اساسيات الاتصالات الرقمية PDF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٣٧
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
? ‫א‬ ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
E>‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E5V٠F‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠F‫א‬
١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ErepeatersF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ K  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
K‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
E ‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 Sampling
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٢W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
-١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
W‫א‬١ J١
 ESampling Theorem or Shannon TheoremF
،2fmfs fm ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(base band signal)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 E١ J١Ffs ≥ 2fm
 ‫א‬‫א‬fsW
 ‫א‬‫א‬fm
 Ts‫א‬
 E٢ J١FTsZ1/fs
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ E١
1/2fm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(aliasing error)‫א‬
Nyquist F‫א‬‫א‬٢fm‫א‬
،Efrequency
fs min= fN = 2fm
(٣-١) TN = 1 / 2fm
 ENyquist frequencyF fN W
 K‫א‬TN
‫א‬P(t)V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١ J١‫א‬‫א‬KEsampled signalFVs(t)‫א‬‫א‬
E٣-١) Vs(t) = V(t) * P(t)
 
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
(‫א‬‫א‬) (‫א‬)
V(t) V(f)
- fm 0 fm f
/
(a )
(a)
P(t) = a0+ ∑an cos 2π nfs t P(f)
2fs 3fs
- fs
Ts 2Ts …… t (b/)
(b)
VS(t) = V(t) P(t) VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)
= V(t) a0 + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)
-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm 2fs

3fs
/
(c) (c )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١-١‫א‬
-٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 sample‫א‬‫א‬F (gating)‫א‬

 K١ J١‫א‬KE‫א‬ hold ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 –fmfm‫א‬V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f) E١
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J١‫א‬
 P(t) E٢
 (٤-١) P(t) = a
0+ ∑ an cos 2π n fs t  
 ‫א‬ E٣
 
VS(t) = S(t) P(t)
 (٥-١) = a0V(t) + ∑an V(t) cos(2π nfst)
 
 cos(2π nfst)V(t)‫א‬ E٤
 
‫א‬‫א‬٥–١‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬nfs‫א‬‫א‬،cos(2π nfst)‫א‬
 (٦-١) VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)

 
 E١–١‫א‬‫א‬FW
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬١ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬a0V(t)a0Ebase band signal oranalog signal ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
fs ≥ 2fm،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
-٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
،‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 α 0 V(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 ‫א‬
V(f)F‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬ •
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬fs‫א‬Ts‫א‬، •
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(f)F
‫א‬fs ═2fm‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
EAliasingF‫א‬٢ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٣ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
fs < 2fm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEAliasing errorsF‫א‬،K
 
 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W٣–١‫א‬
 
-٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
Elow pass filter LPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
KEanti-aliasing filterF‫א‬‫א‬
 
fmax‫א‬‫א‬Ecut off frequency fcut offF ‫א‬ E٢
(٧-١) fcut off ≤ fmax
 
‫א‬، N‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 tp‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬fs •
 E٨ J١F N = fs tp = tp / Ts 
 
 
 ETypes of samplingF‫א‬W٣ J١
 K‫א‬
 
 EIdeal samplingFW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬KEunit weighted pulsesF‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤–١‫א‬‫א‬KEPAMF‫א‬
-٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
 
١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V(f) V (t)
f t
-fm fm
1 +∞
P( f ) =
T
∑ δ ( f − nfs) Ρδ (t ) = ∑ δ (t − nTs )
n = −∞
f
-fs 0 fs 2fs Ts t
3fs
Vs(t) = V(t) Pδ(t)
1
Vs ( f ) = ∑V ( f − nfs )
T
-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm …………………. t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J١‫א‬
 
 
 ENatural samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٥ J١‫א‬K‫א‬
 
-٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W5 J١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬W E١
 ‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬، E٣
 
 Eflat-top samplingF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
sample F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE7 J١‫א‬FKEand hold circuit
 
 
-٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
V(f)
V(t)
t
-fm fm
τ
P(f) =
T
∑ Sa(πfτ )δ ( f − nfs)
P(t)
τ
X X
a0V ( f ) + ∑ anV ( f )
τ +∞
⎛ nπτ ⎞
Vs( f ) =
T
∑ Sa⎜⎝
n = −∞ T ⎠
⎟V ( f − nfs )
+∞ Vs(t)=P(t) * V(t)
= α0V(f) + ∑ αn V(f-nfs)
-∞
+3fs
-fs -fm fm fs
 ‫א‬W6 J١‫א‬
 
 
 
-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7 J١‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬، E٣
‫א‬C‫א‬EsampleF‫א‬EFETF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
KEholdF
‫א‬K٧ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W8 J١‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬FKfs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٤ J١
‫א‬ sin c( x) = sin x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
x
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kx
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K1  
B T
=
τ
 E٩ J١F 
 ‫א‬
cut off F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1‫א‬
 KEfrequency fcut off
 
- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 WPAM‫א‬‫א‬
PCM‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
TDM‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ١ J١
fs = ‫א‬  V(t)
 Kτ = 40µs،5KHz
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
KK1 = 1.0K1 = 0.5‫א‬‫א‬EF
K‫א‬ 25 KHz ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 
 ٢ J١
 K8KHz٠‫א‬V(t)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ٣ J١
‫א‬١ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬V(t)
 K6KHz‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WF
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ٤ J١
K4 kHz dc،‫א‬V(t)

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 ٥ J١
KE10000 HzF‫א‬١٠٠٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K4KHzEguard band‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٦ J١
 K٪٢٥fm fs- fm،fm،fs=9KHz

 
 ٧ J١
K0.25ms 500 Hz‫א‬

 K‫א‬18KHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ٨ J١
K2 KHz1 KHz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬0.1ms
 K35KHz
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
 (TDM of PAM signals)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEsequentiallyF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬W٩ J١‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
،TsE>‫א‬F‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١F
 KV2(t)V1(t)‫א‬٩ J١‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٠ J١‫א‬
 
‫א‬٢١‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KETsF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
signal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E>‫א‬FKsignal #4#1
‫א‬‫א‬EcommutatorF‫א‬ •
K‫א‬EdecommutatorF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
11  J١‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
 
