who are they?
• Some people like to talk about things, and some people like to do things.
• What kind of person are you? Explain.
• If you could have a conversation with any famous living person, who would you talk to?
• What would you talk about?
• Why would you want to talk about that? Explain.
• If you could have a conversation with a famous deceased person, who would you talk to?
• What would you talk about, and why?
• Do you like to eavesdrop on other people's conversations?
• What kind of questions do you like to overhear? Where do you listen?
• Have you ever spied on anyone?
• Have you ever recorded a phone call or conversation? Why?
• Would you ever do it? Explain.
• If you had to choose, would you rather marry a partner who is handsome/beautiful and sexy,
but who is a terrible conversationalist, or a partner who is a wonderful conversationalist, but
who is less-attractive-than-average? Explain.
• What was a difficult conversation you had to have in your life?
• How did it turn out?
• What made it hard? Explain.
• Would you like to be a salesman, a teacher, a reporter?
• Would you like to have a career that requires you to talk to a lot of people? Why?
• Which career?
• How can you improve your conversation skills? Explain.
FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-8 INTERMEDIATE
Choose the correct form.
We used to getting up early but we are retirednow and we don´t need to

We used to get up early but we are retirednow and we don´t need to
When she moved to France she had to get used to drive on the right
When she moved to France she had to get used to driving on the right
We couldn´t sleep very well in Japan, we aren´t used to sleeping on the floor
We couldn´t sleep very well in Japan, we aren´t used to sleep on the floor
We used to travelling a lot before having children

We used to travel a lot before having children
The most difficult thing was to get used to eating such spicy food
The most difficult thing was to get used to eat such spicy food
I am used to working on the night shift

I am used to work on the night shift
Modal Verbs of Probability Quiz

Use must, might, may, could or can't plus the
correct form of the verb.
Where is David? He _________ (be) at school. Classes begin at 8.

She _____________ (think) that it is a good
idea. It's crazy!
I'm absolutley sure!.
They ___________ (arrive) yesterday, I saw
their ticket.
Courses ____________- (begin) the fifth of
September.
Are you joking! David ___________- (go) to
Paris last week. He doesn't have enough
money.
They ____________ (live) in New York, but
I'm not sure.
The concert ___________ (be) wonderful
last night. Fiore is a great conductor.
Make the future continuous:
At three o’clock tomorrow, we (get) ready to go out..
At three o’clock tomorrow, they (meet) their parents..
At three o’clock tomorrow, he (study) in the library..
At three o’clock tomorrow, she (exercise) at the gym..
At three o’clock tomorrow, I (sleep
When she arrives, Ann and Tom (not/cook)..
When she arrives, he (not/play) computer games..
When she arrives, I (not/study)..
When she arrives, you (not/cry)..
When she arrives, David (not/use) the internet..
When the boss comes, (they/have) a meeting?.
When the boss comes, (he/eat) lunch?.
When the boss comes, (you/type)?.
When the boss comes, (he/make) coffee?.
At 8pm, where (I/wait)?.
At 8pm, what (you/do)?.
At 8pm, why (he/study)?.
At 8pm, how (she/travel)?.
At 8pm, who (they/meet)?.

FINAL TEST LESSONS 1-8 INTE
At 8pm, where (we/eat)?.
At 8pm, what (you/watch)?.
At 8pm, why (he/drive)?.
At 8pm, what (she/cook)?.
At 8pm, why (they/sleep)?.
Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive.
1) We decided (buy) a new car.

2) They've got some work (do).
3) Peter gave up (smoke) .
4) He'd like (fly) an aeroplane.
5) I enjoy (write) picture postcards.
6) Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the
shop?
7) Avoid (make) silly mistakes.
8) My parents wanted me (be) home at 11 o'clock.
9) I dream about (build) a big house.
10) I'm hoping (see) Lisa.
Tell or Say
1. My brother ___ me that you are good at playing chess.
2. Whenever we play chess , he___ , "Are you ready to lose?"
3. He always ___ good jokes while waiting for me to move.
4. Most of the time, I cannot ___ the difference between a smart move and a stupid one.
5. If I am slow, he says, "Could you please ___me the time?"
6. Or he says, "What time does the clock ____?"
7. If I ask for help and he answers and is smiling, I know he ___ me a lie.
8. I ____ him stories to distract him.

