co) United States «2) Patent Application Publication (i) Pub Gunderson No.: US 2006/0163971 Al Jul. 27, 2006 US 2006016397141 (43) Pub. Date: a) as) @ @ on) SOLID STATE ELECTRIC GENERATOR Inventor: Graham Alan Gunderson, Spoksne, WA (US) Correspondence Address: THE LAW OFFICE OF LAWRENCE, MAN n Aleso Aver San Francisco, C4 94127 (US) Assignee: Magnetic Power Ine. Appl. Nox 336,397 Fite: Jan, 20, 2006 Related U, pplication Data Provisional application No. 601685,674, filed on Jan 21, 2008, Publication Classification Int. € OK 122 (200601) HOLE yo (200601) (2) Use 310/267, 339/206 ey ABSTRACT A solid-state electrical generator including at least one ‘permanent magnet, magnetically coupled to a ferromagnetic core provided with atleast one hole penetrating its volume; the hole(s) and magnet(s) being placed such thatthe hole(s) penetrating the ferromagnetic eore’s volume intercept fax ffom the permanent magnet(s) coupled into the ferromag- netic core. A first wite coil is wound around the ferromag- netic coe for the purpose of moving the coupled permanent magnet fax within the feromagnetic core. second wire is routed through the hole(s) penetrating the volume of the ferromagnetic core, for the purpose of intercepting this ‘moving magnetic Hux, thereby inducing an ouput eleteo motive force. A changing voliage applied to the fist wire coil causes coupled pennaneat magnet fx to move withia the core relative to the hole(s) penetrating the core volume, thas inducing electromotive force along wire(s) passing through the hol(s) in the ferromagnetie ere, The mecha cal action of an eletrieal generator is thereby synthesized ‘without use of moving parts.F1G.2FIGSPatent Application Publication Jul. 27,2006 Sheet 4 of 4 US 2006/0163971 A10163971 AL SOLID STATE ELECTRIC GENERATOR [0001] This application claims priority to. Provisional Application 60/645,674 filed Jan. 21, 200S, entitled PER- MANENT MAGNET DRIVEN ELECTRIC GENERA: TOR, BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1, Ficld ofthe Invention [0003] This invention relates to-a method and device for ‘generating electrical power using solid state means. [0004] 2, Description of the Related Art [0005] It has fong been known that moving a magnetic field across a wire will penerate an electromotive force (EMP), oF voltage, slong the wire. When this wire is ‘connected in an electrical elosed cient, in order to perform ‘work, am electric cureat i driven through this closed circuit by the induced electromotive force [0006] 11 has also long been known that this resulting ‘leer current eanses the closed cient to become eaciecled ‘with a secondary, induced magnetic field, whose polarity ‘opposes the primary magnetic fiekd that first induced the EME. This mignetic opposition creates mutual repulsion as ‘2 moving magnet moves toward such a elosed circuit and fatlsaction as that moving magnet den moves away from the ‘closed ereit. Both these actions tend to slow, or “dmg” the progress of the moving maunet generating the EMF, causing ihe electric generator to act as a magnetic brake, in direct proportion (© the amount of electric current produced [0007] Gas engines, hydroelectric: dams and steam-fed Turbines have historically been used to overcome this mag- nie braking action occurring within mechanical electric generators, A large amount of mechanical power is ulti imutely required to produce a large amount of electrical ‘power, since the magnetic braking interaction resulting fom induced eleviial current is generally proportional to the amount of power being generated [0008] There has been a long felt need for @ generator ‘which reduces or eliminates this well-known magnetic beak- ing interaction, while nevertheless generating useful electric power. The noed for convenient, economical, and powerful Sources of renewable energy remiine urgent, When the magnetic fields within a generalor are caused to move and imeract by means other than applied mechanical force, lectic power ean he supplied without the nocessity of ‘consuming limited natural resources, thus with far greater ‘economy. ‘SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] 1 has Jong been Known that the source of the ‘magnetism within a permanent magnet is a spinning electric ‘current within ferromagnetic atoms of certain elements, persisting indefinitely in accord with well-defined quantum rules. This atomic current encitcles each atom, thereby ‘causing each sfom fo emit a magnetic Held, as a ministure ‘electromagnet. [0010] This atomic current does not exist in magnets alone. It also exists in ordinary metallic iron, and in any’ ‘element or metalic alloy that can be “magnetized, that i, Jul. 27, 2006 exhibits ferromagnetism. All ferromagnetic atoms and “magnetic metals” contain such quantum atomic