;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo

of] k'l:tsf cfof]usf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL sfo{qmd ;+rfng

lgb]{lzsf, @)^& ePsf k|lsof / lgb]{zg cg'?k dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]js /
;+snsnfO{ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgefpg ;lhnf] agfpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
ljifoj:t'x? ;d]6L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of] k'l:tsfn] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf
gfdfjnL sfo{qmddf rfv /fVg] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] 5 .

/0fgLlts of]hgf
lgjf{rg cfof]usf] /0fgLlts of]hgfsf
@)^% sf] Pp6f k|d'v nIo eg]sf]
dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf]
lyof] . dtbftf gfdfjnL ;'wf/sf
lgDgcg';f/sf dfkb08x? /flvPsf
lyP .
 dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng / cBfjlws
ug]{ sfo[ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 u/fpg] .
 kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ k|f/De ug]{ .
 ljj/0fsf] z'4tfsf] k|ltzt (% eGbf dfly k'¥ofpg] .
 dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlws sfo{ aif}{ e/L v'Nnf ug]{, t/ lgjf{rg 3f]if0ff ePsf]
cj:yfdf dtbfg x'g] lbgeGbf &% lbg cufj} aGb ug]{ .
of] k'l:tsf dfly pNn]v ul/Psf dfkb08x? k'/f ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] 5 eGg]
cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;++snsx¿sf nflu ;xof]uL k'l:tsf
kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng sfo{qmd

lgjf{rg cfof]u
g]kfn
ebf}, @)^&
!= k[i7e"ld M
cfof]usf] % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)^%—@)&)_ cg';f/ lgjf{rgsf
nflu dtbftf btf{ / dtbftf klxrfg ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;'wf/sf nflu
kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 . h;
cg';f/ cfof]un] tLg r/0fdf dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng / btf{ ug]{
sfo{qmd agfPsf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)^& ebf}df z'? ePsf] o; sfo{qmddf
klxnf] r/0fdf $# lhNnfsf %* gu/kflnsfdf, bf];|f] r/0fdf %^
lhNnfsf ;a} uf=lj=;=df / t];|f] r/0fdf !( lxdfnL lhNNffdf !^ jif{
pd]/ k'/f ePsf ;a} g]kfnL gful/ssf] ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ x'g]5 .
o;/L ;+slnt ljj/0faf6 !* jif{ k'/f ePsfx?sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL
tof/ x'g]5 eg] !^ jif{ eGbf dflysf ;a} g]kfnLx¿sf] xsdf g]kfn
;/sfn] /fli6<o kl/ro kq agfpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .

@= ;xof]uL k'l:tsfsf] p2]Zo M

of] ;xof]uL k'l:tsf dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]js, ;+snssf ;fy} btf{
:yn Joj:yfksx?sf nflu a9L pkof]uL x'g] 5 eGg] cfzf /flvPsf]
5 . of] k'l:tsf cfof]usf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL sfo{qmd
;+rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^& ePsf k|lsof / lgb]{zg cg'?k dtbftf
lzIff :jo+;]js / ;+snsnfO{ cfkm\gf] e"ldsf lgefpg ;lhnf]
agfpgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljifoj:t'x? ;d]6L tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
of] k'l:tsfn] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL sfo{qmddf rf;f] /fVg]
;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf nflu pkof]uL x'g] 5 .

#= ljj/0f ;+sng, dtbftf btf{ / btf{ s]Gb|sf] kl/b[Zo

Ps btf{ s]Gb|df dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng tyf ljj/0f
;+sngsf nflu @ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Ps 6f]nL x'g] 5 . To;} u/L
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 1
dtbftfsf] ljj/0f btf{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu Ps hgf btf{ sd{rf/L,
Ps hgf ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L, Ps hgf btf{ s]Gb| ;xof]uLsf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]] 5 . Ps btf{ s]Gb|df a9Ldf !^@% gful/ssf] ljj/0f ;+sng
/ btf{ sfo{ ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f]xL dfkb08 / dtbftf ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df Ps
btf{ :yndf PseGbf a9L btf{ s]Gb| /xg ;Sg]5g\ .

;fwf/0ftof btf{:yn Joj:yfksåf/f btf{:ynsf] k|aGw tyf Joj:yfkg

ul/Psf] x'g]5 . btf{ :yn Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/Ln]
;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ 5 . tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]js tyf
;+snsf] lgo'lQm :YffgLo ;xof]u ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df btf{:yn
;+of]hsn] ug{]5 .
Ps 6f]nLsf b'O{ hgf ;+snsx?n] g} dtbftf lzIff tyf ljj/0f
;+sngsf] sfo{ ug{]5g\ . Ps 6f]nLsf b'O{ hgf ;+snsx?n] dtbftfsf]
ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ k|ltlbg k|lt6f]nLn] lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgb]{zg /
dfkb08 cg';f/ ug'{kg{]5 . klxnf] r/0fsf] dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng /
btf{ sfo{qmd ;lsP kl5 bf];|f] r/0fsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng x'g]5 . of]
klxnf] r/0sf] sfo{qmddf btf{ sd{rf/Ln] sDtLdf klg b'O{j6f s]Gb|sf]
btf{ sfo{ k"/f ug]{] 5g\ .

lhNnf sfo{qmd Joj:yfksn] ;DalGwt uflj;÷gkfsf] j8f ;lrjnfO{

btf{:yn ;+of]hssf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ug{]5 . Pp6f uflj;÷gkfsf] j8fdf
Ps dfq btf{ :yn eP ;+of]hsn] g} btf{:yn Joj:yfkssf] ;d]t sfo{
ug{]5 . b'O{cf]6f btf{ s]Gb| ePsf btf{:ynsf nflu sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg
lgDgfg';f/ x'g]5 .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 2

btf{:yn sd{rf/Lsf] ;+/rgf
-pbfx/0fM Pp6f btf{:yndf b'O{j6f btf{ s]Gb| /x]sf] cj:yfdf_

btf{ :yn ;+of]hs :yfgLo ;xof]u

-g=kf= j8f÷uflj; ;lrj_ ;ldlt

btf{ :yn Joj:yfks

-btf{ :yn /x]sf] sfof{nosf] k|d'v jf
tf]lsPs]f sd{rf/L_

btf{ s]Gb| – ! btf{ s]Gb| – @

 dtbftf lzIff :jo+s;]js÷ ljj/0f  dtbftf lzIff :jo+s;]js÷
;+sns -@_ ljj/0f ;+sns -@_
 btf{ sd{rf/L -!_  btf{ sd{rf/L -!_
 ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L -!_  ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L -!_

btf{ :yn ;xof]uL

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 3

$ btf{ s]Gb|sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
$=! btf{ :yn Joj:yfks
btf{ :yn Joj:yfksn] btf{ :ynsf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] b}lgs sfo{nfO{
Joj:yfkg ug'{kg{] 5 . dtbftf lzIff, ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ sfo{sf nflu
cfjZos x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] dfu, ;'/lIft e08f/0f, ljt/0f Pj+ Joj:yfkg
ug'{kg{] 5 . btf{:yn Joj:yfksn] ;+snsx?n] b}lgs ?kdf slt dtbftfsf]
ljj/0f ;+sng u/], slt dtbftfsf] 3/b}nf]df ljj/0f ;+sngsf nflu
bf]xf]¥ofP/ hfg' kg]{ xf] / slt dtbftf btf{ ul/of] ;f]sf] olsg ug'{ k5{ .
btf{ :yn Jojj:yfksn] dtbftf lzIff :jo+ ;]js÷;+sns;+u ;+u} a;L
dtbftf lzIff / ljj/0f ;+sngsf] lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf agfpg' k5{ . kmf]6f]
tyf cf}nfsf] 5fk;lxt btf{ ul/Psf] dtbftf ljj/0f z'4, q'l6/lxt / k"0f{
eP÷gePsf] klg olsg ug'{kg{] 5 . dtbftf lzIff, ljj/0f ;+sng tyf gfd
btf{ ePsf] k|ult k|ltj]bg btf{:yn ;+of]hsnfO{ / cfkm} ;+of]hs klg /x]sf]
cj:yfdf lhNnf sfo{qmd Joj:yfksnfO{ k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

$=@ dtbftf lzIff :jo+ ;]js÷;+sns

lgo'Qm ePkl5 cfkm'nfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]qdf dtbftf lzIff tyf ljj/0f ;+sng
sfo{ ug{ lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf agfpg' k5{ . ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{eGbf k"j{
;d'bfodf % lbgsf] dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/] kl5 k|To]s 3/
b}nf]df uO{ !^ jif{ dflysf ;a} g]kfnL gful/ssf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{ kb{5 .
btf{ :yn Joj:yfksnfO{ b}lgs ¿kdf dtbftf lzIff tyf ljj/0f ;+sngsf]
k|ultaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg{] 5 .
$=# btf{ sd{rf/L

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 4

 btf{ sd{rf/Ln] ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;xof]udf ;+snsn] e/]sf]
dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;xL eP gePsf] olsg u/L dtbftfsf] k|ToIf pkl:yltdf
dtbftfsf] ljj/0f, kmf]6f], cf}+nfsf] /]vfTds 5fk / b:tvt sDKo'6/df k|lji6
ug'{kg{] 5 . b}lgs¿kdf btf{:yn Joj:yfksnfO{ btf{ sfo{sf] k|ultaf/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg]{ 5. btf{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePkl5 cfkm"n] a'emL lnPsf Pj+
cfˆgf] lhDdfdf /x]sf kmf/fd, 8f6f tyf pks/0f lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf
a'emfpg' kg{] 5 .