Make or do?
1. Why can't shoe manufacturers make / do comfortable shoes for women?

2. I wish shoe they would make /do us a favor and redesign shoes.
3. Can you imagine trying to make /do dinner in high heels?
4. A person wants comfortable shoes while making /doing the dishes.
5. When shopping for shoes, it is often hard to make / do up one's mind.
6. It does not make / do sense to buy shoes that will hurt.
7. Buy the shoes that will not make / do harm to your feet.
8. Don't make /do the same mistake that I did.
9. I am making/am doing a promise to myself from now on.
10. I will make / do without shoes that are fashionable and uncomfortable.
Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
1. This is the bank was robbed yesterday.
2. A boy sister is in my class was in the bank at that time.
3. The man robbed the bank had two pistols.
4. He wore a mask made him look like Mickey Mouse.
5. He came with a friend waited outside in the car.
6. The woman gave him the money was young.
7. The bag contained the money was yellow.
8. The people were in the bank were very frightened.
9. A man mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
10.A woman daughter was crying tried to calm her.
11.The car the bank robbers escaped in was orange.
12.The robber mask was obviously too big didn't drive.
13.The man drove the car was nervous.

Choose the correct reflexive pronouns:

1. Robert made this T-shirt ____
2. Liza did the homework ___ .
3. We helped ___ to some cola at the party.
4. Sara, did you write this poem _____ ?
5. Yes, I wrote this poem ______ .
6. He cut _______ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7. The lion can defend ______ .
8. My mother often talks to ______ in the kitchen.
9. John and Alan, if you want more milk, help _____ .
10.The students were so noisy. Even Nancy and Leila were making a lot of noise _____.
11.Did the children behave ______ ?
12.I caught sight of ________ in the mirror.
Choose the right Conditional
If you spoke less and listened more,

c) I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
d) you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
If you spent more time on your own problems and a bit less on mine,
c) we'd both benefit.
d) I'd try to find a job with one of the Japanese banks.
If we controlled our expenses a bit better,

c) we'd save a lot of money.
If you invested some time into learning how the Internet works,
a) you'd find that it could really help you in your job.
c) we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
If we opened an office in Tokyo,

a) we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
b) you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
c) I'd be interested in working there.
d) we'd both benefit.
If you didn't take the job,

a) you'd regret it later.
b) you'd be more aware of what people really felt.
c) we wouldn't be so behind technologically.
Fill the gap using the verb in brackets. Think very carefully about the meaning of the phrase before
deciding whether to use a negative or positive verb form.
1 I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat)
2 If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you. (to visit)

3 We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right bus. (to find)
4 We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________ time. (to have)
5 If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I _____________________ the film.
(to enjoy)
6 If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)
7 If just one person had remembered my birthday, I _____________________ sad. (to be)
8 I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in German. (to be*)