elecio- magnets. [0011] In specific ferromagnetic materials, the orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is flexible. The orient tion of magnetic Hux within, as well as extemal tthe ‘material, easily pivots. Such materials are refered 10 a6 magnetically “Sol, dve to this magnetic lexbiiy [0012] Permanent magnet _moterials are magnetically “hard”, The oriatation axis ofeach atomic electromagnet is fixed in place within a rigid erystal structure. The total -majzetie fed produced by these atoms cannot easily move, ‘This constraint permanently aligns the field of ordinary ‘magnets, hence the name “permance. [0013] ‘The axis of eiecular current flow in one ferromag- netic stom can direct the axis of magnetism within another ferromagnetic atom, through a process known as spin ‘exchange. This gives a soft maynetc material ke rw ion, the useful ability to aim, foeus, and redroct the magnetic eld emited from a magnetically hard permanent magnet [0014] In the present invention, a permanent magnet's rigid feld ig sent info a magnetically exible, “soll” mag- netic material. The permanent magnets apparent location, ‘observed from points within the magnetically soft material, will effectively move, vibrate and appear to shift position ‘when the magnetization of the soft magnetic material is ‘modulated by ancillary means (much like the sun, viewed ‘while underwater, appears 10 move when the water is agitated). By this mechanism, the motion required for gen- ‘tation of electricity ean be synthesized within a soft Fer- ‘mugetic material, without requiring physical movement oF aan applied mechanical force [0015] The present invention synthesizes virtual motion of ‘magnets and their magnetic flekls, producing an electrical ‘generator described herein, which does not require mechani- cal etion oF moving paris. The present invention describes fan electrical generator wherein magnetic braking phenom ‘ena, knowin as expressions of Len?’s Law, donot oppose the ‘means by which the magnetic field energy is canse to move, The synthesized magnetic motion thereby manifests with ‘mechanical or electrical resistance, This synthesized mage ‘tie motion is ad by forees generate in accordance with Lenz's Law, in order to produce acceleration ofthe synthe- sized magnetic motion, instead of physical "magnetic brak- ing” common to mechanically-actuated electrical genera- tors, Because of this novel magnetic interaction, tke solide state stale generator of the present invention is robust ‘Benerator, requiring only a small electri foree to operat, BRIEP DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016} So that the shove-rocited features of the present invention can be understood in detail, more panicular description ofthe invention, briefly summarized above, may ‘be had by reference to various embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. I is © be noted, however, thatthe appended drassing illustrate only typical ‘embodiments of this invention and are therefore not To be ‘considered limiting of its scope, forthe invention may ada to other equally ellctive embodiments [oor] FI is an exploded view of the generator ofthis0163971 AL [0018] FIG. 2 is a cross sectional elevation of the gen- ‘erator of this invention. [0019] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the magnetic ‘ction oocuting within the generator of FIGS. 1 and 2 [0020] FIG. 4s a circuit diagram, illustrating one method. ‘of electrically operating the generator ofthis invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION. [0021] FIG. 1 depicts « parially exploded view of an ‘embodiment of an electric generator of this invention, The parts have been numbered, with the numbering convention applied to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, [0022] Numeral 1 represen a permanent magnet with is [Nom pole pointing inward toward the soft ferromagnetic core of the device, Similarly, numeral 2 indicates permanent magnets of preferably the sme shape and composition, with ‘their South poles aimed inward toward the opposite side, oF ‘opposite surface of the device. The letters “S” and “N” ‘denote these respective magnetic poles inthe drawing. Other magnetic polarities and configurations may be used! with sceess: the pattem shown merely illustrative of one efl- cient mode of adding magnets to the core [0023] The magnets may be formed of say polarized ‘magnetic material In onder of descending ellectiveness, the most desirable permanent-magnet materials are Neody- ‘mium-lron-Boron (NIB) magnets, Samarium Cobalt mag- nes, AINiCo alloy magnets. or “ceramic” strontium, barium. oF ead-ferrite magnets. A primary fetor determin- ing permanent magnet material composition isthe magnetic fox strength of the particular material type. In an embodi- mnt ofthe