NAME: ABDUR RAHMAN

ID: 12304
SUBJECT: SOCIOLINGUISTICS
PROGRAM: BS ENGLISH 5th

Q1 : Write a detailed not on Register.

ANS: Register:In linguistics, the register is defined as the way a speaker uses
language differently in different circumstances. Think about the words you
choose, your tone of voice, even your body language. You probably behave very
differently chatting with a friend than you would at a formal dinner party or
during a job interview. These variations in formality, also called stylistic
variation, are known as registers in linguistics. They are determined by such
factors as social occasion, context, purpose, and audience. Registers are marked
by a variety of specialized vocabulary and turns of phrases, colloquialisms and the
use of jargon, and a difference in intonation and pace; in "The Study of
Language," linguist George Yule describes the function of jargon as helping " to
create and maintain connections among those who see themselves as 'insiders' in
some way and to exclude 'outsiders.'"
Registers are used in all forms of communication, including written, spoken, and
signed. Depending on grammar, syntax, and tone, the register may be extremely
rigid or very intimate. You don't even need to use an actual word to communicate
effectively. A huff of exasperation during a debate or a grin while signing "hello"
speaks volumes.
Types of Register: There are just two types of register: formal and informal.
This isn't incorrect, but it is an oversimplification. Instead, most who study
language say there are five distinct registers.
1. Frozen: This form is sometimes called the static register because it refers
to historic language or communication that is intended to remain
unchanged, like a constitution or prayer. Examples: The Bible, the United
States Constitution, the Bhagavad Gita, "Romeo and Juliet."
2. Formal: Less rigid but still constrained, the formal register is used in
professional, academic, or legal settings where communication is expected
to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained. Slang is never used, and
contractions are rare. Examples: a TED talk, a business presentation, the
Encyclopaedia Brittanica, "Gray's Anatomy," by Henry Gray.
 3. Consultative: People use this register often in conversation when they're
speaking with someone who has specialized knowledge or who is offering
advice. Tone is often respectful (use of courtesy titles) but may be more
casual if the relationship is longstanding or friendly (a family doctor.)
Slang is sometimes used, people may pause or interrupt one another.
Examples: the local TV news broadcast, an annual physical, a service
provider like a plumber.
4. Casual: This is the register people use when they're with friends, close
acquaintances and co-workers, and family. It's probably the one you think
of when you consider how you talk with other people, often in a group
setting. Use of slang, contractions, and vernacular grammar is all common,
and people may also use expletives or off-color language in some settings.
Examples: a birthday party, a backyard barbecue.
5. Intimate: Linguists say this register is reserved for special occasions,
usually between only two people and often in private. Intimate language
may be something as simple as an inside joke between two college friends
or a word whispered in a lover's ear.

Q2: What do you know about langue and parole?

ANS: LANGUE AND PAROLE:

Langue and Parole is a theoretical linguistic dichotomy distinguished by Ferdinand de
Saussure  in his course in general linguistic . The French term langue encompasses the
abstract, systematic rules and conventions of a signifying system, it involves the principles
of language, without which no meaningful utterance, or parole, would be possible. In
contrast, parole refers to the concrete instances of the use of langue, including texts which
provide the ordinary research material for Linguistics . Langue and parole are concepts
belonging to an argument made by Ferdinand de Saussure for the autonomy of linguistics
as a scientific discipline. Saussure declares language to be a social fact, relating it to social
sciences; as such, he opposed the 19th-century European views, that the study of language
is a subfield of Psychology or biology. This would be part of a structuralist programme
initiated in Sociology by Emile Durkheim Structural linguistics, as proposed by Saussure,
assumes a humanistic standpoint of culture within the nature–nurture divide.
Langue and parole make up two thirds of Saussure's speech circuit. The speech circuit is a
feedback loop between the individual speakers of a given language, it is an interactive
phenomenon: knowledge of language arises from language usage, language usage arises
from knowledge of language. Saussure, argues that the true Locus of the language is
neither in the verbal behaviour nor in the mind of the speakers, but is situated in the loop
between speech and the individual, existing as such nowhere else but only as a social
phenomenon within the speech community. Saussure rejects other contemporary views of
language and argues for the autonomy of linguistics. According to Saussure, general
linguistics is not: the study of human mind, as thought by structural psychologists such
as Wilhelm Wundt; the study of evolutionary psychology or the biological research of living
organisms as claimed by Charles Darwin and the evolutionary linguists. An empirical
discipline in the same way that natural sciences are because the true object of study has no
physical substance.
Saussure however argues that linguistic structures can be scientifically uncovered through
text analysis. Instead, it is properly regarded as the study of semiology or languages
as semiotic systems. Saussure did not concern himself overly with parole; the distinction is
similar to that made about language by Wilhelm von Humboldt, between Energeia and
Ergon. Saussure drew an analogy to chess to explain the concept of parole, he compared
langue to the rules of chess—the norms for playing the game—and compared the moves
that an individual chooses to make—the individual's preferences in playing the game—to
the parole. The rules of the game -- or language -- are solidified in each historical stage.
Languages change diachronically, but the previous historical stages are irrelevant to the
language users. What is essential is that the current norms must always support a coherent
functional system. French has two words corresponding to the English word language:
langue, used to refer to individual languages such as French and English.
Langue therefore corresponds to the common meaning of language, the pair langue versus
parole is properly expressed in English as ‘language versus speech', so long as language is
not to taken in evolutionary terms. The Saussurean term is not, for example, compatible
with the concepts of language organ, Universal Grammar, or linguistic competence in
the chomkyan frame of reference. Instead, it is the concept of any language as a
semiological system, a social fact, a system of linguistic norms. Parole, in typical translation,
means’ speech'. Saussure, on the other hand, intended for it to mean both the written and
spoken language as experienced in everyday life. Therefore, unlike langue, is as diverse
and varied as the number of people who share a language and the number of utterances
and attempts to use that language. From a formal linguistics perspective, Saussure's
concept of language and speech can be thought of as corresponding to a formal language
and the sentences it generates.

Q3: Discuss in detail societal multilingualism.

ANS: