INTERNATIONAL Iso STANDARD 12947-1 First edition 1998-12-15 Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus Textiles — Détermination de la résistance a l'abrasion des étoffes parla méthode Martindale — Partie 1: Appareil d'essai d’abrasion Martindale Reference number ISO 12947-1:1998(E)ISO 12947-1:1998(E) 2 Normative references 3 Definitions 4 Principle 5 Apparatus 6 Auxiliary material 7 Assembly and maintenance of the apparatus ‘Annex A (normative) Method for checking the Lissajous figu ‘Annex B (normative) Method for measuring the indentation hardness of foam. Bibliography . © 180 neat nt nope i penn yap ue any mare ame STS A hs ese igang potacopyng and crim, witout parmssion wring om ne pubishor Intemational Organization for Standardization ate posiale 58 » CH-1211 Geneve 20 « Switzerland Intemet Iso@iso.ch~ "EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG To CEN Members 99-02-04 Conc.; EN ISO 12947-1 (WI 00248021) Dear Member, Please find enclosed the German version of the following: EN ISO 12947-1 :1998 Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus (ISO 12947-1:1998) which was made available to CEN Members on 98-12-15. Please note that an Annex ZA has been added to all three language versions. Yours sincerely, ain Director - Standards Production SS/DLWIAME of Encl. Ss REE SG2 7 soon 1 «Fax! 322 590 08 19Page 2 EN ISO 12947-1:1998 Corrected 1999-02-04) Foreword ‘The textof the Intemational Standard ISO 12947-1:1998 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38 "Textiles" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 “Textiles and textile products", the secretariat of which Is held by BSI, ‘This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, atthe latest by June 1999, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 1999. ‘According to the CEN/CENELEC Intemal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following Countries are bound to Implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, ireland, italy, Luxembourg, Nethertands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Endorsement notice “The text of the Intemational Standard ISO 12947-1:1998 was approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification. NOTE: Normative references to Intemational Standards are listed in annex ZA (normative).Page 3 EN ISO 12947-1:1998 Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to Intemational publications with thelr relevant European publications ‘This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European ‘Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. Publication Year Title EN Year ISO 286-2 1988 ISO system of limits and fits - Part 2: Tables of EN 20286-2 1993 standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for holes and shafts 1SO 845 1988 Collular plastics and rubbers - Determination of EN ISO 845 1995 apparent (bulk) density ISO 2060 1984 Textiles - Yam from packages - Determination of EN ISO 2060 1995 linear density (mass per unit length) by the skein ‘method 10.2061 1995. Textiles - Determination of twist in yams - Direct EN ISO 2061 1995 counting method 1S0 2286-3 1998 Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics - Determination of EN ISO 2286-3 1998 roll characteristics - Part 3: Method for determination of thickness 180 5084 1996 Textiles - Determination of thickness of textiles and = EN ISO 50841996 textile products ISO 12947-21998 Textiles - Determination of abrasion resistance of EN ISO 12947-21998 fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 2: Determination of specimen 1SO 12947-31998 Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of | EN ISO 12947-31998 fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 3: Determination of mass lossEUROPEAN STANDARD EN ISO 12947-1 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAISCHE NORM December 1998 Ics 59,080.30 Descriptors: see ISO document English version Textiles - Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method - Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus (ISO 12947-1:1998) “Toxttes - Détermination do la résatance & tabrasion des ‘Textilen - Bestimmung der Scheuerbestincigkelt von totes par la méthode Martindale - Pare ¥: Appareliage textlon Flichengobiden - Matindale-Vertahron - Tell 1: ‘Cesea) cfabrasion de Martindale (ISO 12947-1:1988) ‘Martindale-Sehouerpratgerdt (ISO 12947-1:1996) “This European Standard was approved by CEN on 15 December 1998, CEN members are bound to comply withthe CEN/CENELEC Intemal Reguiations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-dats lists and bibiogrephical references conceming such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariator to any CEN member. “This European Standard exists in three offcial versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation Inder the responsibilty of a CEN member into ts own language and notified lo the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions, ‘CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark. Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, italy, Luxembourg, Nethertands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. ama! [EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITE EUROPEEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPAISCHES KOMITEE FOR NORMUNG Contral Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels ©1908 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ret, No, EN ISO 12947-1:1998 ‘worldwide for CEN national Members.Page 2 EN ISO 12947-1:1998 Foreword ‘The text of the Intemational Standard ISO 12947-1:1998 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38 "Textiles in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 248 "Textiles and textile products", the secretariat of which is held by BSI. ‘This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 1999, and Conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by June 1999. ‘According to the CEN/CENELEC Intemal Regulations, the national standards ‘organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. NOTE FROM CENICS: The foreword is susceptible to be amended on reception of the German language version. The confirmed or amended foreword, and when appropriate, the normative annex ZA for the references to international publications with their relevant European publications will be circulated with the German version. Endorsement notice The text of the International Standard ISO 12947-1:1998 was approved by CEN as a European Standard without any modification.eso ISO 12947-1:1998(E) Foreword SO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Intemational Electrotechnical ‘Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Intemational Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard ISO 12947-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 38, Textiles. ISO 12947 consists of the following parts under the general title Textiles ~ Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method: — Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus — Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown — Part 3: Determination of mass loss — Part 4; Assessment of appearance change Annexes A and B form an integral part of this part of ISO 12947.ISO 12947-1:1998(E) e1so Introduction ‘The choice of method of abrasion testing is established before the start of the testing and recorded in the test report, since the results ofthe different methods cannot be compared with each other. ‘The determination of resistance to piling of fabrics using the Martindale apparatus is given in ISO 12945, Tee ea Determination ofthe resistance fo piling and change of appearance of fabrics, parts 1, 2 and 3). —_— 1) These three parts of Intemational Standard !SO 12946 are yet tobe publishedINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO ISO 12947-1:1998(E) Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part Martindale abrasion testing apparatus 1 Scope This part of ISO 12047 specifies requirements for the Martindale testing apparatus and auxiliary materials for use in the test methods specified in parts 2 to 4 of ISO 12947 for determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics. This part of ISO 12947 is applicable to apparatus for the testing of: a) woven and knitted fabrics; b) pile textiles having a pile height of up to 2 mm; ©) nonwovens. 2 Normative references ‘The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of ISO 12947. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 12947 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. 1SO 137:197, Woo! — Determination of fibre diameter — Projection microscope method. ISO 286-2:1988, ISO system of limits and fits — Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance grades and limit deviations for holes and shafts. ISO 845:1988, Cellular plastics and rubbers — Determination of apparent (bulk) density. ISO 2060: ‘method. 104, Textiles — Yam from packages — Determination of linear density (mass per unit length) — Skein 1995, Textiles — Determination of twist in yams — Direct counting method. 1998, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of roll characteristics — Part 3: Method for the determination of thickness. ISO 3074:1975, Woo! — Determination of dichloromethane — Soluble matter in combed sliver. 1S0 3801:1977, Textiles — Woven fabrics — Determination of mass per unit length and mass per unit area. 180 5084:1996, Textiles — Determination of thickness of textiles and textile products.1SO 12947-1:1998(E) eso 1SO 7211-2:1984, Textiles — Woven Fabrics — Construction — Methods of analysis — Part 2: Determination of ‘number of threads per unt length. 180 12047-2:1998, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 2: Determination of specimen breakdown. {so 12947-8:1998, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 3: Determination of mass loss. 3 Definitions For the purposes ofthis part of ISO 12947, the following definitions apply. 