$=$ ;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L

;xfos btf{ sd{rf/Ln] btf{ s]Gb|df gfd btf{ u/fpgsf nflu pkl:yt ePsf
dtbftfx?nfO{ :jfut ub}{ kfn}kfnf] u/L gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq / cw{s§L
x]/L ;+snsn] e/]/ lbPsf] ljj/0f kmf/fd ?h' ug'{kg{] 5 . btf{ :yn

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 5

 Joj:yfks;dIf sfo{ k|ult k]z ug'{ kg]{ 5.
$=% btf{ :yn÷s]Gb| ;xof]uL
btf{:yn ;xof]uLn] btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks, btf{ sd{rf/L / ;xfos btf{
sd{rf/Ln] nfP cx|fPsf sfdx? ug'{ kg]{5 . btf{ :yn ;xof]uLn] vf; u/L
btf{ s]Gb|sf] tof/L / btf{ s]Gb|sf cGo lqmofsnfk ;'rf? ?kn] ;+rfng ug{
;xof]u ug'{ kb{5 . dtbftfnfO{ cGo ;xof]u rflxPdf klg btf{ s]Gb|
;xof]uLn] cfjZostfg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

%= ljj/0f ;+sng tyf dtbftf btf{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng tyf btf{ sfo{qmd lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 M
-s_ dtbftf lzIff sfo{s|d
-v_ dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng
-v_ sDo'6/df btf{
-u_ lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf sDo'6/df btf{ ePsf] dtbftfsf] tYof+s
k7fpg],
-3_ lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf ljj/0f ?h' tyf k|df0fLs/0f / k|f/lDes
dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug],{
-ª_ lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{no tyf ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=df
dtbtfx¿sf] gfdfjnL, ;Rofpg tyf bfjL lj/f]wsfsf nflu gfdfjnL
k|sfzg ug]{ /
-r_ lgjf{rg cfof]udf dtbftf gfdfjnL k7fpg] .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 6

^= ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ s] xf] <
;+snsx? dtbftfsf] 3/b}nf]df uO{ pgLx?sf] gful/stf k|df0f kqsf]
cfwf/df JolQmut ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fddf plNnlvt ljj/0fx? eg]{ sfo{ g}
gfd ;+sng sfo{ xf] . lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 tflnd k|fKt ;+snsx? b'O{ hgfsf]
6f]nLdf @)^& ;fn ebf}b]lv cfkm"nfO{ tf]s]sf] If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf uO{ !^ jif{
/ ;f] eGbf dfly pd]/ k'/f ePsf gful/stf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx?sf] ljj/0f
;+sng ug]{5g\ .

o;/L ;+sng ul/Psf g]kfnLx?sf] ljj/0f b'O{ p2]Zosf nflu k|of]u x'g]5g\ M–

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 7

 -s_ !* jif{ pd]/ k'uL of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} g]kfnLsf] kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] gofF
dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{],
-v_ !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} g]kfnL gful/ssf] /fli6«o kl/rokq tof/ ug{] .

;+snsx?n] btf{ :yn Joj:yfks;+u a;L] o; k'l:tsfsf] cGTodf lbPsf]

sfo{of]hgfsf] vfsfsf cfwf/df sfo{of]hgf agfpg]5g\ . sfo{of]hgf cg';f/
cfkm'nfO{ tf]lsPsf] If]qsf ;a} 3/w'/Ldf uO{ dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng
ug]{5g\ . tf]s]sf] If]qsf ;a} dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ ug{ hg;+Vofsf]
cfwf/df x'g] 5 . o; qmddf dtbftfnfO{ kfos x'g] u/L laxfg / a]n'sfsf]
;dodf klg ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{kg{] 5 . klxnf] k6s 3/ b}nf]df hfFbf
dtbftf ge]l6Psf sf/0f ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ sf]xL 5'6]df ;+snsx?
bfxf]¥ofP/ dtbftfsf] 3/df uO{ ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} ljj/0f
;+sng ug'{ eGbf cufl8 % lbg;Dd dtbftf lzIffsf] sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{
kg]{ 5 .

&= gfd btf{ u/fpg

dtbftf sxf“ hfg' k5{
<
of]Uotf k'u]sf g]kfnLx?sf]
:yfgLo :t/df tf]lsPsf]
btf{s]Gb|df btf{ u/fOg] 5 .
;fwf/0ftofM btf{:yn tyf
s]Gb|x? o;eGbf cufl8
;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjdf
dtbfg s]Gb| /x]s} :yfgdf
x'g]5g\ . btf{s]Gb|x? ;+ejeP;Dd btf{ :ynsf] ejgsf] e'O{+tnfdf x'g' k5{

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 8

 tfls ckfËtf ePsf JolQm jf j[4 j[4fnfO{ klg hfg cfpgsf nflu ;xh
x'G5 .

*= dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ s] xf] <

dtbftfsf] JolQmut ljj/0f kmf/fddf pNn]v eP adf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{

JolQmut ljj/0f, kmf]6f], cf}+nfsf] /]vfTds 5fk Pj+ b:tvt sDKo'6/df k|lji6
ug]{ sfo{ g} btf{ sfo{ xf] .
btf{ ug'{sf] p2]Zo lgjf{rgdf dtbftf klxrfg ug{ ;xh agfpg' tyf q'l6
x'g] ;Defjgf Go"g ug'{ xf] . dtbftf gfdfjnL b'?:t x'Fbf o;n] efjL
lgjf{rgdf of]Uotf k'u]sf k|To]s JolQmn] dtbfg ug{ kfpg] tyf k|To]s
dtbftfn] tf]lsPsf] dtbfg s]Gb|df Ps k6s dfq dtbfg ug]{ s'/f
;'lglZrt x'G5 . btf{sf nflu JolQm :j+o btf{s]Gb|df pkl:yt x'g}k5{ . btf{
sd{rf/Ln] tf]lsPsf] btf{ s]Gb|sf]] btf{ ug]{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df btf{sf nflu
sfo{ lbg tf]lsg] 5 . btf{sf] tof/Lsf nflu btf{ sd{rf/Ln] k|To]s btf{
s]Gb|df @ lbgsf] yk ;do kfpg] 5g\ .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 9

(= s:sf] ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ ul/G5 <
b]xfo adf]lhdsf g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] gfdfjnL ;+sng / btf{ sfo{ ul/G5
M–
-s_ !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf,
-v_ g]kfnL gful/s -gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf_ tyf
-u_ ;DalGwt If]qsf] uf=lj=;= / g=kf=df :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf .

!)= lsg gof“ dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ cfjZos 5 <

k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf w]/} q'l6 lyP . Pp6} dtbftfsf] gfd Ps eGbf
a9L :yfgdf /x]sf], d[To' eO;s]sf / a;fO{+ ;/]sf JolQmx¿sf] gfd klg
;dfj]z x'Fb} cfPsf]] lyof] . gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL kmf]6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf
gfdfjnL sfo{qmd nfu' ePsf ;dodf ;+sng ul/Psf] ljj/0fsf cfwf/df
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 10
 tof/ ul/G5 . btf{ ul/Psf ljj/0fsf cfwf/df lgjf{rg cfof]un]
dtbftfx?sf] ljj/0f 7Ls 5 5}g elg olsg ug{ k|f/lDes dtbftf
gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug]{ 5 . 7Ls gePdf ;Rofpg tyf bfjL lj/f]wsf nflu
dtbftfx?n] lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5g\ . olb q'6L kfOPdf ljj/0f ;RofO{
clGtd gfdfjnL tof/ kfl/G5 .
of] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ePkl5 dtbftfsf] klxrfg ;xh
/ e/kbf]{ x'g]5 / ljBdfg btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|:tfljt k|0ffnLn] k|lt:yfkg ug]{
5 . Ps dtbftfsf] gfd Ps 7fpFdf dfq /xg] u/L gofF gfdfjnL z'4 /
ljZj;gLo agfO{ cfufdL lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq, lgikIf / ljZj;gLo 9+un]
;DkGg ug]{ cfof]usf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

!!= ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{sf nflu a;f]af;sf] k|df0f s] rflxG5 <