invention, these magnets may also be substitted ‘with one or more electromagnets producing the required ‘magnetic lux. In another embodiment of the invention, a superimposed DC current bias ean be applied to the pt Wire to generate the required magnetic Hux, in substitution of, or in conjunction with said permanent magnets. [0024] Numeral 3 indicates the magnetic ore, This coe is ‘critical member of the generator, determining the charac leristes of output power capacity, optimal magnet ‘ype, clecrical impedance, and operating frequency range. This core may be any shape, composed of any ferromagnetic substance, foomed! by any process (sintering, eating. a sive bonding, tape winding ete). A wide spectrum of geom- tries, materials, and processes are known in the art of ragnetic cores, Fifective common materials include, but are not limited to, amorphous metal alloys (such as that sole ‘under the trademark designation "Metglas” by Metalss Ine, Conway S.C.), nanocrystalline alloys, manganese and zine ferrites as well as ferrites of any suitable element including any combination of magnetically “hard” and “sof” fests, powdered metals and ferromagnetic alloys, laminations of ‘cobalt andor ira, and siiconsion “electrical sel”, This invention successfully wlizes any feromagnetie material, While functioning as claimed. In an embodiment of the invention, and for the purpose of illustration, a circular “toma core is illustrated. In an embodiment ofthe inven: tion, the composition may be bonded iron powder, com- ‘monly available from many manufacturers. [0025] Regardless of core type, the core is prepared with Toles, through which wires may pass, which have been Jul. 27, 2006 diiled oF formed 10 penetrate the core’s ferromagnetic ‘volume. The toroidal core 3 showin includes radial holes poiating toward a common center. If, for example sti wire rods were (0 be inserted through each of these holes, these ‘wires would meet atthe center point ofthe core, producing an. appearance similar to a spoke wheel. If a square or rectanglar core (at illustrated) i used instead, these holes are preferably oriented parallel to the com's flat sides, ‘causing st rods pasted through the holes wo Zorm a square ‘id patter, as the rods eross each other in the interior window” area framed by the core. While in other embodi- ‘ments ofthe invention, these holes may take any possible ‘orientation or pattems of orientation Within the scope ofthe present getrator,a simple row of radial holes is ilustrated herein as one example [0026] Numeral 4 depicts wire or bundle of wires, i. ‘output wire 4, that pick-up and eamy the generators output power. Typically this wire is composed of insulated copper, ‘though other output mediums such as aluminum, iron, dlicletric material, polymers, and semiconducting materials ‘may be substituted. 1 may be seen in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 that ‘wire 4, which serves as an ouput medium, pases alternately ‘through nejghboring holes formed in core 3, The path taken by wired undulates, passing inan opposite drwetion through ‘ch adjacent hole. If an even numer of holes is used, the ‘wire wll emenge oa the same side of the core it fist entered ‘on, once all holes ar filled. The resulting pair of trailing leads may be twisted topether or similarly terminated, form- ing the output terminals ofthe generator shown at Numeral 8, Output wire 4 may also make multiple passes through ‘ech hole in the core. Though the winding patiem is not necessarily undulatory this base form is shown by way of ‘example, Many effsctive connection styles exist; this illo ‘ation shows the simplest. Il successful connection meth- ‘ods pass wire 4 at some point through the hole inthe core, [0027] Numeral 6 in FIGS. 1, 2, an 3 points to a partial illustration of the input winding, oF inductive coil used to shift the permanent magnets” fields within the core. Typi- cally, this wire col encircles the eore, wrapping around Fer the toroidal core presented, input coil 6 resembles t ‘outer windings of a typical toroidal inductor, a common ‘lecrical component. For the sake of clarity. only a few ‘ras of coll 6are shown ia each of drawing FIGS. 1,2, and 3. In practice, this coil may cover the entire core, a specific ‘Sections ofthe core, including or not including the magnets, ‘while remsining within seope of the present invention, [0028] FIG. 2 shows the same representative generator of FIG. 1, looking transparently “down” through it from above, so the relative positions of the care holes (dotted lines) the path ofthe output wire, and magnet positions (as shaded areas) are made clear [0029] The generator shown uses a core with 8 radially tilled holes. The spacing between these illustrative holes is ‘equal As shown, each ole is displaced 45 