‫ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺰﻣﻨﻲ وﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﺎﻣﻊ وﻣﻔﻜﻚ‬:١١-١ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣F
‫א‬Esampling theoremF‫א‬
(fN = 2fm).
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤F
‫א‬
٧‫א‬٧١١ J١‫א‬ E٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ= Ts/7‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E٦F
K١٢ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٧W١٢ J١‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
τ
K١ ‫א‬‫א‬
Tframe
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
fs = fN= 2fm •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
0.5
N‫א‬ B = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
τ
Ts
k = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
τ
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬k ‫א‬W١٣ J١‫א‬
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
fm‫א‬،k EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
F
1 1
(١٠-١) fs = 2fm, Ts = 2fm , Tframe = 2fm
‫א‬‫א‬k E
F
‫א‬
Tframe
(١١-١) τ= k
 
 E
F
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5k
(١٢-١) B = τ = Tframe = =
Ts/k Ts
k
0.5k
= 1/2fm = 0.5 k (2fm) = k X fm
1
BT = k fm for the ration B =
τ
(١٣-١) BT = 2k fm.
 = E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
fs = 2fm J
 E١٤ J١FBT = L X fm
 
L = number of spaces + sync + data pulses
 
 fs > 2fm
Fs
E١٥ J١FBT = L x 2
 
 W٩ J١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬،BW = 1 kHz
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬٧W١٠ J١‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬،١٢ J١‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧١٤ J١‫א‬
Fs = 1.25 fN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

 (Multiplexing of dissimilar channels)
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEsub and super commutationF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

Efixed rateF‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K16 kHz،15.5 kHz8 kHz
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 80 kHz‫א‬ J
 40 kHz‫א‬ J
 10 kHz١٨ J
 1250 Hz‫א‬٨ J
 625 Hz١٦ J
 K١٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥ J١‫א‬
 
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦٢٥‫א‬ E
‫א‬١٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 kHz١٨‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬880 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬‫א‬٤40 kHz‫א‬  J

،‫א‬10 kHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K16625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
‫א‬1250 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0.1 ms‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬١٢٥٠
،‫א‬625‫א‬625 Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.2 ms‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W١١ J١
2 τ‫א‬‫א‬٦PAM/TDM 

‫א‬Kτ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kτ
 KE>‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KkHz
  
K‫א‬‫א‬٦١٦ J١‫א‬
Kfs = 1.5 fN‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W١٢ J١
 Kfs = 2fN١١ J١‫א‬

 
 
 
- ٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١
 (Pulse Analog Modulation)
 W١ J٦ J١
‫א‬ :‫א‬‫א‬
EpositionF‫א‬Eduration or widthF‫א‬‫א‬EamplitudeF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬ •
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
Pulse height = V α Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Vα
 (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
 
Pulse width = τα Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs
 K‫א‬ τα 
 (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Pulse position = td Vs
 t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs
 K‫א‬ td 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦ J١‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧ J١‫א‬
 
 :‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ o
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬٢ J٦ J١
 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation: PAM)‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ •
 
‫א‬E
 (Pulse Width Modulation: PWM)
 (Pulse Duration Modulation: PDM)
- ٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬ •
،‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬١٨ J١‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬١٨ J١‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬،STs(t)=1،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،STs(t)=2 E٢
،STs(t)=1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
١٩ J١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩ J١‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬ E

 (Pulse Position Modulation: PPM)
‫א‬‫א‬STs(t) ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١ J١‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
S1(t)‫א‬‫א‬PAM K١
S2(t)‫א‬Eramp generatorF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 S3(t) S2(t) S1(t) K٣
S3(t) = S2(t) + S1(t)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S3(t)‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
Vcc ‫א‬‫א‬(comparator)‫א‬Esaw toothF‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
. S4(t) PWM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠ S3(t) > Vref 
ES5(t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EdifferentiatorF K٦
KS6(t)PPM
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠ J١‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١ J١‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١
 (Demodulation of PAM and PWM and PPM)
 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٧ J١
 ،ELPFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E١
 
 K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢ J١‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،EinstantaneousF   ‫א‬     E٢
‫א‬Eshaped transfer characteristicsF‫א‬ 
،EequalizerF
 
 
 K‫א‬PAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣ J١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K PAM  PAM ‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٧ J١
EintegratorF‫א‬‫א‬ PAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬
Esample pointF‫א‬EintegrationF‫א‬ •
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،‫א‬
‫א‬     K‫א‬   ٢٣ J١ ‫א‬  •
W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬PAM‫א‬ E

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٧ J١
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
،PWM‫א‬‫א‬PPM ‫א‬ •
KPAM ‫ إﻟﻰ‬PWM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٤ J١‫א‬‫א‬ •
PWM
t
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4T
PPM
PAM
t
Ts 2Ts 3Ts 4T
KPAMPPMPWM‫א‬٢٤ J١‫א‬
- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Digital modulation
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢
 
EF‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א؟‬–‫א‬١ J١ J٢
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
،‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١–٢‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٢
Band F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 Ecut frequency fmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Epass filter
،fs≥fN fs‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬EPAMF‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
ECode WordF‫א‬ESampleFEEncoderF
KE٨F
- ٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬– K٤
 ،‫א‬‫א‬Equantization levels
E‫א‬FE١٠ J٠F‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
،Equantization intervalF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬n2n٢‫א‬ •
٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E28F٢٥٦‫א‬n=8 •
K٢٥٥
٠‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬– K٦
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥٥F‫א‬
 ،ECode WordF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٢
N،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬M
،‫א‬‫א‬
(١ J2)……….M = 2N
 
WN‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬ E١
(2-2)…….N = Log2M = 3.32 Log10M
 
 W١–٢
M=٢٥٦Enormalized PCMF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 N = log2256= log228=8 bit 
 W٢–٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٦{٦٤
128 = 27 = 2NEN=7F‫א‬
 K١٠٠
- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ١–٢
 N=100N‫א‬
 
