UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES

College of Science and Mathematics

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

Final Laboratory Worksheet

HEAT ENERGY AND CANDLE POWER

I. Objectives:
1. Describe how warming water increases evaporation;
2. Describe how cooling humid air causes condensation;
3. Point out areas of evaporation and condensation in the experiment;
4. Link these examples of evaporation and condensation locally and globally.
5. Calculate the heat required to increase the temperature of mass m.
6. Calculate the heat required for phase change from liquid to gaseous phases.
7. Determine the total power required.

II. Introduction
The quantity of heat Q required to increase the temperature of a mass m of a certain material from 𝑇1 to 𝑇2 is
found to be approximately proportional to the temperature change ∆𝑇 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 . It is also proportional to the mass
m of material. Putting all these relationships together, we have
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 (Heat required for temperature change ∆𝑇 of mass 𝑚),
where 𝑐 is the specific heat of the material expressed in Joule per kilogram per kelvin (J/kg-K).
The heat transfer in a phase change is
𝑄 = ±𝑚𝐿.
For phase transition between liquid and gaseous phases, the corresponding heat (per unit mass) is called the
heat of vaporization 𝑳𝒗. At normal atmospheric pressure the heat of vaporization for water is 𝐿𝑣 = 2.256𝑥106
𝐽/𝑘𝑔. Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the
gas phase. Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from the gas phase into the liquid phase,
and is the reverse of vaporization. Power is the energy spent over a period of time.

III. Materials and Apparatus

Can opener, Kitchen knife, Candle, Small Tin Can, Empty Plastic Water Bottle, Water, Strings/tie wire

IV. Procedure
This is an individual activity. You can ask someone in your household to assist you in this activity. The
submitted laboratory report will be graded individually.
Reminders. Please take one (1) picture for the each of the following: (see [2] of Submission Guidelines)
(a) All materials used. Put all materials in one place and take one picture for all.
(b) Complete setup.
(c) You beside or behind the complete setup. Could also be a selfie with you and the setup.

CAUTION!
1. Perform this activity away from combustible materials like curtains, clothes, papers, and fuels
(kerosene gas, gasoline, diesel, etc.)
2. Please take extra care in doing this activity. Avoid interaction with children.

1. Clean the small tin can and the transparent plastic water bottle. Remove any paper labelling both inside or outside.
2. With the use of a can opener or knife, completely remove the top covering of the tin can.
3. Using a knife or scissor, cut the water bottle approximately 3 inches from the bottom. In this activity, use only the
top portion of the bottle with a cap. The plastic bottle should have a larger diameter than the tin can.
4. Assemble the candle, tin can and the empty plastic water bottle as shown in Figure 1.
5. Measure the inner dimensions of the tin can using a ruler in cm units. (i.e. diameter, radius)

6. Pour water into the tin can approximately half of its capacity. Measure the actual height of water, 𝐻𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (in cm)
inside the tin can.

7. Compute the volume of water, 𝑉𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (initial volume of water) by multiplying the height to the cross-sectional area of
the tin can.
 8. Compute the mass of water, 𝑀𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (in gram) using
the density of water equal to 1 g/cm3. Use the
relationship of density equals mass over volume.
9. Light the candle and positioned it at the bottom of
the tin can. Record the time from the start of heating
up to the time of boiling (t1, in seconds).
10. Maintain the candle fire at the bottom and allow the
water to evaporate for quite some time. Observe the
water vapor that condenses inside the empty water
bottle. Be sure to record the time of evaporation up
to the time the experiment is terminated (t2, in
seconds). Figure 1
11. Stop the fire beneath the tin can when condensate
starts to fall out of the empty water bottle OR when
the water inside the tin can is less than half of its
original level.