9 They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)
10 If she _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to
park)
11 If I'd known you were coming, I _____________________ a cake. (to bake)
12 If she _____________________ the shed unlocked, they wouldn't have stolen her bike. (to
leave)
13 If you had told me about the concert, I _____________________. (to go)
14 The storm _____________________ a lot of damage if it had come this way. (to do)
15 The holidays would have been great if the weather _____________________ better. (to be)
Mixed conditionals
Complete the following sentences. Note that you might have to use other tenses (active/passive
voice) than required in the basic rules.
• If I had more time, I (come) to your party yesterday.
• Give the book to Jane if you (read) it.
• If you hadn't lost our flight tickets, we (be) on our way to the Caribbean now.
• If you (have) dinner right now, I'll come back later.
• If we (set) off earlier, we wouldn't be in this traffic jam now.
• What would you do if you (accuse) of murder?
• If I hadn't eaten that much, I (feel / not) so sick now.
• We would take another route if they (close / not) the road.
• She only (sing) if she's in a good mood.
• If she were sensible, she (ask) that question, by which she offended him so much.
Complete the sentences according to the basic rules for Conditional Sentences.
• It iswill bewerehad beenwould bewould have been silly if we tried to walk there.
• I watchwill watchwatchedhad watchedwould watchwould have watched the film only if the
reviews are good.
• She'd have taken me to the station if her car doesn't breakwon't breakdidn't breakhadn't
brokenwouldn't breakwouldn't have broken down.
• If you don't askwon't askdidn't askhadn't askedwouldn't askwouldn't have asked, he won't help you.
• If it doesn't rainwon't raindidn't rainhadn't rainedwouldn't rainwouldn't have rained yesterday, we
would have gone sailing.
• Do you lookWill you lookDid you lookHad you lookedWould you lookWould you have
looked after their dog again if they go on holiday this year?
• Would you mind if I usewill useusedhad usedwould usedwould have used your mobile?
• I do not openwill not opendid not openhad not openedwould not openwould not have opened the
mail if it had contained a virus.
• Even if I havewill havehadhad hadwould havewould have had a wet-suit, I wouldn't go scuba-
diving.
• Do you beWill you beDid you beHad you beenWould you beWould you have been that strict if
you'd known the truth?
Decide whether the following Conditional Sentences are Type I, II or II.

1. If he had dropped the vase, it would have broken.
Type I Type II Type III
2. If you have to do the washing up, I will help you.
3. If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning ... (song)
4. I wouldn't run away if I saw a spider.
5. We'd have given you a lift if you hadn't had your bike with you.
6. If you had listened to me, the accident wouldn't have happened.
7. If we don't get tickets for the concert, we'll stay at home.
8. They'd go by bus if they didn't have a car.
9. She'll hear us if you don't stop laughing.
10.He wouldn't have taken the bread if he hadn't been hungry.
Wishes and Regrets
1 She failed most of her exams, and now she wishes she __________ harder.
works
worked
would work
had worked
2 I had to get the bus to work every day. I wish I __________ a car.
have got
had
would have
had had
3 The weather's terrible today. I wish it __________ a bit warmer.
is
was
would be
had been
4 It really annoys me that you never do anything around the house! I wish
you __________ from time to time.
wash up
washed up
would wash up
had washed up
5 I missed my English class yesterday because I went to the doctor's. I wish

I __________ it.
don't miss
didn't miss
wouldn't miss
hadn't missed
6 The last bus always seems to leave early. I wish the driver __________ until the right
time before leaving.
waits
waited
would wait
had waited
7 My sister will have to cancel her party next week. She wishes she __________ cancel it,
but she's broken her leg.
doesn't have to
won't have to
didn't have to
wouldn't have to
8 We went to a new restaurant for lunch and I've been feeling sick all afternoon. I wish
we __________ there.
go
didn't go
wouldn't go
hadn't gone
9 The two brothers are always fighting. Their mother wishes they __________.
don't
won't
wouldn't
hadn't
10 I gave that man in the pub my phone number. I wish

I __________.
won't
didn't have
wouldn't
hadn't
In case or If
1. Ann might phone this evening. I don't want to go out (in case/ if) she phones.
2. You should tell the police (in case/ if) your bicycle is stolen.
3. I hope you'll come to London sometime. (in case/ if) you come, you can stay with us.
4. This letter is for Susan. Can you give it to her (in case/ if) you see her?
5. Write your name and address on your bag (in case/ if) you lose it.
6. Go to the lost property office (in case/ if) you lose your bag.
7. The burglar alarm will ring (in case/ if) somebody tries to break into the house.
8. I’ve just painted the door. I'll put a WET PAINT notice next to it (in case/ if) somebody
doesn't realise it's just been painted.
9. I was advised to arrange insurance (in case/ if) I needed medical treatment while I was
abroad.
Stative Verbs 1
Choose the present simple or present continous. This
exercise includes the verbs see, think, have, be, and 1) She (have) a bath every evening..
taste, which are sometimes stative
2) My husband (always/taste) the food
while I'm cooking! It's very annoying..
3) Luke (see) the doctor now..
4) He (have) a party next weekend..
5) This coffee (not/taste) right..
6) We (see) John and Susie next

month..
7) What (you/think) about the war ?.
8) She (have) a headache..
9) It (be) cold today..
10) They (not/have) a car..
11) I (not/see) anything, I can't work

the telescope?.
12) The waiter (taste) the wine now..
13) She (not/be) a doctor..
14) (want) a sandwich?.
15) I (have) fun today..
16) I (think) too much about my ex-

boyfriend..
17) They often (see) a film on Fridays..
18) This cake (taste) funny..