 ٢–٢
 ٨ 
 K٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٢‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
KELow Pass Filter LPFF‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٤ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬EPCMF‫א‬ E١
PAM F‫א‬‫א‬EAnalog signalF‫א‬
 KEsignal
Kfm‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
  fN=2fm
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 fs=fN=2fm‫א‬
 Rb = Nfs = 2Nfm‫א‬
 BT = Rb = 2NfmW‫א‬
W٣ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 fm=4 KHZ, n=8
‫א‬
 
‫א‬٥ J١ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
ED/A converterF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Equantization intervalF‫א‬
 ٢–٢‫א‬
W‫א‬ E١
+V-V‫א‬‫א‬ •
  V
‫א‬V2 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N •
2V
(2-5) ……… ∆ = volts
2N
‫א‬‫א‬ •
∆ 2v V
= /2 = n volts 
2 2n 2
‫א‬‫א‬ •
(2-6)……………NQ= V2/22N watts
‫א‬L‫א‬ •
- ٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
∴S( N) =
SQ
NQ
⎛V2
= V 2 ÷ ⎜⎜ 2 N
⎞
⎟⎟ = 2 2 N
Q
⎝2 ⎠
(2-7)……………..∴ (S N ) Q
= 22N
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
EcharacteristicFENon linear amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢‫א‬
 
 
- ٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٦ J١ J٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
 
 W٤ J٢
 ‫א‬K
‫א‬E‫א‬F
١٠‫א‬EF
‫א‬EF
‫א‬L‫א‬EF
PS/QN J
N=10 bitSNR= 22N J
40dB‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧ J١ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
⎛ Vi ⎞
ln⎜⎜1 + µ ⎟⎟
⎝ Vimax ⎠
(2-8)………
V0 = V0 max for Vi ≥ 0
ln(1 + µ )
 
 ‫א‬Vi
‫א‬V0
 ‫א‬‫א‬Vimax
‫א‬‫א‬V0max
 E٢٥٥F Ecompression parameterF‫א‬µ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤–٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
W‫א‬
Vi max ⎡ ⎥⎤
⎡ Vr ⎤
⎢
V = ⎢(1 + µ ) ⎣ V0 max ⎦
⎥ forVr ≥ 0
(2-9)……….. ie µ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
- ٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vie
L‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
KEcodec: coder/decoder
 
 WA law (Europe) codec’‫א‬–‫א‬’
⎛ 1 + lg Ax ⎞
V0 = V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ sign 1/A < X <1…….(2-10)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠
⎛ Ax ⎞
V0 max ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 0 < X < 1/A…..(2-11)
⎝ 1 + lg A ⎠
A = 87.6
 
 W٥ J٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vimax =8V, V0max = 5V, µ=255
 8v4v2v‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ J١ J٢
 M‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
M‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ E٢
M‫א‬ E٣
 ٩٨
 ٪١٢{٥‫א‬  J
٪٥٠‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٩ J١–٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Enormalized valuesF
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
actual I/P analog voltage
normalizes I/P analog voltage =
full - scale voltage of A/D converter
Vi
X (t) = , where Vfs = 2.5, 5, 10, 20 ....
V fs
 ،‫א‬L‫א‬
 
⎡actual out put ⎤ ⎡normalized value⎤ ⎡full scale voltage ⎤
⎢analog voltage⎥ = ⎢of digital word ⎥ × ⎢of D/A converter⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Vo = X (t ) × V fs
 
 K‫א‬L‫א‬
 W‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١{٠٠{٠‫א‬‫א‬Eunipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬
 J١{٠‫א‬‫א‬Ebipolar encodingF‫א‬‫א‬
KH١{٠
٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٦٠
 
- ٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 

       ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  
7/8=0.875 15/16=0.9375 15 1111
6/8=0.75 14/16=0.875 14 1110
5/8=0.625 13/16=0.8125 13 1101
4/8=0.5 12/16=0.75 12 1100
3/8=0.375 11/16=0.6875 11 1011
2/8=0.25 10/16=0.625 10 1010
1/8=0.125 9/16=0.5625 9 1001
0 8/16=0.5 8 1000
-1/8=-0.125 7/16=0.4375 7 0111
-2/8=-0.25 6/16=0.375 6 0110
-3/8=-0.375 5/16=0.3125 5 0101
-4/8=-0.5 4/16=0.25 4 0100
-5/8=-0.625 3/16=0.1875 3 0011
-6/8=-0.75 2/16=0.125 2 0010
-7/8=-0.875 1/16=0.0625 1 0001
-8/8=-1 0 0 0000
 ‫א‬‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢‫א‬
 K٤‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٩ J١ J٢

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 ∴ the range of the normalized signal X (t ) is 0 ≤ X < 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١‫א‬‫א‬
 J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴ N = 2 4 = 16 ٤ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
W‫א‬‫א‬E١{٠‫א‬‫א‬F١{٠٠{٠
 
- ٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 EXnF
  016 = 0  0000 ١١١١‫א‬‫א‬
 0 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0
  8 1000  ‫א‬١{٠‫א‬
= 0.5  1 × 2 3 + 0 × 2 2 + 0 × 21 + 0 × 2 0 =8
16 LSBKKKKMSB
 15 = 0.9375 1111
 1 × 2 3 + 1 × 2 2 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 2 0 = 15
16  
‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 
1
E١٣ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Xu =
2N
‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
V fs
 E١٤–٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ∆Vu = ∆ × u Vfs =
2N
 K‫א‬Vfs
W‫א‬١ E٥
 
1
 E١٥ J٢FKKKKKKKKKK Xu (max) = 1 - ∆ × u = 1 -
2N
 W
 ١{٠‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
١٠٠٠F‫א‬MSB=0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 E٤
- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬ E٦
 ٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬ E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E

‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ J
 E1/16‫א‬1.47/162/16‫א‬1.67/16
1.67/16F‫א‬‫א‬E J
 E1/16‫א‬
 ٤‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢‫א‬
 
 ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٢‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬ E٧
 EF‫א‬
 ‫א‬–‫א‬  
∆×u 1 1
∴ Eu = = N = N +1 = 2 −( N +1)
 E١٦ J٢FKKKKKKKKK 2 2 ×2 2
Where : Eu = the peak unipolar normalized error.
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  
V fs
E١٧ J٢FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK lu = Eu Vfs = n +1
= 2 − ( n +1) . Vfs
2
 