12. Measure the height of the remaining water, 𝐻𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 inside the tin can. Caution: The water is still very hot.
13. Calculate the volume, 𝑉𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 and the mass, 𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 of the remaining water.
14. Determine the mass of the evaporated water, 𝑀𝑊𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 . This is the difference in the initial mass and the final mass of
water.
15. Calculate the heat 𝑄1 to raise the water temperature from initial, 𝑇𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 to boiling, 𝑇𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 using the equation:
𝑄1 = 𝑀𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐(𝑇𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − 𝑇𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 )
Where, 𝑐 is the specific heat of water equal to 4190 𝐽/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝐾 .
Assume 𝑇𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 25°𝐶 and 𝑇𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 100°𝐶 .
16.Calculate the heat 𝑄2 to vaporize the water using the equation:
𝑄2 = 𝑀𝑊𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐿𝑣
Where, 𝐿𝑣 is the heat of vaporization equal to 2.256𝑥106 𝐽/𝑘𝑔.
17.Compute the power (W, in watts) to warm the water from 𝑇𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 to 𝑇𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 . Power

is equal to energy over time: 𝑃1 = 𝑄1 /𝑡1 (Watts is Joule per second)

18.Compute the power to vaporize the water 𝑃2 = 𝑄2 /𝑡2.

V. Data and Results:

Heat Energy and Candle Power

Parameters Values
Tin can diameter (cm)

Tin can radius (cm)

𝐻𝑊 (cm)
𝑉𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑙 (cm )
3

𝑀𝑊𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 (g)

𝐻𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 (cm)
𝑉𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 (cm )3

𝑀𝑊𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 (g)

𝑀𝑊𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 (g)

𝑄1 (Joules)

𝑄2 (Joules)

𝑡1 (seconds)

𝑡2 (seconds)

𝑃1 (Watts)

𝑃2 (Watts)

𝑃𝑇 (Watts)
VI. Calculations (2pts)
Show your solution on a clean sheet of paper. Only show solutions of calculated quantities. Take a picture of your
solution. (See [3] of Submission Guidelines)

For the following questions, write/encode your answers in the box provided. Limit your answers/explanations to five (5)
sentences. The box will automatically adjust for lengthy explanations.

VII. Answers to Questions and Problems (1pt each)

1. Why is there bubbling and random movement of water when boiling?

2. Is there a difference in boiling water at sea level and at higher elevation (i.e. Mt. Apo)? Explain.

3. Why is there more evaporation from the sea than from the land?

4. How can water that have evaporated over the sea cause it to rain on the land?

5. What is the significance of energy/power source in boiling and condensation?

***************** End of Final Laboratory Task. *****************

Deadline of Submission: January 6, 2021
Directions for Submission:
Note: Instructions are considered part of an assessment. Thereby, every disobeyed instruction in the submission of
the output will be equivalent to one (1) point deduction.
[1] For those who have computers/laptops:
 Write/encode your answers in this document. Save the file as follows: Surname_FirstName Lab Output. Ex:
Cruz_Juan Lab Output. The file must be either in .doc, or .docx format. Also, save the file in .pdf format.
Other option if computers/laptops are unavailable:
 You can write your answers manually in any CLEAN sheet of paper. It must be LEGIBLY written in block
letters, in other words DILI MAGPINAKATAY. Copy the table and supply the missing data based on the result of
your activity. For the Q&A portion, write your answers/explanations directly. No need to copy the whole
document.
 Using your digital camera (or phone’s camera, etc.), take a CLEAR picture of your write-ups. Make sure that
the image is READABLE enough, otherwise your output will not be graded. The image file must be either in
.jpg,
.jpeg, or .png format.
 Rename each file as follows: Surname_FirstName Lab Output Part_Number. Ex: Cruz_Juan Lab Output
Part_1 and must be labelled in chronological order with the other parts of your write-up. It is advisable that in
taking pictures of your write-ups on a one (1) page bond paper, you divide it in two or three parts.
[2] As mentioned on the procedures of the activity, you are to document your activity/experiment by taking pictures.
Rename the filename for each image as follows: Surname_FirstName Lab Activity Part_Number. Ex:
Cruz_Juan Lab Activity Part_1 and must be in correct sequence.
[3] Rename the image file for your calculation as Surname_FirstName Lab Calculation. Ex: Cruz_Juan Lab
Calculation.

[4] All files must be submitted through USTEP.