OMD551-BBI-MCQ OMDSS1 Basics of Biomedical Instrumentation Multiple Choice Questions for All Units(1-5) Anna University :: Regulations 2017 UNIT L BIO POTENTIAL GENERATION AND ELECTRODES TYPES Origin of bio potential and its propagation. Types of electrodes - surface, needle and micro electrodes and their equivalent circuits. Recording problems - measurement with two electrodes Topic 1.1 Origin of bio potential and its propagation. 1. Source of Bioelectric potential is in nature. a) electronic b) electric ©) ionic 4) mechanical Answer: © Explanation: Bioelectric potentials are generated at cellular level and the source of these potentials is ionic in nature. The prominent ions are K+, Na*, and Cl-. Electronic potential is seen in commonly used cells for example the Galvanic cell. Mechanical potential is found nowhere, Electrical potential is found in electricity. 2. Palsied muscles mean a) paralyzed muscles b) active muscles ©) voluntary muscles 4) involuntary muscles Answer: a Explanation: Palsied is an adjective that means paralyzed, It is used to describe a muscle on which an individual has lost all control (cannot move). Voluntary muscles are the muscles on which the individual has complete control. Involuntary muscles are the ones on which the individual has no control for example heart wall muscles. wow studymaterialz in 1OMD551-BBI-MCQ 3. The principal ion that is not involved with the phenomena of producing cell potentials is a) sodium b) potassium c) chlorine 4) hydrogen Answer: d Explanation: Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), and Chlorine (CI-) are the principal ions involved with the phenomena of producing cell potentials. Na+ is present outside the cell membrane and creates a positively charged environment outside the cell membrane. Cl- is present inside the cell membrane and is responsible for the negative environment inside the cell membrane. 4, What is the relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells called? a) half-cell potential b) action potential ) resting membrane potential 4) cell potential Answer: c Explanation: Resting membrane potential or the resting potential is the relative static membrane potential of quiescent cell, That is if the resting membrane potential of a neuron is about -70 mV (mV=millivolt) it means that the inside of the neuron is 70 mV less than the outside of the neuron. An action potential occurs when the potential of the membrane of a given axonal position increases and decreases rapidly. This depolarization causes depolarization of adjacent positions in a similar way. 5. The variation of the electrical potential associated with the passage of a pulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or a nerve cell is called a) muscle potential b) action potential ©) resting potential 4) half cell potential Answer: b Explanation: An action potential occurs when the potential of the membrane of a given axonal position increases and decreases rapidly. This depolarization causes depolarization of adjacent wow studymaterialz in 2OMD551-BBI-MCQ positions in a similar way. Resting membrane potential or the resting potential is the relative static membrane potential of a quiescent cell. 6. Cells depolarize and action potential in generated as soon as a stimulus is applied. a) True b) False Answer: b Explanation: This statement is False, This is because unless a stimulus above a certain minimum value is applied, the cell will not be depolarized and no action potential will be generated. This value of potential above which the depolarizes and an action potential is generated is known as the stimulus threshold, 7. After a cell is stimulated, a finite period of time is required for the cell to return to its pre-stimulus state. This period is known as a) restoration period b) refactory period ©) regain period 4) regenerative period Answer: b Explanation: After a cell is stimulated, a finite period of time is required for the cell to return to its pre-stimulus state. This is because the energy associated with the action potential is developed from metabolic process within the cell which takes time for completion. This time period is called refactory period. 