 W٦ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬٦L
‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ∆ × u ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 ∆Vu ‫א‬‫א‬EF
 Xu(max)EF
 Vu(max)EF
 EuEF
  lu EF
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٩ J١ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
− 1 ≤ X < 1  +1 -1‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K١ J٢‫א‬‫א‬١٦٢٤،٤ E٣
- ٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

FXbE
 Xb −8  0000
= −1
‫א‬ 8
.
 K  K  K
 K  K  K
K K K
0 1000
 K  K  K
 K  K  K
K K K
7
= 0.875
1111
8
 ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٢‫א‬
 
E1 LSB‫א‬F ( ∆X b ) ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

1
E١٧ J٢F ∆X b = n −1
= 2 − n +1
2
 ∆Vb ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

V fs
E١٨ J٢F ∆Vb = ∆X b V fs = N −1
= 2 − N +1V fs 
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١٩ J٢F X b (max) = 1 − ∆X b = 1 − 2 − N +1
 
 
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 E١ J٢‫א‬FW
 ٨ •
M
E٢٠ J٢F = 2 N −1
2
٨ •
M
E٢١ J٢F − 1 = 2 N −1 − 1
2
MSB‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬MSB‫א‬‫א‬EF٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ 1 010 → 2 0001 → − 7 ⎫⎪
8 ⎫8
 E٢٢ J٢F complement aries ⎢⎢ ⎬  8 8
⎬ 8
0 010 → − 6 ⎭ 8 1001 → 1
⎣ MSB 8 8 ⎪⎭
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٢‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬ E٨
 ∆Ε b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
∆X b
٢٣ J٢ ∆Ε b = = 2 − N 
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
٢٤ J٢ l b = Eb V fs = 2 − N V fs

- ٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬٢–٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢
 W‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬ E١
١ E+V-VF‫א‬‫א‬ •
٠0V
 
-V١ +V‫א‬ •
E٠F
‫א‬‫א‬dc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Wduty cycle‫א‬ E٢
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NRZ‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RZ •
‫א‬ W‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBPRZF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬
‫א‬،BPRBPNRZUPRZUPNRZ‫א‬ •
‫א‬،BPRZ-AMI
 BPRZ-AMI‫א‬‫א‬KEF
K‫א‬
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 ،+V/2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢
 (Non Return to Zero Level: NRZ-L)‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬EHIGHF‫א‬W١ •
‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W٠ •

 W
   J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬
‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬F(Non Return to Zero Mark: NRZ-M)‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
Edifferential Coding ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
،‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
،‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
K
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W
   J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 (Non Return to Zero Space: NRZ-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W0 •
،‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
،‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W
   J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 (Unipolar Return to Zero: UPRZ)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 (Bipolar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
 (Polar Return to Zero: BPRZ)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
E-V0V +VF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
 (Return to Zero-Alternate Mark Inversion: RZ-AMI)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
 0V‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
0V‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬ELOWF‫א‬W٠ •
 W
٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
  J
KNRZ  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 Biphase- Level (BI Φ –L) or Manchester II code
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W
  J
KNRZ  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 Biphase- Mark (BI Φ –M) or Manchester I code
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
- ٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W
  J
KNRZ  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 Biphase- Space (BI Φ –S) code
‫א‬‫א‬W١ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٠ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W
‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬ E١٠
 Delay modulation (DM) or miller code
‫א‬W١ •
‫א‬،٠‫א‬W٠ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
KNRZ  J
- ٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ DC  ‫א‬
‫א‬
  +V/2 3fb/2 UPNRZ
  3O 3fP/2 BPNRZ
  +V/4 fb UPPZ
 ‫א‬ 3O V fb BPRZ
3  3O V 3fb/2 BPRZ-AMI
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧ J٢‫א‬
 
- ٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ١١NRZ – L E١
 ٠٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١NRZ –M E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١NRZ –S E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠
 
 ١٠١URZ – E٤
 ٠٠
 
 ١٠١BPRZPRZ E٥
  J١٠٠
١BRZ – AMI E٦
 ١٠‫א‬
  J١٠‫א‬‫א‬
٠٠
 
 ١٠١BIΦ-L E٧
 ٠١٠
 
 ٠١١٠١BIΦ – M E٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬١BIΦ – S E٩
 ٠١١٠٠
- ٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١DM E١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨ J٢‫א‬
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢
PCM/TDM
E‫א‬F‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFK‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 KEPAM/TDMF‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬E٢
  KfN‫א‬ •
  Fs = fn = 2 f m •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬
 ‫א‬٩ J٢‫א‬E٣
Eframe timeF‫א‬ •
E ٢١ J٢F Tf = TN = 1
2 fm
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩ J٢‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
Eword timeF‫א‬ •
E٢١ J٢F = 1 Tω= Tf 

K 2K fm
 Ebit durationF‫א‬ •
Tω 1
E٢٢ J٢F τ= = 
N 2K N fm
 W‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ ﻋﺮض ﻧﻄﺎق א‬:‫ﻻﺣﻆ‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
٣٢‫א‬‫א‬EUS – 24 Channel SystemF٢٤
 K
 
 EUS – 24 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬F٢٤١ J٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬KECode WordsF٢٤‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K241‫א‬‫א‬ •
E٢٤١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠F‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٣ KKKKKKKKK ٢٠ ٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٤
١F‫א‬  ٨EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
 E
 ١٩٣Z‫א‬١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤W‫א‬
 
K‫א‬٠‫א‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1
١٢٥µs ‫א‬ •
8000
K٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEFrame Alignment Word: FAWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٤‫א‬‫א‬ •
TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢
١٠٠٠١١٠١١١٠٠
 ESuperframeF‫א‬EF١٢  •
 
 W٢٤‫א‬
٢٤‫א‬ETI MultiplexerF‫א‬ K١
 E١٢٥µsF‫א‬E٨F‫א‬PCM
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬W،
K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TI FAW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬ K٥
K
- ٦١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W٢٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٢٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٢
،‫א‬٨٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K١٩٣
 
