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DCSbasic PDF
DCSbasic PDF
1) PLC
2) DCS
3) PC - Based Control.
TYPES OF DCS :
1) Conventional DCS .
2) PLC based DCS.
3) Hybrid DCS.
4) Open DCS System
CONVENTIONAL DCS
This is a pure “Process only” control system. Usually purchased from
one vendor. This DCS arranged into three categories:
• Small - Less than $ 100,000.
• Medium - Greater than $100,000 & Less than $500,000.
• Large - Greater than $500,000.
PLC Based DCS.
This is a network of PLC’s used to perform the task of
conventional DCS and programmable functionality when required.
Hybrid DCS.
Performs both process and sequential control.
US#1 US#2 HM
LCN A
B
HG
AMC Field
EC Link
AMC Field
Data Hiway A B
Hiway Gateway (HG)
• LCN Module. Provides a two way communication link between the Local
Control Network and data hiway.
• 68020 based high performance intelligence module.
• Converts data and protocol between Local Control Network and data hiway.
• Scans the hiway for alarm conditions.
• Synchronize time keeping for hiway-based process connected boxes.
• One HG is required for each data hiway that is connected to the LCN. Up to
20 data hiway pairs can be connected to an LCN.
• Connects following hiway resident boxes to LCN
1. AMCs
2. CPC ( critical process controller ).
3. DHP.
4. Hiway traffic director etc…
HG Functions :
1. Data access :- gets box data requested from LCN modules.
2. Event processing :- sends process and box alarm to LCN modules
3. Database configuration :- 3000 points per hg can be configured.
Data Hiway
HM
History Module
A
B
Local Control Network
HPM
HPM
Honeywell System Description
Peripherals supported
• Printer
• 8 * CD-ROM
• 1/4” Steamer Tape
• 3.5” Floppy Drive
• 100 Mb ZIP Drive
• Annunciator relay on the console-based keyboard
Honeywell GUS software
HM Historization parameters :
There can be up to 10 HM’s on the LCN. There can be maximum of 150
groups per
HM. Each group can have up to 20 points. All points in the group must be in the
same
unit.
Network Interface Module (NIM)
The Network Interface Module (NIM) provides the link between the local Control
Network and the Universal Control Network. As such it make the transition from
the
transmission technique and protocol or the Local Control Network to the
transmission
technique and the protocol of the Universal Control Network. The NIM provides
access
by LCN modules data from UCN resident devices. The NIM is available in the
redundant
configuration to provide continued operation in the event of the primary failure. It
can
also do event processing.
There can be up to 10 redundant NIM pairs per LCN. A NIM can host upto
8000 tag
names and supports a data transfer rate of 2400 parameters per second.
Communication Subsystem
A
B
HF BUS
(1 Mbps)
EFCD EFMS EFGW
I/O #1
ncst
Closed loop Monitoring signals Third party system with PLC,
I/O #2 control signal Through I/O NEST Gas Analyser etc. thr RS 232C port
ncst Through I/O NEST At the rate of 9600 bps
I/O #3
I/O #5 HF BUS : High frequency Bus: no. of station on HF Bus are 32
ncst EOPS : Extended Operator station: Hard disk capacity of EOPS is 80 MB
EFCD : Extended field control
I/O #4 station : 80 laps per controller
EFMS : Extended field mauture
A B station Max 255 inputs
NIO Bus EFGN : Extended field gateway unit
ENGS : Engineering station
NIO : Nest I/O bus.
Windows NT Based Centum CS Configuration
INTERPLANT
NETWORK PC
(OPTIONAL)
Inkjet
HIS DM HIS HIS
Printer PRT PRT Printer
DUAL “V NET”
10 Mbps
FCS
RIO BUS
HIS – Human Interface Station.
NIU NIU FCS – Field Control Station.
NIU – Node Interface Unit.
RIO Bus – Remote I/O Bus.
Centum CS 3000 System Overview
Centum CS 3000 is an integrated production control system for medium
and large control
applications. This system is a synthesis of the latest technology with
Yokogawa’s experience
and specialist know-how.
Centum CS 3000 is an integrated production control system for medium and large control
applications. This system is a synthesis of the latest technology with Yokogawa’s experience
and specialist know-how.