Choose the proper response:
1. He doesn't like ________________ one of those bands.

either
neither
nor
2. I hate that song, and my sister hates it ________________ .

neither
too
either
3. Neither my brother ________________ my mother knows about this.

nor
neither
or
4. He didn't come to the party, and his brother didn't come ________________.
neither
nor
either
5. ________________ (one) of the girls knows how to dance. ( = Both girls are bad dancers)
Either
Neither
Nor
6. He ________________ has a cat or a dog. I can't remember.

neither
too
either
7. Neither my brother ________________ ready to go.

nor his friends are
nor his friends is
or his friends is
8. He was not angry, ________________ did he insult me. ( = he didn't insult me either)
nor
neither
either
9. I'm thinking of traveling to either Argentina ________________ Brazil.

either
or
nor
10. I'm not a big fan of that writer, and ________________ is my father.
too
either
neither

English Manual 2 - Intermediate PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

English Manual 2 - Intermediate PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

2) INTERMEDIATE AND UPPER-INTERMEDIATE (40 HRS)

– Lesson 1 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

– Lesson 2 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

– Lesson 4 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

– Lesson 5 (five hours)

A) Vocabulary B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and Writing

– Lesson 7 (five hours)

B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

– Lesson 8 (five hours)

B) Grammar & C) Exercises D) Case study E) Speaking and

© Material has been adapted from:

Fill in the blank wih the words above.

6) The ________ is the standard by which performance will be judged.

8) A primary _________refers to the amount by which government spending exceeds government

Employment and Social Affairs

What are modern economies based on?

Creating growth and jobs

What is the Lisbon strategy?

Equal opportunities and investing in people

How is descriminaton handled by the EU?

B) GRAMMAR & EXRCISES (2hour)

Simple Present review

1. Third person singular with s or -es

• He _____ to school every morning. (go)

Question words review

Why _ _ _ _ _ _ job? He likes his job because he feels free.

In his company, there is a system of

What _ _ _ _ _ _ mean? flexi-time. This means that he can choose

when he wants to start and finish work.

What _ _ _ interests? Roland also has many interests. In the

summer, he goes canooing on a lake just

What _ _ _ the autumn? outside Fagersta. He doesn't like the autumn

weather. In the autumn, he stays at home and

Which _ _ _ _ season? reads and watches television. Winter is his

favourite season. In the winter, he puts on

along the tracks in the forests near his home.

What sort _ _ _ _ _ _? Roland is a very active person. He works

quite hard and spends a large part of his free

enjoy many of the same interests.

How _ _ _ free time?

How long _ _ _ _ week? computer department.

He________________(13: drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(14: read) a newspaper.

always very busy. He________________(15: play) the piano regularly. He________________(16:

he________________(20: wear) one blue sock and one red one!

1. Write the name and address_______--the front page of the envelope.

2. It's dangerous to play football________-the streets.

3. I'll meet you_______-the corner of the street at 10.

4. We got stuck in a traffic jam________the way to the airport.

5. Look at the horses__________-that field.

6. _______-the end of the street is a path to our house.

8. He has lived in India_____two years.

9. I’ll phone you_______Tuesday morning_____about 10.

10. Tom’s grandmother died in 1987_________the age of 81.

11. Jack’s brother is out of work_______the moment.

12. The price of electricity is going up_______October.

13. I haven’t seen him_______Christmas.

14._______Sunday afternoons I usually get up late.

He(13: drink) a cup of coffee and he(14: read) a newspaper.

always very busy. He(15: play) the piano regularly. He(16:

9. I’ll phone you___Tuesday morning_about 10.