 K‫א‬١٥٤٤٠٠٠‫א‬١٩٣x٨٠٠٠
 
 ٢٤W١٠ J٢‫א‬
 
 W٣٢‫א‬‫א‬
EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F
125µs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •
١٩٣Z٨C٢٤H١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
125µs
Tb = ≈ 0.647668 µs
193
‫א‬ •
1 193
  Rb = = = 1.544 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs
- ٦٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥٤٤ •
1 1
B = = = 1.544 MHz
T
T B
0.64766
 
 ٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١ J٢‫א‬
 
 E32 Channel SystemFWE‫א‬‫א‬F٣٢٢ J٢ J٣ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ECode WordsF ٣٢‫א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K31٠‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦F‫א‬E٠F‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬E٣١١٧١٥١F‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬
 ٠ 1 ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ KKKKKKKKK ١٣ ١٤ ١٥  ١٦ ١٧  KKKKKKKKK ٢٩ ٣٠ ٣١
 F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥
‫א‬ ٨E ‫א‬ EF
 ٨
 ١٩٣Z‫א‬١H١٩٢Z٨х٢٤W‫א‬
K‫א‬١٦٠‫א‬٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
1
١٢٥µs ‫א‬ •
8000
Synchronization F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K١٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eand signaling
- ٦٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W٣٢‫א‬
٨F‫א‬PCM٣٠‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 E١٢٥µsF‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٨‫א‬٨١٧‫א‬٨١٦‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
K٣٢‫א‬٣١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٢٤‫א‬‫א‬
EBandwidth = Bit rate ‫א‬Z‫א‬F
125µs‫א‬fs=8kHz ‫א‬ •
٢٥٦Z٨C٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
125µs
Tb = ≈ 0.488µs
256
‫א‬ •
1 256
  Rb = = = 2 Mbit / s
Tb 125µs
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٥٤٤ •
1 1
B = = = 2 MHz
T
T B
0.488
 
- ٦٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W٣٢‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬W١٢ J٢‫א‬
 
 
 
 ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣ J٢‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢L٣٠‫א‬١٣ J٢‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
٤–٢
 EDelta Modulation: DMF
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ •
K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ •
 
 ELinear Delta Modulation: DMF‫א‬١ J٤ J٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬W١٤ J٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ x(t) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Edifferential circuitF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K e(t) ‫א‬z(t)
 
e(t) = x(t) – z(t)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q(t)‫א‬Esignal quantizerF‫א‬E٢
 K e(t)‫א‬‫א‬ e(t)
- ٦٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 e(t) ‫א‬E+1Fe(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

 K e(t) ‫א‬E+1F
 
KEstep sizeF∆ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 ١٥ J٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥ J٢‫א‬
 W
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
W •
Estep sizeF∆‫א‬  J
fs‫א‬  J
- ٦٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
W‫א‬ •
 Eslope overloadF‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬Egranular noiseF‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Esignal to noise ratio S/NF‫א‬\‫א‬‫א‬
 K∆‫א‬
 Eslope overloadF‫א‬W١٦ J٢‫א‬
 Egranular noiseF‫א‬‫א‬W١٧ J٢‫א‬

 
 ∆‫א‬ES/NF‫א‬L‫א‬W١٨ J٢‫א‬
 
- ٦٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 Eadaptive delta modulationF‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
Estair case functionF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ E٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٣ J٢ J٤ J٢
W‫א‬‫ א‬E١
EintegratorF‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ •
KEvariable gain amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
W‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
ESong algorithmF‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬∆‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬∆‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
- ٦٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 ESong algorithmF‫א‬W١٩ J٢‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬Edamped oscillationF
 
ESpace shuttle algorithmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 
ESpace shuttle algorithmF‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠ J٢‫א‬
- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
Band Pass Modulation (BPM)
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 (ASK)(Amplitude shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (FSK)(Frequency shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
  (PSK)(Phase Shift keying)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ١٥W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 (Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1-3

 
(ASK,FSK,PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
 W(Binary modulation)‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit) 
 W
Rb = Rs
N
  M= 2
2
 N = logM = log 2 =1 (1-3)
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WRb
 Ebit /sec‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRs
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WM
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WN
 W(Quadrature modulation)‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rs = Rb/2
N
 M= 2 = 22 = 4 (2-3)
 N= log2 M = log 4 = 2
- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N)
Rs = Rb/N = Rb/log2 M
N
  M = 2
  N = log 2 M (3-3)
 
 W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬ 2-3
‫א‬‫א‬(Ac cos wst)‫א‬(Ac sin wct)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٠F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EASK)
 (1-3)(AM.DSBTC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+V 1 1 
   000 0 
t 
 -V 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1-3F
 ‫א‬(NRZ-L)‫א‬ Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Vc (t)= Ac cos 2π fct
 W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
VASK(t) = [A±Vm(t)] cos 2π fct
= [Ft±v] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±V/A] Cos 2π fct
= A[1±m] cost 2π fct
 (ASK)‫א‬‫א‬
VASK(t) = A [1±m] cos 2πfct (4-3 ) .
 ‫א‬(m)W
- ٧٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
(2-3)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 EASKFE2-3F‫א‬
 (Efficiency) (ASK) ‫א‬‫א‬
 m = 1‫א‬
 E2A٠VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (ASKF(ASK)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (3-3)‫א‬
 
 (ASK)E3-3F
 
- ٧٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 EASKFEASKF
 (Envelope detector)‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬(DSB-SC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (ON-OFF KEYING) (OOK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
(modulating signal)EunipolarF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
Vm (t) ={ +1 V logic 1
  or
  { 0V logic 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OOK E٢
 (5-3)‫א‬
Vook(t) =Vm (t) *Vc (t) (5-3)
=Vm * Ac cos wct
= { Ac*cos wct for logic (1)
{٠ for logic (0)
 
 ( 4-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 (OOK ) (4-3)
 (OOKF(OOK)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F(Balanced Modulators)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EOOKF(5-3)‫א‬
 
 
 EOOK‫א‬FE5-3F
 
- ٧٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 (OOK Detection)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (coherent detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 (synchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(reference carrier)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(phase & frequency mismatch distortion)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E6-3F‫א‬
(synchronous detection) ‫( ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﺰاﻣﻨﻲ‬AMDSB-SC)
 