CGW
Inkjet
HIS DM HIS HIS
Printer PRT PRT Printer
V NET
10 Mbps
FCS
BCV
HIS HIS
HIS
V net
• 10BASE2 cable
used by HIS, maximum segment length = 185 m
• 10BASE5 cable
used by stations other than HIS(FCS,CGW etc.) maximum segment length = 500
m
V net Communication
HIS HIS
V net
Protocol : IEEE802.4
Access Control : Token Passing
Trans. Speed : 10 Mbps
Trans. Distance: 500m to 20Km
Media : Coaxial/optical fiber
FCS FCS
V net specification
ITEM SPECIFICATION
Transmission route Coaxial or fiber optical
cable
Type Bus type or Multi-drop type
Redundancy Dual-redundant
ITEM SPECIFICATION
Transmission Route Coaxial or Fiber optical cable
HIS HIS
HIS
V net
I/O Unit
RIO Bus
Node
Interface
Sub system Unit
Node
I/O Unit
Sub system
Exapilot client
(engineering, operation)
Ethernet
V-net
FCS FCS
Features of Exapilot
• Standardize and Automate Manual Procedures
• Improve Plant Operating Efficiency
• Improve safety of Plant Operation
Terminator
HMI
Control Valve
Safety Barrier
Pressure TX.
Field bus
It is a standardized digital communication protocol between a process
Control field devices
and the Control room. It is a simple pair of wires to power and carry the
communication
signal between the field devices and the Control room.
FEATURES :
• Drastic reduction in cable, conduits cable trays, marshallive racks, and
connectors etc.
• Drastic reduction in installation cost.
• Fewer non field devices.
• More reliability due to the smaller number of devices.
• More efficient operation due to better accuracy (no A/D and D/A
conversion).
• Easy integration into plant management system.
• Flexibility for different suppliers are interoperable and interchangeable.
• Major reduction in maintenance cost.
Field-bus Benefits
FOUNDATION™
Transducer fieldbus
(Servo)
Function
Function
Block Block(s)
Block(s)
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Vocabulary
Blocks
Basic Components
Resource
Resource
Block
Block
FOUNDATION™
fieldbus
Transducer Function
Function
Block Block(s)
Block(s)
Temperature
Transmitter
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Vocabulary
H1 and H2
• H1 Segment • H2 Segment
– Moderate speed – High speed
– Use existing wiring – Link multiple H1
– Bus powered Segments
– Can be intrinsically – I/O subsystem bus
safe – Replace
– Low power 2 wire proprietary
devices networks
– 4 wire devices – New wiring
– Replace analog &
proprietary digital
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Vocabulary
New Approach for H2
• 100 Meg Ethernet technology with extensions
– Improve time to market
– High speed
– Mandatory redundancy
– Widely available technology and silicon
– Widely available tools
– Limited incremental development
– Many suppliers
– High volume for low cost
– Works with installed equipment
– Evergreen technology
• Better than ANY other solution!
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Vocabulary
H1/H2 Bridges
Server
H2 Segment 100 Meg Ethernet
Control PLC
H1/H2 Module
Bridge
H1/H2
H1/H2Bridge
Bridge H1 Segment
Replaces
Replaces
Traditional
TraditionalI/O
I/O
H1 Segment
H1 Segment
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Standards
Organizations
• IEC
– International Electro-technical Commission
• ISA
– International Society for Measurement and Control
(formerly: Instrument Society of America)
• SP50
• CENELEC
– European standards body
• Parallel (competitive?) Working Groups to IEC
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Topography
H1 Fieldbus Installations
Cost
Costsavings:
savings:
•• wiring
wiring
•• I/O
I/Ocards
cards&&
Controller cables
cables
Reduced Junction •• terminations
terminations
Similar
SimilarI/O
I/OCards
Cards H1 I/O ReducedWiring
Wiring •• IS
Interface
Box ISbarriers
barriers
•• marshaling
marshaling
H1 I/O
Terminations
FewerTerminations
FewerTerminations
H1 Fieldbus
all-digital
Marshaling H1 Fieldbus
all-digital
Fewer
FewerTerminations
Terminations IS (Ex i)
Barriers
Fewer
FewerIS
ISbarriers
barriers
FOUNDATION™ fieldbus Topography
Intrinsic Safety
Barriers
DeltaV System Architecture
Engineering station Operator station
Printer Printer
1
2 wide carrier for 8 wide carrier for
Power/Controller P P A AA DDD I/O subsystem
Contr.
Contr.