!^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf g]kfnLx?sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf]
:yfoL 7]ufgf xfn a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] ljj/0f ;+sng tyf btf{ ug]{
:yfgsf] 7]ufgf Pp6} ePdf cGo k|df0f gvf]hL ljj/0f ;+sng / gfd btf{
x'g]5 . ;fljssf uf=lj=;=x? gu/kflnsfdf uflePsf], uf=lj=;= jf j8fsf]
l;dfgfx? x]/km]/ ePsf], uf=lj=; jf gu/kflnsfsf] gfd kl/jt{g ePsf]
sf/0fn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / xfn
a;f]jf; ul/cfPsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf km/s kg{ uPdf ;+snsn] ;f] s'/f olsg
u/L xfns} 7]ufgfsf cfwf/df ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
t/ gful/stfdf ePsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / xfn a;f]af; ul/cfPsf] :yfoL
7]ufgf km/s kg{ cfPdf / dtbftfn] xfn al;cfPsf] 7]ufgfaf6 gfd btf{
u/fO{ dtbfg ug{ rfx]df b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|df0fx? x]/L ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{
kg]{] 5 ;f]xL ljj/0fsf cfwf/df btf{ sfo{ x'g] 5 .
-s_ a;fOF–;/fOsf] k|df0fkq jf
-v_ cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/sf] gS;f kf;
k|df0fkq jf
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 11
 -u_ cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] gfdaf6 xfn;fn} lah'nLsf] dx;'n
e'QmfgL ePsf] jLn jf
-3_ cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf] gfdaf6 xfn;fn} kfgLsf] dx;'n e'QmfgL ePsf]
aLn
o;/L ljj/0f ln+bf / btf{ u/fpFbf Psf3/sf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] klg
ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ ul/g] 5 . kl/jf/ eGGffn] dfly pNn]lvt k|df0f
kqx? k]z ug]{ dtbftfsf] ;uf]ndf a;]sf] klt kTgL, 5f]/f a'xf/L, 5f]/L,
cfdf, afa', xh'/cfdf, xh'/af, bfh'efO, lbbL, alxgLnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ .

!@= dtbftf lzIFf

dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd Tolta]nf dfq ;kmn x'G5 hlta]nf o;sf] dxTj
dtbftfx?n] a'em\g] 5g\ / pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] ljj/0f lbPkl5 dfq cfkm" ef]6
lbgsf nflu of]Uo x'g] s'/f yfxf kfpg]5g\ . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;+efJo (%
k|ltzt dtbftfnfO{ gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z u/fpg] nIo ;a} gful/snfO{
lgjf{rg cfof]usf] o; sfo{qmd af/] hfgsf/L lbg] / gfd btf{ ug{ pTk]/Lt
hufpg] u/]kl5 dfq xfl;n x'g ;S5 . k|efjsf/L dtbftf lzIffsf nflu #
j6f k|efjsf/L l;4fGtx? k|of]udf /x]sf 5g\ M–
-s_ dtbftf lzIff cleofg Jofks x'g'k5{ / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
;d]6\g'k5{ .
-v_ dtbftf lzIff lgikIf x'g' k5{ / o;n] s'g} ;d"xsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{
xFb}g, /
-u_ dtbftf lzIffdf lbOg] ;Gb]zx? :ki6 / ;lhn} a'em\g ;lsg] vfnsf
x'g' k5{ .
lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f @)^& ;fnsf] j}zfs dlxgfdf ul/Psf] dtbftfsf]
ljj/0f ;+sng / gfdfjnL btf{ ;DaGwL] gd'gf sfo{s|dsf kZrft ul/Psf]
;j]{If0f–cWoogn] b]vfP cg';f/ !^ b]lv @% jif{sf o'jfn] cfkm\gf] gfd btf{
ug{ sd} rf;f] /fv]sf] kfOof] . o:sf] nflu dlxnf tyf cNk;+Vos /
lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] ;+Vof a9L 5 . o;sf/0f of] ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 12

dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd rnfO{ oL ;d'x?nfO{ a9L pT;flxt / ;hs u/fO{
gfd btf{ ug{ pTk]l/t ug'{ kg]{ 5 .

cfof]un] dtbftf lzIffsf nflu /fli6«o :t/b]lv :yfgLo :t/;Dd Joj:yf

ldnfO{ 6]lnlehg, /]l8of], :yfgLo PkmPd /]l8of]x¿, kqklqsf / cGo
;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 Jofks k|rf/k|;f/ ug{] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} :yfgLo
:t/df :yfgLo ;xof]u ;ldlt / o;sf] ;xof]udf dtbftf lzIff
:jo+;]jsn] a9LeGbf a9L dtbftfx?nfO{ sfo{qmdsf af/]df ;';"lrt ug{
k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng]5g\ / dtbftf ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ sfo{qmddf !^ jf
;f]eGbf dfly pd]/sf ;a} gful/snfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]5g\ .

dtbftf lzIff :jo+ ;]jssf cltl/Qm gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,

gful/s ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{ tyf ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ dlxnf, o'jf
;d"x, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, blnt, hghflt, ;fdflhs lx;fan] kl5 k/]sf
;d"x, pkef]Qmf ;d"x -jg, kfgL cflb_, dfgj clwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{
If]qsf dxf;+3x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;xof]udf dtbftf lzIff ;DaGwL
sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . sltko cj:yfdf :yfgLo txsf
/fhgLlts bnx?n] klg o;df ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 13

!@=! dtbftfnfO{ ;';"lrt ubf{ dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]jsn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? M
 s] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg] xf] To;sf] k"/f 1fg dtbftf lzIff
:jo+;]jsnfO{ x'g' k5{ . :jo+;]jsn] xft] k'l:tsf / k|sflzt cGo
;|f]t k'l:tsfx?sf] cWoog ug'[{ k5{ / cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] s'/f
cg'dfgsf] e/df eGg x'Fb}g .
 JolQmut /fhgLlts ljrf/ JoQm gug]{ / cg'dfgsf] e/df
lgjf{rgsf] slxn] x'g] jf x'g] gx'g]sf af/]df cgfjZos s'/f gug]{ .
 cfˆgf] sfo{bIftf / sfo{Ifdtf k|efjsf/L?kdf k|bz{g ug]{ .
 d}qLk"0f{ / cfb/of]Uo Jojxf/ ug]{ .
 dtbftfsf] k|Zg / pT;'stfnfO{ Wofglbg] / cfˆgf] ljrf/ a'l4n]
EofP;Ddsf] ;xL hfgsf/L lbg] .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 14

 ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] gfd btf{ u/fpg pT;'s / pGd'v u/fpg] . vf;u/L
!^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf, klxnf]kN6 ef]6 lbg pd]/ k'u]sf JolQm, dlxnf,
;fdflhs lx;fan] kl5 k/]sf / ckfËtf ePsf g]kfnLx?nfO{ cfˆgf]
gfd btf{ ug{ pT;flxt ug]{ .
 cfkm"nfO{ s'g} s'/fsf] hjfkmlbg cK7]/f] jf ufx|f] ePdf btf{:yn
Joj:yfksnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] .

!@=@ /fli6<o tyf :yfgLo txdf dtbftf lzIff cleofg ;+rfngsf d'Vo d'Vo
hfgsf/Lx? M
 lgjf{rg cfof]un] kmf]6f] / cf}nfsf] 5fk ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL
tof/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
 dtbftf gfdfjnLdf !^ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf gful/stf k|df0f kq
ePsf gful/sx?sf] gfd ;dfj]z x'g] 5 .
 lgjf{rg cfof]un] q'l6/lxt, z'4 / ljZj;gLo dtbftf ;"rL / g]kfn
;/sf/n] /fli6<o kl/ro kq tof/ ug]{ ePsf] 5 .
 eljiodf x'g] lgjf{rgdf ef]6 xfNgsf nflu / /fli6<o kl/rokq
lngsf nflu tkfO{+n] gfd btf{ u/fpg' k5{ .
 gfd btf{ u/fpgsf] nflu gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] x'g' k5{
.
 olb tkfO{ !^ jif{ k'lu ;Sg' ePsf] 5 / gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq lng'
ePsf] 5}g eg] rf8f]eGbf rf8f] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf uO{
gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq lng'xf];\ .
 !^ jif{ dflysf ;a}sf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ ;+snsx? tkfOFsf] 3/
b}nf]df cfpFb}5g\ .
 ljj/0f ;+sngsf ;dodf ;+snsn] tkfOFx?n]] slxn] / s] s]
k|df0fx? lnP/ s'g btf{ s]Gb|df btf{ ug{ hfg' k5{ ;f] af/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg]5g\ .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 15

dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{ % lbg cl3 dtbftf lzIff cleofg ;~rfng ug{'
k5{ . ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ sfo{ s] xf], lsg, slxn], / s;/L ul/b}5 eGg] ljifodf
lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{qmdsf dfWodaf6 dtbft lzIff :jo+;]jsn] sfo{qmd
Joj:yfkssf] ;+of]hg, lgb]{zg / ;xof]udf hgr]tgf km}nfpg lgDgfg';f/sf
lqmofsnfkx? ug'{k5{ M–
;r]tgf ¥ofnL M ljleGg k]zf Joj;fosf JolQmx? -ljBfyL{, k]zfut ;+3 ;+u7gsf
JolQmx?, u[lx0fL, lzIfs, lgjf{rg sd{rf/L cflb_ sf] ;d'x s'g Ps 7fpFdf e]nf
u/fpg] . logLx? dWo] s;}n] hftLo kf]zfs / s;}n] ;fwf/0f kf]zfs nufP/
xftdf ;Gb]z n]lvPsf] Kn]sf8{, Aofg/ cflb af]s]/ dfOsåf/f gf/f nufpFb} / ;Gb]z
k|bz{g ub}{} Ao:t ahf/sf] af6f] lx+8\5g . o;/L lx+8\b} hfFbf h'n';sf] aLr}af6
dtbftf lzIff;DaGwL 5flkPsf ;fdu|Lx? klg ljt/0f ub{} ug]{5g\ . e]l6Psf
JolQm;Fu s'/fsfgL klg x'Fb} hfG5 . o:tf] hgr]tgfsf] h'n'; lx+8\g] sfo{qmd zx/
tyf ufpF b'j} 7fpFdf ug{ ;lsG5 .
;fd'bflos e]63f6÷a}7s
dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]js 6f]n jf s'g} Jo:t :yndf h:tf] ls dlGb/ xftf jf
;fj{hlgs :yndf k'U5g\ / dfOls+u u/]/ hgtfnfO{ cfslif{t u5{g\ . o; ;dodf
klg 5flkPsf dtbftf lzIff ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug],{ kf]:6/x? 6fF:g] / pkl:yt JolQm
jf a6'jf;Fu s'/f ug'{ k5{ . s'g} ;fj{hlgs ejg jf :yfgdf dtbftf lzIff
;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx? k|bz{gsf nflu /flvG5g\ / ljt/0f klg ul/G5 . ;fd'bflos
e]63f6df s'g} ljz]if vfnsf ;d"x h:tf] ls ljsf; cleofgdf nfu]sf JolQm,
cfdf ;d"x, ljBfyL{, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, o'jf Snj cflb;Fu e]6 u/L s'/f /fVg /
;fdu|L ljt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
;8s gf6s
of] :yfgLo ?kdf ;8s jf v'Nnf 7fpFdf k|bz{g ug{] lqmofsnfk xf] . of] ;f+:s[lts
sfo{qmdh:tf] t8se8s u/L k|bz{g x'Fb}g . snfsf/x?n] ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{
ug{ qmddf kl/cfpg] jf:tljs ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eO{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ .
o;df :yfgLo JolQmnfO{ klg kfqsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . of] lqmofsnfk ubf{

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 16

ljj/0f ;+snssf] sfd ug{ ToxfF tTsfnsf nflu sNkgf ul/Psf] 3/df uO{G5 .
snfsf/x? s'g} !^ jif{ gk'u]sf, s'g} !^ jif{ k'u]/ klg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq
glnPsf, s'g} gful/stfsf] 7]ufgfeGbf km/s 7]ufgfdf al;/x]sf] cflb cj:yf ToxfF
b]vfOG5 . ;+snssf] e'ldsf lgjf{xf ug]{ snfsf/n]] o:tf cK7\of/fx?nfO{ s] s;/L
;dfwfg ug{] eGg] s'/fsf] ;xL / :ki6 hjfkm lbG5g\ . o:t ;8s gf6s d~rlagf
g} k|bz{g ug{ ;lsG5 . k|bz{gsf ;dodf dtbftf lzIff ;fdu|Lx? ljt/0f ul/G5 .
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd
of] sfo{qmd Jojl:yt 9+un] g} ;~rflnt x'G5 . cf}krfl/s ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd
hg;dIf d~rg ug'{ klxn] k6s k6s cEof; ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu
snfsf/sf] e]ife"iff, d~rsf] ;hfj6 cfjZos k5{ . dlGb/ xftfdf /x]sf l;F9Ldf
bz{s a:g] u/L d~r agfpg klg ;lsG5 . o:t}u/L v'nf ;fj{hlgs :yfg, rp/,
ljBfno xftf cflbdf kbf{ 8f]/L, OF6f, df6f], sd]/f]sf] w'nf]af6 d~r 5'6\ofO{
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] d~rdf bf]x/L uLt k|ltof]lutfsf] klg ug{
;lsG5 . h;df dtbftf ljj/0f ;+sng tyf btf{ ubf{ cfjZos x'g] ljifoj:t'nfO{
k|Zg–pQ/åf/f cleJoQm ug{ ;lsG5 . csf{] /fd|f] pbfx/0f ;+lIfKt gf6s klg xf],
h;df ljleGg kfqx?sf] clego tyf ;Djfb4f/f g} dtbftf ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{
;DaGwdf :ki6 hfgsf/L lbOG5 . o:tf sfo{qmddf b[Zon] dfu u/] cg';f/sf]
d~rsf] kl/j]z -:j?k_ lbg ;Sg' k5{ .
cGo lqmofsnfk
cGo lqmofsnfkx?df lgaGw, jfbljjfb, xflh/Lhjfkm tyf lrqsnf k|ltof]lutf
h:tf ljifonfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL sfdx? ubf{ u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos
;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng ug'{ kb{5 . :yfgLo l6eL÷/]l8of]af6 lhNnf lgjf{rg clwsf/L,
:yfgLo ljz]if JolQmTjnfO{ cfdGq0f u/L dtbftf ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ ;DaGwdf
;+jfb÷kl/;+jfb sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . vf;u/L dlxnf tyf o'jfnfO{
nlIft u/L agfOPsf sfo{qmdx? h:tf] ls bf]x/L uLt / k|x;gn] k|efjsf/L ?kdf
…;Gb]zÚ k'¥ofpg d2t ub{5g\ .

!#= ljj/0f ;+sng

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 17
 lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 lgo'lQm tyf tflnd
kfPkl5 ;+snsx? btf{ s]Gb|
Joj:yfks ;dIf pkl:yt x'g'kg{] 5 .
dtbftf lzIff :jo+;]jsn] % lbgsf]
dtbftf lzIff ;+rfng ul/;s]kl5
ljj/0f ;+snssf] ?kdf sfo{ ug{sf
nflu btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks;+u ;Dks{
ug]{5g\ . ljj/0f ;+snsn] btf{ :yn
Joj:yfks;+u a;L cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf]
If]qsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ s'g 6f]ndf
slxn] hfg] / slt hgfsf] ljj/0f lng]
egL of] k'l:tsfsf] cGTodf lbOPsf]
sfo{ of]hgf vfsfsf cfwf/df
sfo{of]hgf agfO{ ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ ug'{ kb{5 .

!$= ;+snssf b}lgs sfo{x?

b'O{ hgfsf] 6f]nLdf /x]sf ljj/0f ;+snsn] ljj/0f ;+sng ubf{ b]xfo
adf]lhdsf b}lgs sfo{ ug{]5g\ .
!= cfkm"n] agfPsf] ljj/0f ;+sngsf] sfo{ of]hgf cg'?k s'g s'g 6f]n
jf ufpFdf ljj/0f lng hfg] eGg] af/]df btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfksnfO{
:ki6 kfg]{ .
@= ;+sngdf hfg' eGbf cufl8 laxfg btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks;Fu ljj/0f
;+sng kmf/fd ug]/ ?h' u/L a'lemlng] . kmf/dx? ?h' u/L ln+bf
kmf/dsf]] b'a} 7fFpdf Pp6} gDa/ 5 5}g olsg ug]{ / Pp6} gDa/
ePsf] kmf/fddfq a'lem lng] . gDa/} gePsf] / k|:6 gePsf] kmf/fd
glng] . gDa/ gePsf kmf/fddf ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ x'Fb}g .
#= ;+snssf] @ hgfsf] 6f]nL dtbftfsf] 3/df ;Fu;Fu} hfg] .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 18

$= dtbftf ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ ul//x]sf a]nf cfof]un] pknAw u/fPsf]
kl/rokq nufO{ /xg] .
%= ;+sng ug{ uPsf] 3/df ljgd|tfk"j{s cfkm\gf] kl/ro lbg] / o;
3/sf] d"nL sf] x'g'x'G5 egL ;f]Wg] . 3/df dlxnf k'?if hf] hf] eP
klg ljj/0f lbg ;Sg] dflg; eP ljj/0f lbg cg'/f]w ug]{ / ljj/0f
lng] .
^= ljj/0f lng' k'j{ kmf]6f];lxtsf] gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL / /fli6«o
kl/rokqsf] nflu ljj/0f ;+sng / btf{ sfo{ eO{ /x]sf] 5 egL
dtbftfnfO{ /fd|/L atfpg] .
&= 3/df ePsf !^ jif{eGbf dfly pd]/ k'u]sf / gful/stf ePsf ;a}sf]
ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{] .
*= btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfksn] dtbftf lzIffsf af/]df s]xL gofF ;"rgf
lbg'kg{] eg]df dtbftfnfO{ ;'lrt ug]{ / o; sfo{qmdsf af/]df
dtbftfn] s]xL lh1f;f /fv] /fd|/L atfpg] .
(= dtbftf ;+sng kmf/fddf ePsf ;a} ljj/0fx? cfof]uaf6 pknAw
u/fPsf sndn] ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/ddf g5'6fO{sg eg{] -ljj/0f
kmf/fdebf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?sf nflu o;} k'l:tsfsf] tn csf]{
kf7df lbO{Psf] 5_ .
-s_ ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fdeg'e { Gbf klxn] dtbftfn] xfn a;L/x]s}
7]ufgfdf tf]lsPsf] btf{ s]Gb|af6 dtbfg ug{ xf] x}g olsg
u/]/ dfq ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ .
-v_ k|To]s JolQmsf nflu 5'§f5'§} kmf/fd eg{] .
-u_ kmf/fdsf] k|of]u ubf{ l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ ldnfO{ ug{] .
-3_ kmf/fddf s]/d]6 gug{], ;kmf / z'4;Fu ;a} ljj/0f eg{] .
!)= gful/stf x'g] g]kfnL gful/ssf] dfq ljj/0f lng] . olb dtbftf;+u
gful/stf /x]g5 eg] rfF8} g} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no uO{ gful/stf
lng pTk|]l/t u/L btf{ s]Gb|df btf{ ug{ cfpg cg'/f]w ug]{ . xfn btf{

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 19

 u/fpg 5'6 ePdf lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf btf{ ug{ ;lsg] af/]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
!!= -s_ gfdfjnL ;+sng ubf{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf]
:yfoL 7]ufgf / xfn a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf Pp6} ePdf
cGo k|df0f vf]hL gu/L ;f]xL k|df0fsf cfwf/df ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{,
-:ki6Ls/0f M;fljssf uf=lj=;=x? gu/kflnsfdf uflePsf],
uf=lj=;=jf j8fsf] ;Ldfgfx? x]/km]/ ePsf], uf=lj=; jf
gu/kflnsfsf] gfd kl/jt{g ePsf] sf/0fn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf
pNn]v ePsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / xfn a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] :yfoL
7]ufgf km/s kg{ uPdf ;+snsn] ;f] s'/f PsLg u/L xfns} 7]ufgfsf
cfwf/df ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{ kg]{ ._
-v_ v08 -5_ adf]lhd geO{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePsf]
:yfoL 7]ufgf / xfn a;f]jf; u/L cfPsf] 7]ufgf km/s kg{ uPsf]
b]lvPdf dtbfg ug{ rfx]sf] :yfg lgh dtbftf;Fu a'lem xfn
ljj/0f ;+sng eO/x]s} btf{s]Gb|af6 gfd btf{ u/L dtbftf
gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z u/fpg rfx]df dfq ljj/0f ;+sng
ug{sf nflu a;fOF–;/fOsf] k|df0fkq jf cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf
gfddf /x]sf] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/sf] gS;f kf; k|df0f kq jf
cfˆgf] jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] gfdaf6 xfn;fn} kfgL jf ljh'nLsf]
dx;'n e'QmfgL ePsf] jLn dWo] s'g} PsnfO{ k|df0fsf ?kdf k]z
ug'{ kg]{,
-:ki6Ls/0f M o; v08sf] k|of]hgsf nflu kl/jf/ eGGffn] o;}
v08df pNn]lvt k|df0f kqx? k]z ug]{ dtbftfsf] ;uf]ndf
a;]sf] klt kTgL, 5f]/f j'xf/L 5f]/L, cfdf afj', xh'/ cfdf, xh'/
af bfh'efO, lbbL, jlxgLnfO{ ;Demg' k5{ ._
!@= ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fddf ;a} ljj/0f el/;s]kl5 n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg]
dtbftf eP lghnfO{ k9\g lbg] tyf n]vk9 ug{ g;Sg] dtbftf eP

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 20

 ;a} ljj/0f cfkm}+n] k9]/ ;'gfO{ z'4 ePsf] s'/f lglZrt ug]{ .
;+sngsf] bf}/fgdf olb 3/df 3/d"nL gePklg gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkq k|fKt ePdf ljj/0f e/L kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] ;xL ug{
nufpg] . t/ btf{ s]Gb|df :jo+ JolQm g} pkl:yt x'g'kg{] egL
atfpg] .
!#= ljj/0f ;+sng ul/;s] kl5 dtbftfnfO{ btf{ s]Gb|df cfpg' kg]{ ldlt
/ btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd pNn]v ePsf] kmf/fdsf] cw{s§L ljj/0f ;+sng
ePsf] k|df0f xf] egL lbg] .
!$= dtbftfnfO{ kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ btf{ s]Gb|df
k"/f ul/g] k|lqmofsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] .
!%= kmf/fdsf] cw{s§L / gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnP/ dfq btf{ s]Gb|df
cfpg cg'/f]w ug{] . ;fwf/0ftofM ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] kmf/dsf]
cw{s§Ldf pNn]lvt ldltdf btf{ s]Gb|df btf{ ug{ hfg] egL atfpg] .
!^= s'g s'g 6f]ndf ljj/0f ;+sng ul/of]], s'g 6f]n afFsL 5 / ;+sng
ul/Psf 6f]ndf s'g 3/ 5'6] ;f] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f btf{ lstfadf
klg hgfpg] / btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfksnfO{ klg hfgsf/L u/fpg] .
!&= k|To]s 3/w'/Ldf ljj/0f lnP kl5 !* jif{ k'u]sf dtbftf ;+Vof yfxf
kfpg dtbftf nut ljj/0f kmf/fd eg{] . To; 3/w'/Ldf slt hgf
dtbftf 5g\ To;dWo] -s_ slt hgf clxn] 3/d} 5g\ -v_ slt hgf
g]kfns} cGo 7fpFdf 5g\ / -u_ slt hgf ljb]zdf 5g\ eGg] ;"rgfsf
;fy} cGo pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? nut ljj/0f kmf/fddf eg]{ . o;/L
nut kmf/fddf ebf{ Pp6f 3/sf] hlt kl/jf/ eP klg !* aif{ eGbf
dflysf dtbftfsf] Pp6} nfOgdf eg]{ .
!*= k|To]s lbg a]n'sf cfkm"n] ljj/0f ;+sng u/]sf kmf/fdx¿ ¿h' u/L
l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ ldnfO{ Joj:yfksnfO{ a'emfpg] .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 21

 !(= 5'6 ePsf 3/sf ;Gbe{df l5d]sLnfO{ km]l/ bf]xf]¥ofP/ k'Ug] ldlt /
;do af/] ;"rgf lbg cg'/f]w ug{] . ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ bf]xf]¥ofP/
hfg] .
@)= o;sf ;fy} k|of]u gePsf kmf/fd / ljj/0f ;+sngsf qmddf
lalu|Psf kmf/fdsf] cnu÷cnu t]l/h klg tof/ u/L btf{:yn
Joj:yfksnfO{ clgjfo{ a'emfpg] . s'g} klg kmf/fd gi6 ug{ kfOg]
5}g . ;a} kmf/fdsf] hjfkmb]lxtf cfkm}n] lng' kg]{ 5 . nut
kmf/fdel/;s] kl5 btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfksnfO{ a'emfpg] .

!%= ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fd ebf{ ofb /fVg'kg{] s'/fx?

of] ljj/0f kmf/fd gful/stfsf] k|df0f kq k|fKt u/]sf g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] xsdf
dfq eg{] .
kmf/fd eg{ z'? ug{' cufl8
-s_ ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ nfu]sf] kmf/fdsf gDa/ eP gePsf] bf]xf]¥ofP/ x]/L gDa/
ePsf] olsg ug]{ . kmf/fdeg'{ cufl8 kmf/fdsf] d'Vo / cw{s§Ldf kmf/fdgDa/ eP
gePsf] / ;lx eP gePsf] olsg ul/ d'Vo kmf/fd/ cw{s§Ldf Pp6} gDa/ ePsf]
kmf/fddfq eg]{ .
-v_ ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ k|To]s JolQmsf nflu a]Unf a]Un} kmf/fd eg]{ .
-u_ kmf/fdx? l;nl;n]jf/ gDa/ cg';f/ eg{] .
-3_ lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 lgo'lQm kfPsf ljj/0f ;+snsx?n] dfq of] kmf/fdeg'{
kb{5 .
-ª_ kmf/fd ;kmf / z'4;+u eg'{ kb{5 . s'g} s]/d]6 ul/Psf] x'g' x'Fb}g .
-s_ ljj/0f ;+sng 7]ufgf
ljj/0f lbg] JolQm :jo+sf] ljj/0f ;+sng x'g] 7]ufgf ;DaGwL ljj/0f eg{] .
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 22
lhNnf dtbftfsf] h'g lhNnfdf ljj/0f ;+sng x'b} 5 Tolx
lhNnf eg]{ .
lhNnfsf] sf]8 g+= eg'{ gkg]{ .
btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul//x]sf] btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd
uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= dtbftfsf] h'g uflj; jf gkfaf6 ljj/0f ;+sng
ul//x]sf] xf] Tolx uflj; jf gkfsf] gfd
sf]8 g lgjf{rg cfof]un] tf]s] cg';f/ eg]{ yfxf geP vfnL
uflj; jf gkfsf]_ 5fl8lbg]
j8f g+= dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul//x]sf] j8f g+=
ufpF÷6f]n dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul//x]sf] ufpF jf 6f]nsf] gfd
6]lnkmf]g g+= 5 eg] 6]lnkmf]gsf] sf]7fdf eg]{
df]jfOn g+= 5 eg] df]jfOn g+= sf] sf]7fdf eg]{ . 6]lnkmf]g g+= gePdf
klg ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fdsf c? ljj/0f eg{ afwf x'g]
5}g .
3/ g+= ;+snsn] ;+sngsf] qmd cg';f/ 3/ g+= /fVb} hfg] .
Pp6} j8fdf 3/ g+= bf]xf]/f] kfg'{ x'b}g . 3/ g+= sfod ubf{
Ps btf{:yndf Ps dfq btf{ s]Gb| /x]sf] cj:yfdf
!)))! -bzxhf/ Ps_ af6 z'? ug'{ k5{ . !)))! df
z'?sf] b'O{ c+s cyf{t\ !) n] ;+snssf] sf]8nfO{ / jfFsL
# c+sn] 3/ gDa/nfO{ hgfpF5 . pbfx/.0fsf nflu
ljj/0f ;+sng ul//x]sf klxnf # 3/sf] gDa/ /fVbf
!)))!, !)))@, !)))# ub}{ /fVb} hfg' k5{ . obL b'O{
btf{ s]Gb| ePdf bf]>f] btf{ s]Gb|sf nflu !!))! -
P3f/xhf/ Ps_ af6 z'? ug'{ k5{ . oxfF z'?sf] !! n]
;+snssf] sf]8 g++= hgfpF5 . o;}u/L # jf ;f]eGbf a9L
btf{ s]Gb| ePdf !@))!, !#))! ub}{ hfg' k5{ .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 23