degrees from the ext. All holes" centers lay along a common plane: this imaginaey plane is centered half-way along the cores ver tical thickness. Cores of aay shape and size may include as few as two, or as many as hundreds of holes, and a similar ‘number of magnets. Other variations exist, such as genera- tors with multiple rows of holes, zigzig and diagonal pattems, or ouiput wire 4 molded direely into the core material In any ease, the basic magnetic interaction shown in FIG. 3 occurs foreach hole in the core, as detailed below.0163971 AL [0030] FIG. 3 shows the same design, viewod broadside, The curvature of the core has been Hattened tothe page or the purpose of illustration. The magnets are represented schematically, protruding from eore top and bottom, with ‘arrows indicating the direction of magnetic flux row heads pointing north, tails south, [0031] In practic, the free, unattached polar ends of the enerator’s magnets may be Tell as-is, in open ai or provided with «common feromagneti path linking unused. ‘Nom and South poles together, as a magnetic “zround”. ‘This common retum path i typically made of ste, ron oF lar material, taking the form of a ferrous enclosure ving the device. It may serve the additional purpose of a protecting ehassis, The magnetic return may also be another ferromagnetic core in repetition of the present invention, forming a stack or layered series of generators, sharing ‘common magnets between generator cores, Any such addi tions are without direct bearing on the functional principle of the geprfor island have therefore ben mite om [0032] Two example flux diagrams are given in FIG. 3 ach example is shown in a space between schematically depicted partial input coils 6, positive or negative polarity marker indicates the direction of inptt current, applied ‘through the input coi. This applied current produces “modu: lating” magnetic flux, which is used to synthesize motion of | the permanent mapnets, and is shown as a double-tailed horizontal arrow (a) along the core 3. Each example shows this double-taled arrow (a) pointing tothe right or the left depending on the polarity of applied everet. [0033] In citer ease, vertical Mux entering the core (b, 3) from the external permanent magnets (1,2) is swept along, ‘within the eore, by the direction of the double-tiled arto representing th input eol's magnetic Hix (a). These curved arrows (b) inthe space between the magnets and holes can bbeseen to shift or bend (a—b) as if they were steams or jets ‘of sie subject w a changing Wind (a), [0034] The resulting sweeping motion of the permanent magnets’ fies causes ther x (b) to brush back and forth ‘over the holes and wire 4 passing through these holes. Just as ina mechanical generator, when magnetic flux brushes or “cuts” sideways across a conduvtor in this way, EMF or ‘voltage is induced. By connecting an electrical load across the end ofthis wire conductor (Numeral §, in FIGS. 1,2) ‘current is allowed to flow through the load in a closed. cireuit, delivering electrical power able to perform work. Input of an allemating curent across the input coil 6 ‘generates an alternating magnetic fekl (a) causing the fields ‘oF permanent magnets 1, and 2 to shift (b) within the core 3, inducing electrical power theough a loa (attached to temi- nals §), as if the fixed magnets (1.2) themselves were [0035] Ina mechanical generator, induced current power ing an electrical load rotums back through output wire 4 creating a secondary induced magnetic field, exerting forces ‘which substanially oppose the original magnetic field inducing the original FMF. Since load currents induce their ‘own, secondary magnetic fields opposing the original act of induction in this way, the source of the original induction rexuires additional energy to restore itself and continue ‘generating electricity. In mechanical generator, the energy’ Jul. 27, 2006 inducing motion of the generaor’s magnetic fick is being physically aetuated, requiring a strong prime mover (suchas 4 steam turbine) t0 restore the EMF-generating magnetic Fields" motion, against the braking elfeet of the output- induced magnetic fields (the indiced field (©), and the inducing fell (h), destructively in moval opposition. Iis this inductive opposition which ultimately must be over ‘come by physical force, which is commonly produced by ‘consumption of other enengy resources, [0036] The electric generator of the present invention is ‘hot actuated By mechanical force. The generator of the ‘resent invention also makes use ofthe induced, secondary ‘magnetic fed in such a way as fo not eause opposition, but instead adltion, snd resulting aceeleration of magnetic fed ‘motion, Because the present invention is not mechanieally actuated, and because the magnetic fills do not act 10 destroy one another in mutual opposition, the present inven- tion dees not require consumption of natural resources in order fo generate electricity [0037] The present generators induced magnetic field, resulting from electri current owing through the lead and returning through oulput wire 4, is that of @ closed loop ‘encircling each hole in the core admitting the output con- ‘ductor oF conductive mestium (4, ). The present penerator's induced magnetic fields erate magnetic fux inthe form of | ‘closed loops within the feromaynetic core. The magnetic field “encircles” each hole inthe core earying output wire 4, similar to the threads ofa serew “encircling” the shaft of the screw, [0038] Within this generator, the magnetic field from ‘output medium or wire 4 immediately encircles each hole formed in the core (c) carrying this mettiom oF wire 4, Since wire 4 may take an opposing direction through each ne Doring hole, the direction ofthe resulting magnetic field will likewise be opposite. The directions of arrows (b) and (€) are, at each hole, opposing, headed in opposite directions, ‘since (bs the inducing fox aad (c) 8 the induced Mux, each ‘opposing one another while generating electricity [0039] However, this magnetic opposition is effctively slirected against the permanent magnets that are injecting their Mux into the core, but not the source of the alternating ‘magnetic input fiek 6, In the present solid state generator, induced output fix (4, ) is directed 10 oppose the perma. ‘nent magnets (1, 2) not the inpot flux source (6, a) that is synthesizing the virtual motion oF those magnets (1, 2) by is ‘magnetizing action on core 3, [0040] The present genemtor employs magnets as the source of motive pressure diving the generator, since they are the entity being opposed or “pushed against” by the ‘opposing resetion indueed by output curent whieh is pow ‘ering a load. Experiments show that high-quality pemaanent ‘magnets can be magnetically “pushed against” in this way for very long periods of time, before becoming demagne- tized oF "spent" [0041] FIG. 3 illosttes inducing representative Bux arrows (b) dicted oppositely against induced representa tive ux (c)- In materials typically used to form core 3. fields ‘owing in mutually apposite directions tend to cancel each other just as positive and negative numbers of equal mag- nitude sum to ze. i [0042] On the remaining side of each hole, opposite the Permanent magnet, 0 mutual opposition takes place,0163971 AL Induced ux (@) cansed by the generator load currents remains present; however, inducing flux from the permanent magnets (b is not present since no magnet i present, on this side, to source the necessary Mux. This leaves the induced fux (c)encirling the hoe, as well as input fox (a) from the input coils 6, continuing its path along the core, on either side of each hole. [0043] On the side of each core hole where a magnet is present, action (b) and reaction (c) magnetic ux substan tially cancel and annfilate, being oppositely directed within the core. On the other side ofeach hole, where no magnet is present, input fax (a) and reation flux (6) share 8 common, direction. Magnetic flux thereby adds together in these Zones, where indhiced magnetic Bx (c) aids the input fax (a), This is the reverse of typical generator action, where induced ux (¢) is typically opposing the “input” ux originating the induedon, [0044] Since the magnetic interaction herein it a combi nation of magnetic fix opposition and magnetic fax accel craton, thee is no longer an overall magnetic braking, oF total opposition effect. The briking and opposition i cout- terbalanced by a simultaneous magnet acceleration within the core. Since mechanical motion is absent, the equivalent cleceical effect ranges from idling, oF absence of opposition, to-a strengthening and overall socclertion ofthe electrical inpot signal (within coils 6), Proper selection of the perma~ ‘nent magnet (1,2) material and flux density, core 3 material magnetic characteristies, core hole pattern and spacing, and ‘output medium connection technique ereate embodiments ‘wherein the present generator will display an absence of cleeeical loading tthe input and/or an overall amplification ‘of the input signa. This ultimately eauses less input energy to be reuite in onder to work the generator, Therefor, 9 increasing amounts of energy ate withdrawn from the gen ‘erator a8 output power performing usefil work, decreasing, amounts of energy are generally required to operate it. This process endures, Working against the permanent magnets (1, 2) until they are demagnetized, [0045] In an embodiment of this invention, FIG. 4 illus tates a typical operating circuit employing the generator of this invention. A square-wave input