Serial
S S I I O I I O
Power supply H1
Controller I/O extension cable Connector
RS232 Modbus
PLC For
Blank
H
Blank
Blank
Blank
D
Blank
Blank
8 DI &
8 DO O
I
Fieldbus Transmitter Pressure Transmitter
3244MVF1NAB4 3051TG2A2B21AB4M5FF
Smart valve positioner
FSDVC0400-201
Fieldbus Power
DCS communication system Hierarchy
Level 5
Management MIS
Low data rates
High
Superior responsibility
Level 4
Scheduling
SCHED.
Low
Level 3
Supervisory control SUP. SUP.
Level 2
Direct digital
Control (DDC) DDC DDC DDC DDC
Level 1
Sensors (S)
& Actuators (A)
High data rates S A A S A S S S A S S A
Low responsibility
PLANT
History of Process Control Signal
Around 50 years ago, most plant used 3-15psi pneumatic signal to control their
process.
The last change change in signal standard was the open protocol HART digital
communications
format. The HART protocol provides simultaneous digital communications with the 4-20
mA
output.
The next protocol change will be fieldbus. Fieldbus is entirely digital-there is
no analog
Signal. Fieldbus also allows migration of control functions to field devices.
Process control Timeline – The Evolution of Signal Standard
Signal standards have evolved over the years, starting with the 3-15 psi
standard.
There are also other communication methods, but they have not gained widespread
Digital: Fieldbus
acceptance. Digital plus Analog: HART with 4-20mA
With many standard there is typically a slow transition period as plant
Analog: 4-20mA
engineers and
Pneumatic: 3-15 psi
managers test period does gain widespread acceptance. However, once the benefits of
the
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Fieldbus become tested and proven, more plant will install Fieldbus because of its
I/O Bus Network Protocol
Discrete Analog
Device net
Byte-Wide CAN Bus
Data SDS
Inter Bus-S
Device bus network Seriplex
Bit-Wide
Data ASI
System management
Network Management
Application Layer
stack
Data Layer
Physical Layer
MBAP, SMB, FTP, SMTP, FMS, Physical – Provides the standard for transmitting raw
Application electrical signals over the communication channels.
IEC 61158, ANSI/ISA S50.2,IEEE 1451
Presentation Data link – Contains the rule for interpreting electrical
signals as data, error checking and physical addressing
Session Network – Describes the rule for routing messages
Transport TCP, SPX, UDP through a complex network and deals with congestion.
Transport – Establishes a dependable end-to-end
Network IP, IPX, NetBeui
connection between two host.
HDLC, ETHERNET, ANSI/ISA S50.02 Session – provides Management and Synchronization
Data link
of complex data transaction.
Physical EIA-485, ETHERNET,ANSI/ISA S50.02
Presentation – Establishes protocol for data format
conversion, encryption and security.
Application – Contains protocol that accomplish task
such as e-mail, file transfer or reading a set of registers
from a PLC.
For the purpose of Process control, the top and bottom four layers are used.
Layers 5 and 6 are important to large commercial networks.
Field Bus
Field Bus is a bi-directional digital communication that interconnects smart field
devices to
control system or to instrument located in the control room.
Field Bus is based on the OSI (Open System Interconnect), which was developed by
the ISO
(International Standard Organization) to represent the various functions required in
any
Layer Function
Communication network.
7 Application Provides formatted
data
6 Presentation Converts data
The OSI model consists of seven layers. However for real time application
layers 3 to 6 are
not considered since they deal with transference of data among networks.
For such
application following layers are used:
• LAYER 1 - PHYSICAL LAYER
Defines the type of signal, transmitting medium, data transmission
speed, etc.
• LAYER 2 – DATALINK LAYER
Define the interface between the physical layer and the application layer.
It establishes
how the messages shall be structured and normalizes the use of
multiple masters.
• LAYER 3 – APPLICATION LAYER
Defines howwas
The Fieldbus data is specified,
invented its addresses
by an Indian andRam
engineer Mr. its representat
Ramchandranion.
( M.S in Comp. Tech , Texas)
PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer defines the medium that transport the messages frames, the signal
shape and
amplitude limits, data transfer rate, and power distribution.
Technical Characteristics:
Physical Medium
Three types are defined: wires, optic fiber, and radio signals. The
specification for
wire has been already approved.
Bit rate for wire media
31.25 Kbps (H1)
1 megabits and 2.5 megabits (H2).
H1 and H2 are classification of the two hanks of Field Bus target applications.