 ;+snsn] cfˆgf] sf]8 ;lx xf] jf xf]Og egL btf{ :yn
Joj:yfks;+u olsg ug'{ k5{ .
Kl/jf/ g+= kl/jf/ g+= hgfpFbf Pp6} 3/df a:g] efG;f 5'§} ePsf
kl/jf/ lkR5] gDa/ lbb} hfg] . Pp6f kl/jf/dfq eP !
hgfpg] / ;f] eGbf dfly eP qmdf+ut ?kdf g+ @,#===
hgfpb} hfg] . Pp6} kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox?sf] kl/jf/
g+ lbbf ;f]xL kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ h] /flvof] Tolx+
/fVg] . pbfx/0fsf nflu
gfd 3/ g+= kl/jf/ g+=
ofbj k|;fb l3ld/] !)))! !
b'uf{ s'df/L l3ld/] !)))! !
/fh' e§/fO{ !)))! @
-v_ JolQmut ljj/0f
tLg k':t] ljj/0f
gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] klxnf] gfd, aLrsf]
gfd / y/ kmf/fddf eg] adf]lhd 5'§f 5'§} sf]7fdf n]Vg]
.
ln+Ë ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQm dlxnf eP dlxnf, k'?if
eP k'?if / t];|f] lnËL eP t];|f] lnËL egL n]Vg]
c+u]|hLdf gfd c+u|]hLdf gfd n]Vbf ljj/0f lbg] JolQmnfO{ ljj/0f
;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] c+u]|hL gfdsf] ;lx :k]lnª yfxf
5 eg] ;f]w]/ n]Vg] geP ;+snsn] cfkm} cg'jfb u/L
n]Vg] .
klt÷kTgLsf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] klt÷kTgLsf] klxnf]
aLrsf] / y/ kmf/dsf 5'§f 5'§} sf]7fdf eg]{. olb klt jf

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 24

 kTgLsf] Ps eGbf al9 kTgL jf klt ePdf ;a}sf] klxnf]
gfd /fVg]] . kTgLsf] y/ gful/stfdf eP adf]lhd n]Vg] .
b'a} y/ n]Vg rfx]df b'a} y/ n]Vg] .
cfdfsf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] cfdfsf] gfd n]Vbf
klxnf], aLrsf] / y/ kmf/dsf 5'§f 5'§} sf]7fdf eg]{ .
gful/stfsf] k|df0f kqdf cfdfsf] gfd geP dtbftf;+u
hGd lbg] cfdfsf] gfd ;f]wL n]Vg] .
jfa'sf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] jfa'sf] gfd n]Vbf
klxnf], aLrsf] / y/ kmf/fdsf 5'§f 5'§} sf]7fdf eg]{.
Jffa'sf] gfd gful/stfdf pNn]v /x]5 eg] ;f]xL cg';f/
n]Vg] . gq ljj/0f lbg] JolQm;Fu ;f]w]/ n]Vg] .
jfh]sf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] jfh]sf] gfd n]Vbf
klxnf], aLrsf] / y/ kmf/dsf 5'§f 5'§} sf]7fdf eg]{ .
Jffh]sf] gfd gful/stfdf pNn]v /x]5 eg] ;f]xL gfd
n]Vg] . gq ljj/0f lbg] JolQm;+u ;f]w]/ n]Vg] .
-u_ hGd ldlt
hGdldltsf] :yfgdf lj=;= / O=;+= b'j} /flvPsf] 5 .
ljj/0f kmf/ddf dtbftfsf] g]kfnL gful/stfsf]
k|df0fkqdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd ;fn, dlxgf / ut]
k|i6?kdf eg'{ kb{5 . olb hGd ldlt ljqmd ;Datdf 5
eg] O{=;=df el//fVg' kb}{g . To:t} hGd ldlt O{=;=df 5
eg] lj=;=df el//fVg' kb}{g .

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqdf ;fn dlxgf / ut] k|i6 pNn]v gePdf

lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ M

-s_ g]kfnL gful/stfdf hGd ldlt dxndf ;fndfq ePdf dlxgf /

ut]sf] xsdf lgh JolQm jf kl/jf/;Fu ;f]w]/ /flvlbg] . t/ dlxgf

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 25

 / ut]sf] xsdf lgh JolQm jf kl/jf/af6 k|i6 hjfkm gcfPdf hf/L
ldltsf] dlxgf / ut] /flv lbg] .

h:t} M hGd ldlt hf/L ldlt

@)#( === === @)#( @ !@
== = jf

@)#( !) !@ @)#( @ !@

-v_ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] dxndf ljj/0f lbg] JolQmsf] pd]/ cyf{t\ jif{
dfq pNn]v ePdf ;+snsn] kmf/fd ebf{ pd]/nfO{ hf/L ldltsf]
;fnaf6 36fO{ ;fn sfod ug]{, dlxgf / ut]sf] xsdf ljj/0f
lbg] JolQm jf kl/jf/;Fu ;f]w]/ pNn]v ug]{ . t/ ljj/0f lbg];Fu
;f]Wbf klg k|i6 hjfkm gcfPdf hf/L ldltsf] dlxgf / ut] /flv
lbg] .

h:t} M hGd ldltdf !& jif{ dfq n]lvPsf] 5 / hf/L ldlt

@)#^.!@.@) ut] 5 eg] @)#^ df !& 36fO{ ;fn / dlxgf / ut]
hf/L ldlts} /fVg] . h:t}

hGd ldlt M !& jif{

hf/L ldlt M @)#^ !@ @)

@)#^
–
!&
@)!( @)!( !@ @)
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 26
 -u_ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ePsf] t/ pd]/ / hf/L ldlt gePsf] jf
k|i6 gePdf lgh jf kl/jf/;Fu ;f]w/] atfP adf]lhdsf] ;fn,
dlxgf / ut] pNn]v ug]{ .

o;/L kmf/fdsf] hGd ldlt dxndf ;fn dlxgf / ut] k|i6 pNn]v ug'{kg]{
5.
-3_ gful/stfsf] ljj/0f
gful/stf k|df0f kq g+= gful/stf k|df0f kq g+=sf] gful/stfdf eP adf]lhd
c+s cIf/ / ljz]if cIf/x? ;a} ljj/0f z'4 eg]{ . h:t}M -
c=vf=@!%%÷@$%%_ .
lhNnf To;} k|sf/n] gful/stf hf/L lhNnf dxndf gful/stf
hf/L ePsf] lhNnfsf] gfd n]Vg' k5{ .
gful/stfsf] lsl;d gful/stfsf] lsl;d dxndf gful/stfdf pNn]v u/]sf]
lsl;d eg]{ -h:t} j+zh, hGdl;4 cflb_ .
gful/stf hf/L ldlt gful/stf hf/L ldltdf jif{, dlxgf / ut] clgjfo{ ?kdf
gful/stfdf eP adf]lhd /fVg' kb{5 .
hGd:yfg gful/stfsf] ljj/0fsf] hGd:yfg cGt/ut gful/stfdf
eP adf]lhdsf] lhNnf / uflj;÷gkf / j8f g+= eg]{ .
obL pQm JolQmsf] gful/stfdf hGd :yfg pNn]v ePsf]
/x]g5 eg] ljj/0f lbg] JolQmnfO{ ;f]w]/ n]Vg] . olb
ljb]zdf hDd]sf] /x]5 eg] lhNnf / uflj;÷gkf b'a}df
ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQm hDd]sf] b]zsf] gfd n]Vg] .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 27