8, Electrooculography (EOG/E.O.G,) is a technique for measuring what? a) abnormal function of the retina b) heart rate 6) respiration rate 4) comea-retinal standing potential Answer: d Explanation: Electrooculography (EOG / E.0.G) is a technique for measuring the potential of the corneal retinal standing potential that exists between the front and back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called electrooculogram. The main applications are in the diagnosis of ophthalmology and the recording of eye movements. wow studymaterialz in 3OMD551-BBI-MCQ 9. EKG stands for a) Electrocardiography b) Electroencephalography ©) Electromyography 4) Blectrtokinetcography Answer: a Explanation: Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is the way toward recording the electrical action of the heart over some stretch of time utilizing anodes put on the skin. It could simply be understood as the electrical representation of heart beat. Electroencephalography is the electrical recording of brain. 10. Phonocardiography is listening to a) arm muscle sound b) lungs sound ) heart sound 4) respiratory tract sound Answer: c Explanation: A phonocardiogram (or PCG) is a record high-constancy recording of sounds and mumble made by the heart with the assistance of the machine called phonocardiography. Consequently, phonocardiography is the chronicle of the considerable number of sounds made e. Mostly stethoscope is used phonocardiography. by the heart amid a heart cy Topic 1.2 Types of electrodes - surface, needle and micro electrodes and their equivalent circuits. 1. Which type of electrodes are employed to study the electrical activities of individual cells? a) milli-electrodes, b) micro-electrodes ©) surface-electrodes 4d) pre-jelled electrodes Answer: b Explanation: To study the electrical activities of individual cells, micro electrodes are employed. This type of electrode is small enough with respect to the size of the cells. Typical micro electrodes have tip dimensions ranging from 0.5-5 microns. wow studymaterialz in 4OMD551-BBI-MCQ 2. Glass micro-capillaries are a type of micro electrode. a) True b) False Answer: Explanation: Two types of micro electrodes are generally used: metallic and glass microcapillaries. Metallic electrodes are formed from a fine needle of suitable metal drawn for a fine tip. Glass electrodes are drawn from Pyrex glass of special grade. 3. Glass microcapillaries are preferred over metallic electrodes because of the former a) polarizes with input current b) does not have sustainable current carrying capacity ©) has less contact surface area 4) has sustainable current carrying capacity Answer: d Explanation: Metallic electrodes polarize with smaller amplifier input currents. Hence, they tend to develop unstable electrode offset potential and are therefore not preferred for steady state potential measurement. On the other hand, in case of glass micro electrodes have a sustainable current carrying capacity because of the large surface area between the metal and the electrolyte 4, Do metallic micro electrodes exist. a) True b) False Answer: a Explanation: Two types of micro electrodes are generally used: metallic and glass microcapillaries. Metallic electrodes are formed from a fine needle of suitable metal drawn for a fine tip. Glass electrodes are drawn from Pyrex glass of special grade. 5. Metallic micro electrodes have impedance ‘compared to conventional electrodes? a) equal b) smaller c) high 4) very high wow studymaterialz in 5OMD551-BBI-MCQ Answer: d Explanation: The very high impedance of the metal micro-electrodes is due to the characteristics of the small area metal-lectrolyte interface, Because of very high impedance of micro electrodes, amplifiers with extremely high input impedance are required to avoid loading the circuit and to minimize the effects of small change in interface impedance. 6. Which of the following electrode is manufactured by circumferential application of heat to a small area of glass tubing and pulling the glass when it gets soft? a) macro metallic electrodes 'b) micro metallic electrodes ©) micro pipette 4) surface electrodes Answer: ¢ Explanation: The most commonly used method for making small tip micropipette consists of the circumferential application of heat to a small area of glass tubing which is placed under some initial tension. When the glass softens, the tension is increased very rapidly and the heat is turned off. Proper timing, controlled adjustment of the amount of heat as well as the initial and final tensions and cooling results in the production of microcapillaries with control dimensions. 7. Which of the following metal is preferred for manufacturing micro electrodes? a) Stainless steel b) Tungsten ©) Iron 4) Copper Answer: b Explanation: Tungsten is preferred for constructing micro-clectrodes due to its mechanical strength and its apparent inertness. Although tungsten itself is reactive, a surface layer of tungsten oxide will, in most situations, protect the metal against corrosion. 