H1 has
low speed and utilizes existing wires. H2 has high speed and may require
independent
wires to power up field devices.
Number of devices per link (31.25Kbps)
2 to 32 devices, without power and no IS (intrinsic safety).
2 to 6 with power and IS.
Maximum distance
Up to 1900 meters for 31.25Kbps, without repeaters. Up to 750 meters for 1
megabits. Up to 500 meter for 2.5 megabits.
PHYSICAL LAYER
Signal Modulation
Manchester bi phase L synchronous.
Technical characteristics
Medium Access: There are three forms to access the network:
• Token passing:
Token is the right to initiate a transaction on the bus. A device must have the
token to
initiate a conversation. As soon it finishes it will return the token to the LAS
(Link
Active Scheduler). The LAS send the token to the unit that requested in either
in a
pre-configured way or via scheduling.
• Immediate response:
A master station will give an opportunity to the station to reply with one frame.
• Requested token:
a device request a token by using a code in any of the response sent to the
bus. The
APPLICATION LAYER AND MANAGEMENT
The Application Layer provides a simple interface to the end user’s application.
Basically , it
defines how to read, write , interpret and execute a message or command. A
big part of this job
is to define the message syntax. The contents include the requested message,
action taken, and
the response message.
Features :
1. Field proven concept that is easy to understand and use.
2. Compatible with existing 4-20 ma systems.
3. Simultaneous point-to-point 4-20 ma and digital communication.
4. Alternative multi-drop mode.
5. Measured variables, tag no. , range and span settings, device
information, diagnostics and simple messages transmitted.
6. Digital response time of 500 msec; burst mode response of 300 msec.
7. Open architecture; freely available to any vendor and every user.
HART COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
Method of Operation :
The Hart protocol operates using the FSK principal. The digital data is
made up from two
frequencies –1200 Hz and 2200 Hz representing bits 1 and 0
respectively. Sinusoidal
waves of these frequencies are superimposed on the DC analog signal
cables to give
simultaneous analog and digital communications
Layer 2, the link layer establishes the format for a hart message. HART is a
master/slave
protocol.
the structure of these messages is given below:
Preambl SD AD CD BC Statu Dat Parity
e s a
Layer 7, the application layer, brings the HART instruction into play. The master
sends
messages with requests for specified values, actual values and any other data or
parameters
available from the device. The field device interprets these instruction as defined
in the
HART protocol. The response message provides the master with the status
information
and data from the slave.
For slave devices, logical uniform communication is provided by the following
command
sets:
Universal commands – understood by all field devices.
Common practice commands – provide functions which can be carried out by
many,
though not all, field devices.
Drive-specific commands – provide functions which are restricted to an
individual
HART PROTOCOL – TECHNICAL DATA
DATA TRANSMISSION
Types of data transmission : Frequency shift keying (FSK)
Transfer rate : 1200 bit/s.
‘0’ bit information frequency : 2200 Hz
‘1’ bit information frequency : 1200 Hz
Signal structure : 1 start bit, 8 data bits, 1 bit for
odd parity, 1 stop bit.
Transfer rate for simple variables : Approximately 2/s (poll/response)
DATA INTEGRITY
Physical layer : Error rate destination circuit : 1/(10^5)
Link layer : Recognizes : all groups up to 3 corrupt bits and
practically all longer
and multiple groups.
Application layer : Communication status terminated in a response
message.
MODBUS
The MODBUS protocol describes an industrial communication and
distributed
control system developed by Gould-Modicon. MODBUS is a Master/Slave
communications protocol, whereby one device (Master), controls all serial
activities by
selectively polling one or more slave devices. The protocol provides for one master
device
and up to 247 slave devices on a common line. Each device is assigned an
address to
distinguish it from all other connected device.
Only a master initiates a transaction. Transactions are either a
query/response type,
or a broadcast/no-response type. A transaction comprises a single query and
single
response frame or a single broadcast frame.
Certain characteristic of a MODBUS protocol are fixed such as frame
format, frame
sequences, handling of communication errors and exception conditions, and the
functions
performed.