34 abrasion rub ‘re revolution of the two outer drives of the Martindale abrasion tester 32 ‘abrasion cycle completion of all the translational abrasion movements tracing Lissajous figure comprising 16 rubs, Se evolutions of the two outer drives and 15 revolutions of the inner dive of the Martindale abrasion tester 33 inspection interval number of continuously performed rubs 34 Lissajous figure figure ereated by movement which changes from circle to gradually narrowing ellipses, until it becomes a straight Tine, from which progressively widening ellipses develop, in a diagonally ‘opposite direction before the pattern is repeated 35 work station abrading table 4 Principle -The Martindale abrasion tester subjects a circular specimen to a defined load and rubs it against an abrasive ree Merle standard fabric) ina translational movement tracing a Lissalous Faure “The specimen holder, containing Sint specimen or abrasive medium depending on which method (SO 12047, Parts 2, 3 or 4) is being used, is eine oon rly rotatable around its own axis perpendicular o the horizontal plano. ‘The specimen is subjected to abrasive wear for a predetermined purnier of rubs. The number of abrasion rubs ‘Taking up the inspection interval depends upon the product type and ‘method of assessment. 5 Apparatus 5.1 General ‘The test apparatus consists of a baseplate on which are mounted the abrading iahee and drive mechanism. The The test appa conusts of two outer drives and an inner drive which cause the ‘specimen holder guide plate to trace a Lissajous figure (see annex A). NOTE The Martindale apparatus does not generate a perfect Lissajous motion.elso ‘The specimen holder guide plate is moved horizontally by the drive mechanism in such a way that every point of the ‘guide plate describes the same Lissajous figure. The specimen holder guide plate is fitted with bearing housings and low friction bearings which carry the specimen holder guide spindles, The lower end of each specimen holder spindle is inserted into each corresponding specimen holder body. On the upper end of the spindle, loading pieces can be fitted. The specimen holder consists of a body, ingert and nut. ‘The apparatus is fitted with a pre-settable counting device which counts each revolution of one of the outer drives. 5.2 Drive and base plate attachments 5.2.1 Drive The drive shall be arranged so that the heated exhaust air from the motor ventilation cannot reach the abraded surface. The movement of the specimen holders takes place by means of: a) two outer synchronised drive units, in which: — the distance of the axis of the drive units from their central axis is (80,25 + 0,25) mm; — the rotational frequency of the outer drive unit (47,5 2,5) min~ b) an inner drive unit, in which: — the distance of the axis of the drive unit from its central axis is (30,25 + 0,25) mm; — the rotational frequency of the drive unit is (44,5 + 2,4) min" The ratio of the rotation of the outer drive units to that of the inner drive unit shall be 16:15, i.e. after 16 revolutions of the outer units, the inner unit has carried out 15 revolutions and it has returned to the starting position of the Lissajous figure. ‘The maximum length of stroke of the specimen holder guide plate in both the longitudinal and transverse directions is (60,5 + 0,5) mm. 5.22 Counter ‘The counter for counting the abrasion rubs shall measure to an accuracy of one rub. 5.23 Abrading table Each of the abrading tables consist of the following elements: table (see fi ure 1); b) clamping ring (see figure 2); ©) clamping mechanism to fasten the clamping ring; d) pressing weight of mass (2,5 + 0,5) kg and of diameter (120 + 10) mm. 5.3 Specimen holder guide plate The specimen holder guide plate is a plate in which three guides engage the drive units. These guides interact so as to ensure a uniform, smooth and low vibration movement of the specimen holder guide plate. The specimen holder guide spindles are located in bearing housings secured to the guide plate central to each abrading table. Each bearing housing carries two bearings. The guide spindles are freely moving and free from play in the bearings (see also 7.2). These essential requirements are fuliled by bearing housings and bearings in which: ) the overall length of the bearing housing is (31,75 + 0,127) mm;els b) the bearing bore is 7.950 mm with ISO tolerance field H9, the specimen Polder guide spindle to be fitted has a Giarmeter of 7,950 mm with ISO tolerance field {7 in accordance with ISO 286-2. 5.4 Specimen holder ‘The specimen holder assembly consists of the following elements: a) specimen holder spindle (see figure 3); b) specimen holder body (see figure 4); ) specimen holder insert (see figure 5); d) specimen holder nut (see figure 6). ‘The combined mass of these components shall be (198 #2) 9- “The specimen holder assembly (without spindle) is ustrated in igure 7. Dimensions in mitimetres Dimensions in mitimetres Figure 2 — Clamping ringels ISO 12947-1:1998(E) Dimensions in millimetres Dimensions in milimetres Figure 3 — Specimen holder spindle Figure 4 — Specimen holder body Dimensions in milimetres Seer Dimensions in millimetres +0950 238.1052 4s 20.18" Figure 5 — Specimen holder insert Figure 6 — Specimen holder nutISO 12947-1:1998(E) e1so “The specimen holder shall be made from corrosion-resistant metal. The screws of the specimen holder body and of the specimen holder nut shall be wear-resistant. ‘To provide fo the testing of thicker textiles, the distance between the upper edge of the specimen holder body and the lower edge of the mounting for the bearing, shall be (7,5 + 1) mm. 5.5 Loading pieces ‘A-cmall or a large loading piece is added at each of the work stations to the spindle of the specimen holder or ‘assembly for the methods described in !SO 12947-2 and ISO 12947-3. -The sum ofthe mass ofthe applied piece and the mass ofthe specimen holder assembly shall amount to: — forthe larger piece: (795 7) 9 — {or the smatier piece: (595 +7) 9 and serves to apply a nominal pressure of 12 KPa and 9 kPa on the test specimen during the abrasion test. “The loading pieces shall ft on the spindle of the specimen holder in such a way that there is no play between the piece and the spindle. 