 EOOK‫א‬‫א‬F(6-3)
 
 (Non Coherent Detection)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 (Asynchronous detection)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(7-3)(Envelope detector)
 
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FE7-3F
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬EdiodeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
Etime constant of chargeF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Eforward resistanceF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ereverse biasedF‫א‬
‫א‬ERF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬TZR*C
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫א‬
binary F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 (comparator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬restoration)
 
 EOOK BandwidthFEOOKF‫א‬
 EpcmFVm(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 (ones followed by zeros)‫א‬‫א‬
 Tm = 2Tb ‫א‬
 fm = 1/Tm =1/2Tb = Rb/2 
 
)Vm(t)‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬‫א‬(OOK)E٢
 E‫א‬
EFcFE8c-3F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFcFEFmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 EOOKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E8-3F
ERbFEdata rateF‫א‬EFmF‫א‬‫א‬E8c-3F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Rb=1/Tb =1/(Tm/2) =2Fm
 
EFcF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (BandwidthF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE3-3F‫א‬
 BT= Rb = 2Fm (6-3)
 W1-3
(200 Kbit/sec)ENRZ-PCMF
‫א‬‫א‬EASKF‫א‬
- ٧٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FW‫א‬‫א‬
 Performance: ( bit error rate & symbol error rate )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 (PB) (Probability of bit error)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BER)
(Probability of symbol error)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (PE)
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬(SER)(BER)‫א‬E٣
(BASK,BFSK,BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
(1 bit)‫א‬(symbol)
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 PB = PEBER = SERW
(QASK,QFSK,QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 PB = 1/2 PEBER = 1/2 SER(2 bit)
 (µASK,µFSK,µPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N)‫א‬(N)
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 PB = PE / N = PE / log2M
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(M)
 ‫א‬KKKKKKKPB = PE/ 4 WN= log2 16 = 4 M = 16 (16-PSK) 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬(BER)‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬FE٥
 K
 W(Es / No)(SER)(Eb / No) (BER)E٦
 ‫א‬=Eb,Es
 (W/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬=No
- ٨٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬(BASK)‫א‬
(Performance of binary BASK)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(Coherent detection) : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
PB=PE= 1/2 erfc Eb / 2 No =1/2 erfc ( C / 4N )

= 1/2 erfc( A 2 Tb / 8 No ) (7-3)
(Non Coherent detection): ‫( اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻼ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬٢
−( Eb / 2 No) −(C / 4 N )
−( A2Tb / 8 No)
PB = PE = e = 1/2 e = 1/2 e
(8-3)
 EF(bit)‫א‬Eb = (E1+Eo) / ٢ 

 ‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 (OOKF(BASK)(9-3)
 
E1=C*Tb = A2 Tb/2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Eo = 0
- ٨١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 :
Eb = E1+E2/2= C Tb /2 = A2*Tb/4
 C1=C= A2/2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Co = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (A – Peak amplitude of the received carrier (v))EAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 No = N/BT= N/Rb = KT (W/HZ)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N= KT*BT (W)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
−23
K =(1.38*10 JK)
 
 T= ( TA+TR)
 (K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  TA:  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W(TA)
TR=T1+T2/a1 =T3/a1+a2+…………….
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
T1,T2,T3,……..
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
G1,G2,G2,….
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 C/N
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEBERF‫א‬‫א‬EBASK)‫א‬
 
- ٨٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 EBERFE10-3F
 
 W2-3
(10MHZ) ‫א‬ (OOK)‫א‬E10 Kbit/sF
(5*10(-5) W/HZ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (10 (-2)V) ‫א‬
(BER) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬3-3
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FEFsF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ebase bandF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FEFmF
 KEpolarF‫א‬
 W
 ∆F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EFCF‫א‬
 
 WFSK
 W‫א‬EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E١
VFSK (t) = (Ac cos { 2 π (fc + VM(t)) ∆f ) t } (9-3)
 ‫(א‬FSKF -VFSK : ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬
 (Volts)‫א‬‫א‬ -A
 (HZ)E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JFc
 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J∆f
- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ( ± ١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JVm (t)

 Logic (1) = +1 , Logic (0) = -1
W‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬E٢
(a) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc + ∆f) t ] = A cos 2 π fmt .
for a logic 1 , Vm (t) = +1 (3-10)
(b) VFSK (t) = A cos [ 2 π (fc - ∆f) t ]= A cos 2 π fst
for a logic 0 , Vm (t) = -1
 W
‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)(Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬E
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬
Fm=Fc+∆FELogic 1F‫א‬
 Fs = Fc-∆F ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Fc)‫א‬(Fm &Fs) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
(Fc ± ∆F)
: (FSK) 
‫( أو‬VCO) E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EFSK)  (١
‫א‬‫א‬ ( Voltage Controlled Oscillator)
 
 
(VCO) (12-3) 
:(VCO)‫( ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟـ‬٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬EVoltageF‫א‬
 (FSK)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EVCOF‫א‬،(Vm(t) = ± 1)‫א‬E٣
 EF,FsF
- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
:(FSK) 
 EFSK)E13-3F
 W
 (sec)‫א‬‫א‬ JTm
 (HZ)(Vm (t))‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JFm
(Rb= 2Fm) (bit/sec)‫א‬EbitsF‫א‬ JRb
 (Mark Frequency)‫א‬ JFm
 ESpace Frequency F‫א‬‫א‬ JFs
 
 WEFSKFEBaud rateF‫א‬‫א‬ERbFEbitsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFSKFE١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Rb)Ebit rate)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Baud rate or symbol rate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Fs)‫א‬‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(9-3)‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bit rate =Symbol rate (Baud rate)
 Rb (bit/sec) = Rs ( Symbol/sec) = Baud rate ( baud)
- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 (FSK Bandwidth)W(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EFSKF(BT)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 (3-11)‫א‬‫(א‬FM)‫א‬
BT = 2 (∆f + fm) (11-3)
(∆F =Fm-Fs/2) W
Fm = Rb/2 (Fc) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : 

 ‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١٢-٣)‫א‬ (11-3)‫א‬ (Fm ∆F)E٢
BT = 2 ∆ f + 2 fm = fm – fS + Rb (12-3)
(FSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BT)
 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬E14-3F
 
(sin x/x)‫א‬‫א‬(Pulsed sinusoidal waves)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (12-3)‫א‬‫א‬(FSK)
 W(Rb)‫א‬‫א‬(Fm)‫א‬‫א‬
Rb = 2Fm
- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(14-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
:3-3
E200 K bit / secF‫א‬‫א‬ENRZ-LF‫א‬EPCMF
 K(150KHZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FSKF
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K(Fs)‫א‬( Fm)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Logic 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Logic 0)‫א‬‫א‬
‫(א‬Pulsed RF Signal)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 (base band)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬(Binary restoration)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
FSK Coherent detection
 
 
 EFSKF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E15-3F
  W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Vr(t) = Acos wm(t) (13-3)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Vc(t) = 2A cos(2) wmt = A( 1+ cos 2wmt) (14-3)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E14-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
(differential amp.)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 : (15-3)‫א‬
Vo (t) = Gv Vd(t) = A*Gv = positive constant (15-3)
 ELogic 1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ELogic 0F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W(Performance)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
⎛ Eb ⎞
BER = PB = ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ PcTb ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 2 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (3-16)
⎛ A Tb ⎞2
= ½ erfc ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 No ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Eb = PC Tb
A2
PC =
2
PN
No =
BT
 W
 ‫א‬(EbF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EPcF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENoF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
BER = PB = ½ exp ( -Eb ) (3-17)
2NO
⎛ A2Tb ⎞
= ½ erfc ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 No ⎠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PB)‫א‬‫א‬E16-3F
 ‫א‬
- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
-Eb
PB = F ( 2NO ) =F(C/N)
(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ (16-3) 
: 4-3
 (FSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬( BER)
 (1KHZ,2KHZ):‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.4 V)‫א‬(2sec)(bit)‫א‬
 (10(-12) w/HZ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (BER)‫א‬(13-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬4-3
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 K( ASK)‫א‬ J
 K(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Binary PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PSKE١
 E‫א‬‫א‬
 (Quadrature PSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬PSKE٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
 (µ-PSK) (‫ א‬PSK)‫א‬PSKE٣
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬EMF‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(18-3)
 W
 EF‫א‬ JNb
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ JM
 W5-3
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KM= 2 EPSKF
 (Binary PSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 (BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(17-3)
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
‫א‬(PCM)U (t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 KE-90°‫א‬٩٠°F
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(i)‫א‬(Ui )‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬
 (19-3 )
 W
 (volts)‫א‬ JV
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JUi
 Ui ={+1 for logic (1)
{-1 for logic (0)
 W (19-3)‫א‬
-E π / 2 F‫א‬logic (1) J
 HE π / 2 F‫א‬logic (0) J
 
 W‫א‬(19-3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 
 
 E20-3F
 
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 WEBPSKF‫א‬
‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬ E١
 E٠١F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 (BPSK) ‫א‬(18-3)
: ‫( اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻮ‬٢
Vc (t)=Vsin wct
 
 
(BPSK) ‫א‬ (19-3) 
- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
:V BPSK(t) (٣
 ‫א‬
 
 VBPSK(t) 
 
 BW=2fm=Rb 
 t 
 f
fc-fm fc+fm  
 
 
 EVBPSKF‫א‬‫א‬E20-3F
 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
 W
 
V BPSK(t) = sin 2 πFmt*sin2 πfct
= 1/2[ cos 2 π (fc-fm)- 1/2 cos2 π (fc+fm)t ]
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
B= (fc+fm) – (fc+fm)=2fm=Rb
 BT = RbW‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
B= 2(∆f+fm)=2fm+2∆f
2∆f=0 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
B= 2fm = Rb
- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 (BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WEBPSK)E
 
(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬E21-3F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(OOK)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
Bw=Rs
Balanced
ui= Binary Modultor Ui V sin wct BPF Ui V sinωct
VBPSK(t)
data
VSinωct
Reference
Carrier
oscillator
 (BPSK)(21-3)
 
 W(BPSK)E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Ui)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (balanced modulator)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 
Vd(t)=2uiVsinwct 
Vo=VUi={+v Logic 1 
input signal Balanced L Vo=V
PF {-v logic 0
VBPSK(t)= detector
VUisinωct
2 sinωct
Carrier
oscillator
 
 (BPSK)E22-3F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬(LPF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
-  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
: (Performance) ‫א‬‫א‬
PB = PE = 1/2 erfc ( EB / NO )
= 1/2 erfc ( c * Tb / No )
(21-3)
= 1/2 erfc ( v 2 Tb / 2 No )
 (BER)(Eb/No  PB) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 (22-3) •
E23-3F
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
: (QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Quadrature phase shift keying
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(QPSK)E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (BPSK)  (QPSK) E٢
: ‫א‬
VQPSK = UiVcosωct + UQVsinωct

(٢٢-3)
W
 (I)‫א‬‫א‬(BPSK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 (Q)‫א‬(BPSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(V QPSK)‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
UQV
 VQPSK=V 2
 
 
  UIV
  
 
│VQPSK │= (UiV)2 + (UQV)2 = 2v2 =V 2 (23-3)
 
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
W(47-3)‫א‬(46-3)‫א‬E٣
= cosΦcoswet + sinΦsinwet
= cos(ωct-Φ )
W‫א‬
cos(ωct – Φ) 2 VQPSK = V
: ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - Φ
Φ = tan-1 UQ
UI
(24-3)
(π / 4 , 3π / 4 , 5π / 4 , 7π / 4) ‫א‬‫א‬ Φ
 (UI,UQ)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬1-3)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(QPSK)EΦF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VQPSK (eq. 72) VQPSK (eq. 74) Phasor t
Transmitted
s bite
UI UQ
Vcosωct+vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct- π /4)
Φ=45 1 1
Φ=135
-
v 2 cos(ωct-3 π /4) -1 1
vcosωct+vsinωct
Φ=225
-vcosωct-vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct-5 π /4) -1 -1
-vcosωct-vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct-7 π /4) Φ=315 1 -1
 E1-3F
- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(PSK)(Rs)‫א‬E
  