RS-232 Communication
9-PIN PURPOSE
1 Frame ground
2 Receive data (RD)
3 Transmit data (TD)
4 Data terminal ready (DTR)
5 Signal ground (GND)
6 Data set ready (DSR)
7 Request to send (RTS)
8 Clear to Send (CTS)
9 Ring indicator (RI) *only for modems*
PC-to-PC Communication through Serial Port
CD 10 01 CD
RXD 20 02 RXD
TXD 30 03 TXD
DTR 40 04 DTR
GND 50 05 GND
DSR 60 06 DSR
RTS 70 07 RTS
CTS 80 08 CTS
RI 90 09 RI
9-Pin D Connector
PC-to-PC Communication through LPT1 Port
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
13 13
14 14
15 15
16 16
17 17
18 18
19 19
20 20
21 21
22 22
23 23
24 24
25 25
Flavours of Internet Telephony
PC-to-PC
The
Internet
PC
PC
Dial-up or Local ISP Local ISP
Leased Line
PC-to-Phone
The
Internet
PC Phone
Phone-to-Phone Access
Code
The
Internet
Phone Phone
Local ISP
Local ISP
Voice Gateway Voice Gateway
APACS - Operation Platform
Database Ownership
Controller Level
Controller Module
I/O Level
I/O Modules
•TAGS
•Range
•Engineering Unit
Transmitter Interlock I/P Valve •Diagnostics
TODAYS INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
Planning
Application HMI -----------------------
HMI
Drivers 1 2 3 4 5 6
Devices
I/O
PLC DCS
PC Based Industrial Systems
OPC Client
Planning
Application
HMI ----------------------------------
HMI
OPC
Server
1 2 3
Devices
I/O
PLC DCS
Enterprise Automation Schemes
Windows NT
Corporate
IT Network
Windows NT
Server
Control
network Embedded
Real System
Windows NT (“New technology”)
FEATURES:
• A true 32 bit processing.
• A very reliable operating system.
• Real operating system.
TECHNICAL ASPECT:
• Multiprocessing, Multithreading and partitioned memory space.
• Security - C2 compliance.
• In-built networking.
• Internationalization .
• Human interface as Windows 95.
• Object - based : DCOM/OLE - ActiveX.
• for special need of the process industries. DCOM and OLE are not robust,
deterministic and secure.
• Client - Server architecture.
Windows NT Interconnectivity
Transparent inter-connectivity to typical business systems in plants:
1) ODBC : It provides access to most SQL databases.
2) ActiveX/OLE : Supports data access between application and
embedding of
one applications function within another.
3) DDE : Dynamic Data Exchange supports simple data exchange
between
applications such as plant data populating an Excel spread
sheets.
Windows NT features
Windows NT is gaining ground in open control because of the following advantages :
• User acceptance.
• Corporate interoperability
• Ease of use.
• Connectivity.
• Scalability for small and large application.
QNX is recognized as :
• The fastest and most dependable real time operating system.
• The most proven high speed, deterministic real time kernel.
• Having a hard real time engine that gives PLC-style control.
• Enabling data acquisition with milliseconds resolution.
• Providing a fault-tolerant architecture on which you can run control, events,
alarms in a virtually crash-proof environment.
Windows NT - for Process control
Windows NT features :
• A true 32 bit processing.
• A very reliable operating system.
• Real operating system.
• Multiprocessing, Multithreading and partitioned memory space.
• Security - C2 compliance.
• In-built networking.
• Internationalization.
• Human interface.
• Object-based DCOM/OLE :
The sending object is shown as client and receiving object is known as
server. The
MS technology allows any developer to produce small, self contain objects
that have
“packaged” visual component and specific action. These components are
called
“ActiveX” objects. NT’s OLE technology is part of Microsoft’s Distributed
Component Object Model (DCOM) operating across networks. Anyone can
develop
ActiveX Object using VC++ or even VB on a PC. For special needs of the
process
control industries DCOM and OLE are not secure, deterministic and robust
enough.
Ethernet
Ethernet was originally designed by Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX) in the early
1970’s
and has been designed as a broadcast system. The original format for Ethernet was
developed
in Xerox Palo Alto Research center (PARC), California in 1972. The two inventors
were
Robert Metcalf and David Boggs.
Ethernet version 1.0 and 2.0 followed until the IEEE 802.3 committee re-
jigged the
Ethernet II packet to form the Ethernet 802.3 packet. Nowadays you will see either
Ethernet II (DIX) format or Ethernet 802.3 format being used.
The ‘Ether’ part of Ethernet denotes that the system is not meant to be
restricted only to
one medium type, copper cables, fiber cables and even radio waves can be used.
Briefly, stated Ethernet what is referred to as the Physical layer and the Data-
link layers
protocols. The physical layer defines the cable types, connectors and electrical
characteristics.