6.1 Abradant ‘Aflat woven woo! fabric against which the test specimen is abraded, measuring at least 440 mm in diameter or length and width, meeting the requirements in table 1. 6.2 Felt Circles of woven wool felt underlay, meeting the requirements in table 2, of diameter 140°5 mm mounted on the ‘abrading tables prior to mounting the abradant. 6.3 Foam ‘A polyetherurethane foam material meeting the requirements in table 5, used for fabrics having a mass per unit area ieee 500 gm? as an underlay for the test specimen or abradant mounted in he specimen holder. Place circles of foam of diameter 38,0°3 mm between the test specimen or abradant and the specimen holder insert. Store the foam material in the dark at room temperature. 6.4 Control of auxiliary materials Check the properties of the auxiliary materials described in 6.1 to 6.3 win eveny a delivery. Carry out creel ative abrasion tests using intemal tolerance fabrics relevant to the wort of the laboratory and of known fistery on current and new deliveries of auxiliary materials. n addition, exami the abradant for faulty places and histor, Horances in the surface structure. Such places shall not be used for making ‘measurements. NOTE For details of the sources of supply of suitable apparatus and materials, contact the ‘Secretariat of ISO/TC38.e180 ISO 12947-1:1998(E) ‘Table 1 — Property requirements for woo! abradant fabric ——— Property Requirement Method deternation Warp Wott Mean fibre diameter, um 275220 29,0220 150 187 Yarn linear density, tex Rea 472 R74z a2 180 2060 Singles Z twist, tus per metre 540 420 500 20 180 2061 Two-fold ‘S' twist, tums per metre 450420 350+ 20 180 2061 Threads per 10 centimetres 175410 13528 180 7211-2 Mass per unit area, gr? 215210 150 3801 Oilcontent, % 0840.3 1so.s074 | ‘Table 2 — Property requirements for woven wool felt Cc Property [. Requirement [__Method of determination Mass per unit area, gm~? 750 60 180 3801 Thickness, mm 25205 180 5084 ‘Table 3 — Property requirements for polyetherurethane foam Property [ ‘Requirement ‘Method of test Thickness, mm att 1S0 5084 Density, kgm-* 3043 180 845, Indentation hardness, kPa 58208 annex B 7 Assembly and maintenance of the apparatus 7A Assembly ‘The assembly of the apparatus shall be carried out in accordance with the instructions of the apparatus Manufacturer: Moreover, the apparatus shall be checked to confirm that it complies with the tolerances in 6.2.1 and 5.5 and that the Lissajous figure complies with annex A. ‘Atter assembly of the specimen holder, without materials, the distance between the circular surface of the test specimen holder insert and the ring of the specimen holder nut shall be (1,05 + 0,1) mm (see figure 7). 7.2 Ease of running of the specimen holder in the bearing assembly To assess the ease of running of the specimen holder in the bearing assembly, carry out the following procedure. Remove materials and place a plain glass plate, e.g. microscope slide, on the abrading table, positioning the slide directly under the bearing housing. Place the domed insert in the specimen holder (see figure 8). Position the insert carefully on the glass slide.e1so Place the large loading piece on the specimen holder spindle. Using adhesive tape, fix one end of a filament yarn (mono oF multi approximately 100 dtex to 200 dtex) to the specimen holder body. The yam shall be approximately 1 m long and shall be wound spirally from bottom to top. Lay the other end of the yarn over a freely rotating pulley (see figure 9). Support the pulley by means of an adjustable clamp. Fix the clamp in a convenient position to the specimen holder guide plate, The upper edge of the pulley shall be on the same level as the point at which the yam comes of the top of the specimen holder body, so that the path of the yam from body to pulley is horizontal. Initially, check friction of the pulley by suspending a mass of 500 mg on each end of the yarn. An additional mass of 100 mg, on one side, should make the pulley rotate. if not the friction is too high. ‘Attach a mass of 10g to the yar. Lightly rotate the specimen holder by hand so that the weighted yarn unrolis. If this figure is exceeded, clean the bearings and recheck and/or consult the apparatus manufacturer. 7.3 Pa lelism between abrading table and specimen holder insert surface To test the parallelism between the abrading table and the specimen holder insert, carry out following checks. 