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Bitcoin Seeks New Life in Africa
A digital currency without a central bank could be ideal for economies where
the mobile phone is king but the banking systems are weak.
by Tom Simonite March 21, 2012
Recent months have not been kind to proponents of Bitcoin, the virtual peer-to-peer currency that soared
to a value of over $30 last summer on a surge of public interest and media reports,
The currency operates over the Internet with no central control. But now its 15 minutes of fame appear to
be over. Reports of a $500,000 digital heist last year were followed by wild volatility in the value of a
bitcoin, which has now dropped to around $5. Last month, one large exchange where bitcoins could be
traded for dollars unexpectedly closed because of what it called “inereasing regulation.”
‘Now some in the Bitcoin community, a blend of people motivated by libertarian politics and commitment
to open-source software, are be;
ining to wonder if their pet currency may have brighter prospects in the
developing economies of Africa. German software developer Riidiger Koch, a consultant to the U.K~
based bitcoin exchange Intersango, recently traveled to speak at the Mobile Money Aftiea event in
Lagos, Nigeria, There, Koch told the audience of businesspeople and government officials that Bitcoin
could support a system of robust, low-fee mobile payments for anyone whose cell phone has a camera.
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“Many of them were interested in how Bitcoin could be useful,” says Koch. His talk in Nigeria was
intended to launch a dialogue that could lead Intersango or others to launch practical Bitcoin-based
mobile payment systems for Aftica. Koch has also visited several African embassies in Berlin to
introdu
government officials to the currency.
The first version of the software needed to create and exchange bitcoins made its mysterious appearance
on the Internet in 2009 (a person identifying online as Satoshi Nakamoto, who has never come forward
publicly, created that software and the underlying system). The coins are impossible to fake and can be
created and used without any central authority, such as a central bank. The work of generating bitcoins
and verifying tra
tions is shared among the users of the software, all prot
1d by sophisticated
mathematics.
In the United States and Europe, Bitcoin’s meteoric rise was mostly driven bs hardly anyone
used the currency to actually pay for goods and services. Koch thinks things could be different in Africa,
where a universal, electronic currency could solve real problems. Fast-growing African economies such
as those of Kenya and Nigeria rely heavily on cash transactions, particularly in rural areas where there are
no ATMs and few people have bank accounts. In some places, large networks of illegal money changers
are used for cross-border payments.
That situation is part of the reason for the early success in Africa of mobile-phone stems such
as Kenya’s M-Pesa, which allows users to send each other money using text messages. Koch believes
that mobile payments built around Bitcoin could be even more useful, “It’s interesting to see how creative
Africans can be about transferring money,” says Koch. “They really think seriously about a cashless
society.”
Open-source technology created by the Bitcoin community could be used to create simple mobile apps
for payments accessible to almost any phone with a camera, says Koch, Use of smart phones is now
growing rapidly in some African countries, particularly Kenya, as prices for models using Google’s
Android software have dropped rapidly. He imagines a design similar to the Bitcoin for Android a
which allows one person to transfer bitcoins to another by using a phone to snap a photo of a 2-D bar
code or QR code on the sereen of another phone. “People could exchange money when they meet on the
street,” says Koch,
The decentralized design of Bitcoin means a payment system that uses the currency would easily span
national borders and could avoid system-wide outages like those suffered by M-Pesa in December, which
left users unable to do business. “All centralized systems have the same problem,” says Koch. “If you
rely on it and you don’t have a way to pay, then you are in trouble.”
Tonny Omwansa, an academic at the University Of Nairobi, Kenya, studies payment systems and
recently published a book on M-Pe:
“The low financial inclusion, low penetration of formal financial
services, and uptake and penetration of mobile phones make mobile payments very valuable,” he says.
However, he notes, users currently run the risk of “dependence on a supplier which is monopolisti
Mobile payments built on top of Bitcoin’s decentralized design could avoid that risk. But Omwansa says
that although he is familiar with Bitcoin, most in Africa are not, “Hardly anyone I know has heard about
tps: tachnologyroview com/2012103/21/187096/itcoin-socks-now-lfe-in-africalswisar2020 Biicoin Seeks New Life in Arica | MIT Technology Review
it,” he says.
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