Rb
Rs = symbols/s
N
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JRb
 ‫א‬ JN
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
M = 2N symbols
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
360 2π
 P = =rad
M M
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
C = B log2 M  
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ JB
 
 W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ((PCM)‫א‬)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 W(BER)‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬(Thermal noise)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(S/N)‫א‬‫א‬E
 (PCM)
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 W
 (BER)‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W(Quantization noise)‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬
 
(S/N)Q = 22N = M2
 W
 K‫א‬ JM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JN
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ASK,FSK,PSK
V
PCM
* RF mixer IF detector * D/A * LPF
S
( /N) P B (S/N)
or
Eb
No
‫א‬(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 
 : 6-3
 200fw (200x10-15W).‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(300K)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(425K)
 
(PCM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(2Mbit/sec)EbitF
 (PSK)‫א‬E
 (ASK)‫א‬E
(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
( QPSK) ‫ آﺸﻒ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬E
- ١٠٢ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1. Ashok Ambardar, ‘Analog and Digital Signal Processing’, Thomson Learning Inc, 1999.
2. John B. Anderson, ‘Digital Transmission Engineering’, Prentice Hall, 1999.
3. A.B.Carlson, ‘Communication Systems’ McGraw-Hill, 1992.
4. Simon Haykin: ‘Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Wiley & Sons, 2001.
5. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen: ‘Signals and Systems’, John Willey & Sons, Inc, 1999.
6. Simon Haykins, ‘Digital Communication’, John Wiley, 2001.
7. B.P.Lathi, ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, PHI, 1992.
8. Douglas K. Lindner, ‘Signals and Systems’, McGraw-Hill International, 1999.
9. John Pearson : ‘Basic Communication Theory’, Prentice Hall, 2000
10. J. Proakis: ‘Digital Communications’, McGraw Hill, 1995.
11. J. Proakis and M. Salehi: ‘Contemporary Communication Systems Using
MATLAB’, Bookware Companion Series, PWS Publishing, 1998.
12. Proakis, ‘Digital Communication’, McGraw-Hill, 1992.
13. Martin Roben: ‘Analog and Digital Communication Systems’, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998
14. K.Sam Shanmugam: ‘Digital and Analog Communication Systems’, John Wiley, 1985.
15. Bernard Sklar: ‘Digital Communications, Fundamentals and Applications’, Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, 2001.
16. Taub & Schilling: ‘Principles of Communication’, McGraw-Hill Publication, 1990.
17. Wayne Tomasi: ‘Advanced Electronic Communication Systems’, Prentice Hall, 2001
18. Rodger E. Ziemer and Roger L. Peterson: ‘Introduction to Digital Communication’,
2nd Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
19. Roger E. Zeimer et al.: ‘Signals and Systems, Continuous and Discrete’, McMillan, 2nd Edition,
1990.
- ١٠٣ -
   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ٢٣٧  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬

............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................ 
١ .................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٢ .................................................................................. W‫א‬١ J١
٥ ................................................................................... EAliasingF‫א‬٢ J١
٦ .............................................................ETypes of samplingF‫א‬W٣ J١
١١ .............................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
١٤ .................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
٢٤ ........................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬٦ J١
٣٠ ..................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬٧ J١
٣٢ ............................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣ .......................................................................‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١–٢
٤٩ ......................................................................................... ‫א‬٢–٢
٥٩ ..................................... PCM/TDM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣–٢
٦٦ ......................................................................................... ٤–٢
٧١ ......................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٢ .......................................(Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1-3
٧٣ ................................................................. W(ASK)‫א‬‫א‬2-3
٨٣ ........................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬3-3
٩٠ ........................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬4-3
١٠٣ ..................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

P(t) = a0+ ∑an cos 2π nfs t P(f)

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm 2fs

 sample‫א‬‫א‬F (gating)‫א‬

 (٦-١) VS(f) = a0V(f) + ∑an V(f – nfs)

-fm fm fs-fm fs+fm …………………. t

K4 kHz dc،‫א‬V(t)

 K٪٢٥fm fs- fm،fm،fs=9KHz

K0.25ms 500 Hz‫א‬

K2 KHz1 KHz

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ PAM‫א‬٧W١٠ J١‫א‬

2 τ‫א‬‫א‬٦PAM/TDM 

Kfs = 1.5 fN‫א‬‫א‬EF

 Kfs = 2fN١١ J١‫א‬

EcharacteristicFENon linear amplifierF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١ J٩ J١ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

E1 LSB‫א‬F ( ∆X b ) ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

 ∆Vb ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

 (Non Return to Zero Space: NRZ-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 (Unipolar Return to Zero: UPRZ)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤

  3O 3fP/2 BPNRZ

  +V/4 fb UPPZ

3  3O V 3fb/2 BPRZ-AMI

E٢١ J٢F = 1 Tω= Tf 

 e(t) ‫א‬E+1Fe(t)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣

 Eslope overloadF‫א‬W١٦ J٢‫א‬

 Egranular noiseF‫א‬‫א‬W١٧ J٢‫א‬

 Eadaptive delta modulationF‫א‬٢ J٤ J٢

 (Baud rate)‫א‬(bit rate)‫א‬‫א‬1-3

PB=PE= 1/2 erfc Eb / 2 No =1/2 erfc ( C / 4N )

(Non Coherent detection): ‫( اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻼ ﺗﺮاﺑﻄﻲ‬٢

 EF(bit)‫א‬Eb = (E1+Eo) / ٢ 

 ( ± ١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JVm (t)

:(VCO)‫( ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟـ‬٢

(FSK) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (BT)

(FSK)‫א‬‫א‬ (16-3) 

 (BER)(Eb/No  PB) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

VQPSK = UiVcosωct + UQVsinωct

-vcosωct-vsinωct v 2 cos(ωct-7 π /4) Φ=315 1 -1

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