-ª_ :yfoL a;f]af;sf] 7]ufgf
:yfoL a;f]af;sf] 7]ufgf dxnsf] ljj/0f ebf{ ljj/0f
;+sng kmf/dsf] -s dxn_ cGtu{t el/Psf] lhNnf,
uflj;÷gkf g} n]Vg] . dtbfg ug]{ :yfg ebf{ ;+sng
kmf/fdsf] -s dxn_df el/Psf] btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd g} n]Vg]
.
-r_ ckfËtf /x]sf] lgjf{rgsf] j]nf ckfË d}qL dtbfg s]Gb| lgdf{0f ug]{
p2Zon] of] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ nfluPsf] x'Fbf ljj/0f
;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] ckfËtf /x]sf eP ;f]wL s'g
k|sf/sf] ckfª\utf xf] ;f] pNn]v ePsf] sf]i7df 7Ls
lrGx nufpg] . ;fË eP s]xL klg eg{ kb}{g .
-5_ dft[efiff dft[efiff dxn cGtu{t ljj/0f lbg] JolQmnfO{ dft[efiff
s] xf] ;f]w]/ eg]{ .
-h_ z}lIfs of]Uotf z}lIfs of]Uotf cGt/ut pknJw eP;Dd z}lIfs
of]Utfsf] klg 8f6f ;+sng xf]; egL z}lIfs of]Uotfsf]
ljj/0f lng] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . lzlIft eP z}lIfs
of]Uotfsf] dflyNnf] tx / ;f] gePdf ;fIff/ jf lg/If/
s] xf] ;f] ePsf] sf]i7df lrGx nufpg' kg]{5 .
ljj/0f kmf/fd e/L ;s]kl5 ljj/0f lbg] JolQmsf]
;xL5fk u/fpg] / gfd klg n]Vg]. o;}u/L ;+snsn]
cfˆgf] gfd n]Vg], cfˆgf] ;xL u/L ldlt klg pNn]v ug]{
.
ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fdsf] cw{s§Ldf ljj/0f eg]{
kmf6f] ;lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL JolQmut ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fdsf] cw{s§L df
elgP adf]lhdsf ljj/0f e/L dtbftfnfO{ btf{ ug{ sxfF / slxn] cfpg] egL
atfpg' k5{ .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 28

3/ gDa/ ljj/0f kmf/fddf -s_ dxnsf] ljj/0f ;+sng 7]ufgfdf e/]
adf]lhdsf] 3/ g+= eg]{ .
kl/jf/ gDa/ ljj/0f kmf/fddf -s_ dxnsf] ljj/0f ;+sng 7]ufgfdf
e/] adf]lhdsf] kl/jf/ g+= eg'{ eg]{ .
gfd ljj/0f kmf/fddf -v_ dxnsf] JolQmut ljj/0fdf e/]
adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] JolQmsf] gfd n]Vg] .
btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd ljj/0f kmf/fddf -s_ dxnsf] ljj/0f ;+sng 7]ufgf
adf]lhdsf] btf{ s]Gb|sf] gfd n]Vg] .
7]ufgf ljj/0f kmf/fddf -s_ dxnsf] ljj/0f ;+sng 7]ufgfdf
e/] adf]lhdsf] lhNnf, uflj;÷gkf, j8f g+ n]Vg] .
btf{ s]Gb|df cfpg] ldlt ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] ldltaf6 t];|f] lbg kl5sf] ldlt
n]Vg] .
ljj/0f lbg] JolQmsf] ;xL5fk ljj/0f kmf/fddf elgPsf] 7fpFdf ljj/0f lbg]
JolQmsf] ;xL u/fpg] .
;+snssf] gfd ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ ;+snssf] gfd n]Vg] .
;+snssf] ;xL / ldlt ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ ;+snsn] ;xL ul/ ldlt ;d]t
pNn]v ug]{ .
!^= dtbftf nut ljj/0f kmf/fd eg]{ tl/sf
 dtbftf nut ljj/0f kmf/fdebf{ kmf/ddf elgPsf] qm=;+=df 3/ g+
cg';f/ !,@,#,$ ub}{ hfg]
 uf=lj=;=÷g=kf=sf] sf]7fdf ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] 3/ s'g
uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= sf] xf] Tolx+ uf=lj=;=÷g=kf= sf] gfd n]Vg] .
 j8f gDj/df Tof] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/Psf] 3/ s'g j8fdf 5 Tolx
j8fsf] g+= n]Vg] .
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 29
 3/ g+= df ljj/0f kmf/fddf e/]sf] 3/ g+= n]Vg] .
 3/d'nLsf] gfddf Tof] 3/sf] d'nLsf] gfd n]Vg] .
 dtbftf ;+Vofdf Tof] 3/df !^ jif{ k'u]sf dtbftfx? dWo] k'?if
dtbtf slt hgf, dlxnf dtbftf slthgf, t];|f] ln+uL dtbtf
slthgf 5g\ / hDdf slt dtbftf 5g\ To;sf] ;+Vof n]Vg] . of]
;+Vof n]Vbf 3/af6 aflx/ /f]huf/Ldf, k7g kf7gdf jf ljb]zdf hxfF
/x]sf] eP klg jf gful/stf glnPsfx?sf] ;d]t hf]8L ;a}
dtbftfsf] ;+Vof n]Vg] . Pp6f 3/df Ps eGbf al9 kl/jf/ ePdf
klg ;a} kl/jf/sf dtbftfsf] nut Ps} dxndf eg]{ .
 dtbftfsf] cj:yfdf tL 3/sf dtbftf dWo] -s_ btf{ s]Gb|df xfn
slt hgf pkl:yt x'G5g, -v_ g]kfns} cGo 7fpFdf slthgf 5g\ -
u_ slt hgf ljb]zdf 5g\ eGg] ;"rgfsf lnO{ To; 3/df hDdf slt
5g\ egL kmf/ddf pNn]lvt ljj/0fx? lng] . gful/stf glnPsf
slthgf 5g\ s}lkmotdf pNn]v ug]{ .
 o;/L nut kmf/fdebf{ dtbftf ;+Vofsf] hDdf c+s / dtbftfsf]
cj:yfsf] hDdf c+s Pp6} x'g' kg]{ 5 .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 30

!&= ;+sngsf ;dodf rflxg] ;fdfgsf] ;"rL
ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ hfg'eGbf Ps lbg cufl8 g} ;+snsx?n] tn pNn]v
ul/Psf ;a} ;fdfu|Lx? btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks;+u a'lemlng] .
 snd -@ yfg_
 ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fd -!)) k|ltsf] Ps yfg_
 ;Dej eP;Dd cfˆgf] sfo{ If]qsf] gS;f / ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ hfg]
7fpF jf 6f]nsf] ;"rL jf cfkm"n] agfPsf] sfo{of]hgf
 ;+snsn] eg]{] nua's
 dtbftfsf] nut ljj/0f kmf/d
 lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k|fKt kl/rokq
 lSnk af]8{
 dtbftf lzIff ;DaGwL ;fdfu|Lx?
 kfgLaf6 arfpg Nkfli6s Aofu
 of] xft] k'l:tsf
 lbge/ vfgfsf nflu vfhf, kfgL / k};f . 3fd / kfgLaf6 hf]lugsf
nflu 5ftf .

!*= af/Daf/ ;f]lwg] ;Sg] k|Zgx?

-s_ olb 3/df dfG5] e]l6Pg eg] M
olb ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ 3/b}nf]df uPsf a]nf sf]xL klg e]l6Pg eg]
l5d]sLnfO{ cfkm" cfpgfsf] p2]Zo / cfkm" k'gM cfpg] ldlt / ;dosf
af/]df vj/ ul/lbg cg'/f]w ug]{ . o;sf ;fy} cfkm" 3/df ljj/0f
lng cfPsf] e]6 gePsf] x'Fbf btf{ ug{ sxfF, s'g ldLt / ;dodf s]
s] sfuhftx? ;fydf lnP/ cfpg' k5{ eGg] s'/f n]v]/ ;"rgf 6fF;]/
5f8\g] .
-v_ olb tf]lsPsf] ;+Vofdf ljj/0f lng ;lsPg eg] M ljj/0f lng] sfd
Wofgk"j{s tf]lsPsf] ;do lbP/ ug'{ k5{ . olt ubf{ klg tf]lsPsf]
;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 31
 ;+Vofdf ljj/0f lng ;lsPg eg] btf{:yn Joj:yfks;+u a;L
5nkmn ug'{ k5{ .
-u_ olb gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ePg eg] M
hlt;Sbf] rfF8} cfˆgf] uf=lj=;= jf gu/kflnsfdf uO{ l;kmfl/; lnP/
lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng ;Nnfx lbg]
/ pTk|]l/t ug]{ ug'{ k5{ .
-3_ olb s'g} JolQm !^ jif{ k'u]sf] 5}g t/ lgs6 eljZodf k'Ub}5 eg] M
s'g} JolQm ljj/0f ;+sngsf] ;dodf !^ jif{ gk'u]sf] t/ To;sf]
nuQ} !^ jif{ k'Ug] ePdf gful/stf lngsf nflu pTk]|l/t ug]{ .
lghn] gful/stf lnP/ cfpFbf olb btf{:yndf btf{ sd{rf/L
/lx/fv]sf eP gfd btf{ u/fpg ;lsG5 . cGoyf btf{sf nflu
cfjZos k|df0fkqx? ;lxt ;DalGwt lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf
hfg'k5{ .
-ª_ kl/jf/ gDa/ s;/L sfod ug]{ <
Pp6} 3/df ! eGbf a9L kl/jf/ a;]sf 5g\ eg] k|To]s kl/jf/sf
nflu 5'§f5'§} gDa/ lbO{G5 . kl/jf/ gDa/ lb+bf !, @, #, $ ub}{ lb+b}
hfg' k5{ . h;af6 btf{sf] ;dodf s'g kl/jf/sf] ;b:o s'g xf]
eGg] s'/f 5'§ofpg ;lhnf] x'G5 . Pp6f kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] ljj/0f
kmf/dnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf l:6r ug{' k5{ .