7.3.4 With no materials in the specimen holders or on the abrading tables, place the specimen holders and spindles in their respective bearing housings so that the specimen holder insert face meets the face of the abrading table under the weight of the specimen holder and spindle alone. Check all around the periphery of the specimen holder with feeler gauges that any gap between the two metal surfaces is not greater than 0,05 mm (see figure 10). 7.3.2 To check the parallelism of the abrading table surface to the top plate, carry out the following procedure. For ‘each work station in tum, introduce a dial gauge to the bearing housing in place of the specimen holder guide spindle so that the dial gauge stem tip is positioned on the abrading table surface. The dial gauge shall have a Tesolution of 0,01 mm (corresponding to a one scale unit). Secure the dial gauge firmly to the specimen holder guide plate. Start the abrasion tester so that the gauge tip describes a Lissajous figure over the abrading table Surface. The maximum difference between the lowest and highest reading on the dial gauge shall be 0,05 mm recorded over one complete Lissajous figure (16 abrasion rubs). NOTE The dial gauge tp should not deface the abrading table surface during the test 7.4 Maintainance of the apparatus Maintain the machine so that it continues to conform to this part of ISO 12947. Dimensions in mitimetres Ve Dimensions in milimetres 4 a Sa 2 > t 8g 234 3 g Koy a 1 Body 2 Nut ° 3 Insert | ©3000 Figure 7 — Assembly specimen holder Figure 8 — Domed specimen holder insert (see 7.2)elso ISO 12947-1:1998(E) S = Abrading table Figure 9 — Testing the specimen holder assembly (see 7.2) Dimensions in milimetres Figure 10 — Parallelism tolerance of specimen holder insert to abrading tableISO 12947-1:1998(E) e1so Annex A (normative) Method for checking the Lissajous figure ‘Obtain the Lissajous figure for each work station by means of the following method. Remove materials from the abrading tables. Cover each abrading table surface with a plain white paper measuring (10025) mm in diameter of minimum mass per unit area 100 gm-® and secure paper to abrading table ensuring the surface is perfectly flat. Insert a steel sleeve of the same diameter as the specimen guide spindle (see figure 3) counterbored to accept the ireeGiucton of a refi from a typical ballpoint pen through each of the specimen holder spindle bearings in turn in the specimen holder guide plate, so that the ball tip is resting on the surface of the paper. Set the machine for 16 abrasion rubs to produce one complete Lissajous figure. Draw two parallel ines which just touch the outermost curves on two opposing sides of the Lissajous figure. Brave fae more parallel ines for the other two sides making sure the lines intersect at right angles. Measure each side 10 Me Jeeuracy of 0.2 mm using suitable means. Check that 31 curves are drawn. It is important to check the Syminetry of the Lissajous figures. i the curves run info one another or the spacing is uneven (see figure A.1) ‘consult the machinery supplier. OOK LVG aM RERE KNOY OR RRE REY ESR ORR XK KONI VRH PX SSeS LS OS SRR oy b) unacceptable ©) unacceptable Figure A.1 — Examples of acceptable and unacceptable Lissajous figures 10e1so ISO 12947-1:1998(E) Annex B (normative) Method for measuring the indentation hardness of foam B.1 Apparatus B.1.1 Set of ten weights, of mass (50 + 0,01) g. B12 Sm lightweight pan or tray, of known mass (approximately 60 g) to hold the weights. B.1.3. Thickness gauge, meeting the requirements of ISO 2286-3. B.2 Procedure Cut out two squares of the foam, each approximately 5 cmx 5 cm. Put one on top of the other and immediately place on the anvil of the thickness gauge. Place the pan or tray on top of the gauge’s own weight and immediately record the thickness of the foam. Place the first weight of mass 50 g on the pan. Wait (30+ 1) s and record the thickness. Repeat this procedure until the total mass including weights, pan and gauge weight equals or exceeds 500 9. B.3 Calculation and expression of results Plot the readings on a graph with the mass on the horizontal axis and thickness on the vertical axis. Draw in the curve. Use the first recorded thickness of the double layers of foam (when only the mass of the gauge weight, spindle and foot were present) as the inital thickness. Draw a line paralel to the horizontal axis at a point equal to 60 % of the initial thickness. Where the curve crosses this line read the mass in grams on the horizontal axis. Calculate the pressure applied in klopascals, using the following equation: mx931 p__ isthe pressure in kilopascals m__ isthe mass in grams; ais the area of the foot in square millimetres. "ISO 12947-1:1998(E) eso Bibliography [1]. 180 2439:1997, Flexible cellular polymeric materials — Determination of hardness (Indentation technique). [2]. 180 12947-4:1998, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale method — Part 4: Assessment of appearance change. 12ISO 12947-1:1998(E) e1so a ICS 59,080.30 Descriptors: textles, fabrics, tests, abrasion tests, determination, abrasion resistance, test equipmer Price based on 12 pages eS