The Data link layer defines the format an Ethernet frames, the error checking
method and the
Ethernet
10Base5
Traditionally, Ethernet is used over ‘thick’ coaxial cable called 10Base5 (
the 10
denotes 10 Mbps, base means that the signal is baseband i.e, takes the whole
bandwidth
of the cable, 5 denotes 500m maximum length ). The minimum length
between stations
is 2.5m.
The cable is run in one long length forming a ‘Bus Topology’. The
segments are
terminated by 50 ohm resistor and the shield should be grounded at one end
only.
10Base2
Thin Ethernet (Thinnet) uses RG-58 cable and is called 10Base2 (the 2
denotes
200 mtr maximum length cable). Each station connects to the Thinnet by way
of
Ethernet
10BaseT
Nowadays, it is becoming increasingly important to use Ethernet across
Unshielded
Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), this being called 10BaseT (the T
denotes twisted pair). UTP is installed in star wire format and Ethernet Hubs with
UTP ports
(RJ45) centrally located. Also there should be no more than a 11.5db signal loss and
the
minimum distance between devices is 2.5 meters.
The advantages of the UTP/STP technology are gained from the flexibility of
the
system, with respect to moves, changes, fault finding, reliability and security.
10BaseF
10BaseF standard developed by IEEE 802.3 committee defines the use of Fiber
for
Ethernet. 10BaseFB allows up to 2 Km per segment and is defined for Backbone
Ethernet
The following table shows the RJ45 pin outs for 10BaseT :
2 Transmit Orange/White
3 Receive White/Green
4 Blue/White
5 White/Blue
6 Receive Green/White
7 White/Brown
8 Brown/White
PC-to-PC Communication through
Ethernet
RJ45 RJ45
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
Ethernet Topology
Segmented (star) topology Bus topology
Switched Hub
Controller
Controller
Controller Controller
Wireless LAN
Wireless LAN is based on standard IEEE 802.11b which throughput of up to 11Mbps in
the
2.4 Ghz band. Similar Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) are Bluetooth and
Infrared.
Ethernet works on the CSMA/CD technology but wireless LAN has difficulty of
detecting
collision in Radio frequency. Therefore they are using CSMA/CA (Collision Sense Multiple
Access / Collision Avoidance) technology to transmit data. Physical Layer is either
Photonic or
Radio frequency.
Process control Software characteristics
The most important feature of process control system is that it needs to be
reliable. The
process control system used has to be completely crash-proof and any changes in
the
system need to be made on-line.
The process control needs to be made real time, which means that it can
update the I/O
data table and process the control program in the time required by the process.
A process control system that is deterministic refers to whether the operating
system
allows the highest priority task to work without interruption from task with lower
priority.
Software offerings in the automation and the process control fields must be
versatile and
open enough to address the needs of different applications.
Finally the chosen solution must deliver tangible, quantifiable values such as :
1. Reducing project implementation time and cost.
2. Improving time-to-market.
3. Achieving higher production and quality.
4. Cutting maintenance and training cost.
PC-based control system features
Unlike the other systems, PCs provide a more open architecture making them ideal
for
improving, optimizing and integrating the overall automation process, as well as
conducting
control task.
In addition PCs offer the following features :
• Lower cost.
• Ease of use.
• Graphical user interface.
• Easy integration of logic, motion and process control.
• Simplified application development.
• Software portability
• Independence from proprietary control system.
Using PCs enable the following functions,
• Millisecond time stamping which is essential to utilities.
• Real time control.
• Sequence of events.
• Alarming.
• Data collection.
PLC conceptual overview
SCADA
Process History & Alarm & Other Aspect
configuration
Graphics Trend Events system
editor
OPC server
SCADA Real-time
server database
Protocol Protocol
opc Modbus comli xx yy
Siemens Allen GE
ABB Bradley Fanuc ….
PLC Programming Standards
• Ladder Diagram
• Instruction List
• Function Block Diagram
• Sequential Function Chart
• Structured Text
1. Engineering IT
2. Operation IT
3. Production IT
4. Optimization IT
5. Evolution / Information
Industrial IT Trend
Business
Sales & Systems
Marketing
Planning &
e-PROD
Scheduling
Real-time ION
OPTIMIZAT
UCTIVI
Automation & ASSET
Plant & Information
TY
Process Eng.
Operation &
Maintenance Distribution
Plant