-r_ olb s'g} dtbftfsf] gful/stfsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf / xfnsf] 7]ufgf km/s
5 eg] M
dtbftfn] /f]h]/ s'g} Ps 7fFpaf6 ef]6 v;fNg kfpF5 . xfnsf] :yfoL
7]ufgfaf6} ef]6 v;fNg] xf] x}g egL dtbftf;+u a'‰g] . xfnsf]
dtbftf gfdfjnL btf{ x'g] btf{s]Gb|af6 ef]6 v;fNg rfx]df dfq

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 32

 :yfoL a;f]af;sf] k|df0f k'Ug] sfuhft - a;fOF–;/fOsf] k|df0fkq jf
cfˆgf] jf kl/jf/sf gfddf /x]sf] hUufdf ag]sf] 3/sf] gS;f kf; jf
cfˆgf] gfdaf6 xfn;fn} kfgL jf ljh'nLsf] dx;'n e'QmfgL ePsf]
jLn dWo] s'g} Ps_ x]/L olsg u/L ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ .

-5_ olb s'g} JolQmn] cfkm" a;f]jf; u/]sf] eGbf csf]{ :yfoL 7]ufgfdf ef]6
v;fNg rfx]df M
dtbftfsf] hxfF cfˆgf] gfd btf{ ePsf] 5 Toxfaf6 dfq ef]6 v;fNg
kfOG5 . To;}n] h'g 7fpFaf6 ef]6 v;fNg] xf] ToxL 7fpFdf cfˆgf] gfd
btf{ u/fpg' k5{ .

-em_ olb s'g} JolQmsf] gful/stf x/fPsf] /x]5 eg] s] ug]{ <
To:tf] JolQmnfO{ hlt;Sbf] rf8} lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 k|ltlnk
gful/stf lngsf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{ .

-`_ olb sf]xL czQm, la/fdL jf pd]/sf sf/0fn] lx8\8'n ug{ g;Sg]
dtbftf 5 eg] M
To:tf dtbftfsf] ljj/0f;d]t ;+sng u/L ;f] sf] hfgsf/L btf{:yn
Joj:yfksnfO{ u/fpg] . kl/jf/sf ;b:o, jf :yfgLo
;d'bfo÷;ldltx? jf Snjx?sf] ;xof]udf btf{ s]Gb|;Dd k'¥ofpg
;lsg] eP k'¥ofpg]] . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cefjsf sf/0f lgjf{rg
cfof]un] To:tf JolQmsf nflu 3/d} gfd btf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug{
;s]sf] 5}g .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 33

-6_ olb sf]xL dtbftf ljb]zdf 5 eg] M
To:tf JolQmsf] xfn ljj/0f lng / btf{ u/fpg ;lsGg . :jo+ JolQm
cfP kl5 ;DalGwt lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf gfd btf{ u/fpg
;lsG5 . t/ r'gfjsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] cj:yfdf ef]6 v;fNg] lbg eGbf
&% lbg cufl8g} gfd btf{ u/fO{ ;Sg' k5{ .

-7_ xfn dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnL k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 <
;lsb}g . k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnL q'l6 k"0f{, cz'4 / ckof{Kt 5 .
To;}n] gofF gfdfjnL btf{ ug{ nfluPsf] xf] .

-8_ olb ljj/0f ;+sng ubf{ ljj/0f lbg 5'6]df <

s'g} sf/0fj; ;+snsnfO{ ljj/0f lbg 5'6 ePsf dtbftfn] btf{ s]Gb|
cfO{ btf{ u/fpg ;S5g . o:tf] cj:yfdf btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfksn] ;a}
k|df0fx? x]l/ ljj/0f ;+sng kmf/fdeg'{ kb{5 . btf{ s]Gb|df klg gfd
btf{ u/fpg 5'6]sfn] lhNnf lgjf{rg sfof{nodf ljj/0f lbO{ gfd btf{
u/fpg ;S5g .

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 34

!(= dtbftf lzIff / ljj/0f ;+sng sfo{ of]hgf
btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks;Fu a;L sfo{of]hgf agfpgsf nflu tn
lbOPcg';f/sf] 9f+rf k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ 5 . of] of]hgf dtbtf lzIff cleofg
tyf ljj/0f ;+sng z'? x'g eGbf klxn] g} ul/;Sg' kg]{5 . dtbftf lzIff
:jo+ ;]js÷;+sns / btf{ :yn Joj:yfksn] of]hgg';f/sf] sfd eP
gePsf] k'gf/fjnf]sg ug'{ k5{ .
p2]ZoM ;DalGwt btf{ s]Gb|df btf{ x'g] dtbftfx?sf nflu dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd
;+rfng ug{ / ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfo{ of]hgf agfpg]
Effu ! M dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd ;+rngsf nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf0f{sf txx?
!= dtbftf lzIff cleofg ;+rfngsf d'Vo d'Vo hfgsf/Lx? n]Vg] .






@= k|To]s nlIft ;d'bfodf hfgsf/Lx? k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{sf nflu slDtdf b'O{j6f
pQd lqmofsnfkx?sf] ;"rL agfpg] .
nlIft ;d"x lqmofsnfk ! lqmofsnfk @
o'jf÷o'jtL
dlxnf
cNk;+Vos
ckfËtf ePsf JolQm
;j{;fwf/0f

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 35

#= s'g lqmofsnfk sxfF / slxn] ug]{ elg lg0f{o ug]{
lqmofsnfk :yfg ldlt÷;do ;fdfu|L

$= ;fdfu|Lx? a'lemlng] / tof/ /fVg] -pbfx/0fsf nflu dfOs, kf]:6/, krf{_

;fdfu|L kl/df0f slxn] a'lemlng] sxfFaf6 a'lemlng]

efu @M ljj/0f ;+sngsf nflu sfo{of]hgf lgdf0f{sf txx?

%= ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ If]q olsg ug]{ / Tof] If]qsf] af6f] / ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{
;fwf/0f gSzf agfpg]

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 36

^= ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ If]qsf 3/w'/L ;+Vof / hg;+Vofsf] nut cg'dfg ul/
lgsfNg] -hg;+Vof lgsfNbf k|To]s 3/w'/Ldf !^ jif{ eGbf dflysf #=% ePsf] cfwf/
dfGg]_

&= k|To]s lbg slt hgfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ ;lsG5 egL cg'dfg ug]{ . o:tf]
cg'dfg ubf{ 5'6]sf dtbftfsf] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ bf]xf]¥ofP/ 3/ b}nf]df hfg]
;dosf] u0fgf gug]{ .

*= ljj/0f ;+sng s'g ufpF jf 6f]naf6 z'? ug]{ / stfsf] af6f] lng] elg to ug]{
. s'g} 3/ w'/Lsf dtbftfsf] ljj/0f lng 5'6d
] f csf]{ 6f]nsf] ljj/0f lng hfFbf af6f]
ldnfP/ k'gM bf]xf]¥ofP/ hfg] .
sxfF ug]{ -:yfg_ klxnf] e|d0f slxn] ug]{ bf];|f] e|d0f slxn] ug]{ - t];|f] e|d0f slxn] ug]{ -
-ldtL / ;do_ ldtL / ;do_ ldtL / ;do_

(= dflysf ;"rgfsf cfwf/df ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ nIo lgwf{/0f ug]{ /

cfjZostfg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ .
lbg %M lbg !)M lbg M !% lbg M @) lbg M @%

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 37

@)= ;Dks{ JolQmsf] gfd, kmf]g / O{d]n
;+snsn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] tflnsf eg{'xf];\ / cfkm';+u ;w} ;+u} /fVg'xf];\ .
bhf{÷kb gfd kmf]g -df]jfOn Od]n
;d]t_
Uf=lj=;÷gu/kflnsfsf]
j8f ;lrj

btf{ s]Gb| Joj:yfks

btf{ sd{rf/L

;xfos btf{ sd{rf/L

;++sns

;++sns

btf{ :yn ;xof]uL

;+snssf] xft] k'l:tsf– lgjf{rg cfof]u 38