signal, furished by appropriate transstrized switching means, is applied atthe input terminals (S), to the primary (a) of a step-down transformer 11, The secondary winding (b) of the input ‘ransformer may be a single turn, in series with a capacitor 12 and the generator 13 input coil (e), Foming a series ‘resonant circuit. The frequency of the applied square wave (S) must either match, or bean integral sub-harmonic of the ‘esonaal frequeney of ths clement transformer-capacior- indwctor input cireuit, [0046] Generator 13 output winding (4) is connected to resistive load L through switch 14. When switeh 14 is closed, generated power is dissipated at L, which is any ‘resistive load, for example, an incandescent lamp or resistive hater [0047] Once input resonance is schieved, and the square wave inpat frequency applied at Sis such thatthe combined reactive impedance of total inductance (bte) is equal in ‘magnitude to the opposing reactive impedance of expaci tance 12, the clerical phases of current through, and voltage deross, wenerator 13 input coil (e) will flow 90 Jul. 27, 2006 degrees apart in resonant quadrature, Power drawn from the Satay wave inpuenny cuceaplying power oS will 0048} In this condition, dhe resonant energy present atthe ‘Benerator input may he measured by connecting @ voltage probe across the est points (v), situated across the generator input col, together with 2 eurent probe around point (i), situated in series with the generator input coil (¢). The instantaneous vector prodiet of these tv measurements indicates the energy circulating at the generstor’s inp ‘ultimately shifting the permanent magnets” fcds in onder to create usefil induetion, This situation persists ual the Imagnets are no longer magnetized, [0049] 1. ill be apparent to those skilled inthe at that a Square (or other) Wave may be applied diretly to the ‘generator input terminals (e) without use of other compo- ‘eats. While this remains elletive, advantageous re-gener- alg elfets may not be eealized (0 ther fullest extent with sch direct excitation. Use ofa resonant circuit, particularly with inclusion of a capacitor 12 as snggestod, faiitates recirculation of energy within the input circuit, generally producing efficient excitation and a reduction of required input power as loads are applied. [0050] White the forgoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the seope therea! is determined by the clas that follow 1. A device for generating electricity, the deviee including (One or more permanent magnets: A ferromagnetic core, intercepting flax emitted from said permanent magnets), and wound with one or more ‘wire coils acting to magnetically modulate said core: ‘One or more core holes penetrating the volume of said ‘One or more output wires passing through said core holes, ‘whereby said core hoes intercept magnetic fx from said ‘magnets bearing on said cor, 2, The device of elaim 1 wherein the wire cols wound around said. ferromagnetic core modulate exposure and imeracton between fx from said magnets and said core holes eaerying said output wires. 3. The deviee of claim 2 whereby said modulation of exposure generates electromotive Force along said output ‘vires routed through core holes in said core. 4. The device of claim 3 fuer containing a resonant circuit comprised ofa cepocitor in association with said wire ccs) wound around said ferromagnet core for purpose of ‘magnetically modulating said core. '5. The device of claim 3 funher containing a resonant circuit comprised of a capacitor in association with said ‘output wires passing through said core-hoes for delivering ‘output power, 6. The device of claim 5 incorporstng impedances ing tansformers, inductors, and inductor capacitor networks in said resonant eireit 7. The device of claim 2 wherein means of magnetically ‘modulating said core is achieved by exposure to an exter nally generated magnetic fold, such as the Earth's magnetic feld, or other independent source of externally generated0163971 AL magnetic fu, in substitution of, oF in conjunction with said Wire coil wound around said core. '8. The device of claim 3 wherein one or more of said ‘permanent magnets are substituted with one or more ele tromagnets to generate the required magnetic fl. 9, The device of claim 2 wherein said output wire caries ‘8 superimposed DC current bias generating the required ‘magnetic fux, in substitution of or ia conjunetion with said ‘permanent magnets Jul. 27, 2006 10. The device of claim 2 fanher containing a circu ‘comprised of one or more eletrcalreatances in association ‘ith said wire coil(s) Wound around said ferromagnetic core for magnetically modulating said core, wherein said elee- ‘vical reactance comprises @ capacitor, an inductor, a trans former and combinations thereof.