8 are devices which convert one form of energy into another a) transducers b) electrodes. c) impulses 4) opamp wow studymaterialz in 6OMD551-BBI-MCQ Answer: a Explanation: Transducers are devices which convert one form of energy into another. A number of factors decide the choice of a particular transducer to be used for the study of a specific phenomenon. Many physical, chemical and optical properties and principles can be applied to construct transducers for applications in the medical field. Topic 1.3 Recording problems - measurement with two electrodes 1, Electrodes make a transfer from the in the tissue to the electronic conduction which is necessary to make measurements. a) electronic conduction b) ionic conduction ©) electric conduction 4) impulsive conduction Answer: b Explanation: Electrodes make an exchange from the ionic conduction in the tissue to the electronic conduction which is important to make measurements. An electrolytic paste is applied between the electrodes and the skin to reduce skin contact impedance. The electrolyte also facilitates ionic conduction from the skin to the electrode 2. Surface electrodes damage the living tissues. a) True b) False ‘Answer: by Explanation: The surface electrodes pick up the potential difference from the tissue surface when placed over it without damaging the living tissues. They are placed above the skin and cause no harm to the living tissues. They capture the electrical activities of bunch of tissues together. 3. Deep-seated electrodes indicates the electric potential difference arising the living tissues or cells a) inside b) outside ©) around 4) adjacent Answer: a wow studymaterialz in 7OMD551-BBI-MCQ Explanation: Deep-seated electrodes indicate the electric potential difference arising inside the living tissues or cells. Surface electrodes indicates the electric potentials arising outside the living tissues that is on the surface of the skin. Needle electrodes are example of deep seated electrodes. 4, Impedance pneumography is a commonly-used technique to monitor a person's a) respiration rate b) heart rate ©) pulse rate 4) skin impedance Answer: a Explanation: Impedance pneumography is a commonly-used technique to monitor a person's respiration rate, or breathing rate. It is implemented by using two electrodes or four electrodes. Skin impedance is the resistance between the skin and the electrode, Heart rate measurement is called ECG. 5. Electrode paste a) inereases contact impedance 'b) equates contact impedance ©) reduces contact impedance 4) absorbs contact impedance Answer: Explanation: In order to obtain a clearly established contact (low contact impedance) an electrolyte or electrode paste is usually employed as an interface between the electrode and the surface of the source of the event. It is placed between the skin and the electrode. It helps to get, better signal acquisition, 6. Alll electrode potentials are measured with respect to which reference electrode? a) hydrogen electrode b) platinum electrode ) calomel electrode 4) hydrogen absorbed on platinum electrode Answer: d wow studymaterialz in 8OMD551-BBI-MCQ Explanation: All electrode potentials are measured with respect to a reference electrode, usually that of hydrogen absorbed on platinum black. Thus, considering potential of hydrogen absorbed on platinum electrode to be zero, other all have positive of negative potentials, 7. What is the frequency range of ECG? a) 70-120 Hz b) 0.05-120 Hz ©) 5-120 Hz 4d) 12-120 Hz, Answer: b Explanation: Primary signal characteristics of ECG are: Frequency range: 0.05-120 Hi. Signal amplitude: 0.1-5 mV. Typical signal: ImV. 8. What is the signal amplitude of EEG? a) 2-200 uV b) 2-200mV ©) 2-2000 pV 4) 2-2000mV Answer: a Explanation: The signal amplitude of EEG is between 2-200 wV. It is very small and requires special type of electrodes namely scalp electrodes. EEGs are difficult to capture because its signal range in very small and motion artifacts are much greater. 9. Needle electrode is used to measure a) EKG b) EEG ©) EOG d) EMG Answer: d Explanation: EMG stands of Electromyogram, For recording action potential for individual motor units of muscle fiber, needle electrodes are used for better diagnostic information. These electrodes fall in the category of deep seated electrodes. wow studymaterialz in 9OMD551-BBI-MCQ 10. From equipment point of view, the respiratory system in the human body is a system, a) hydraulic b) pneumatic ©) mechanical 4) electrical Answer: b Explanation: Respiratory system is a pneumatic system in which an air pump (diaphragm) alternately creates negative and positive pressures in a sealed chamber (thoracic cavity) and causes air to be sucked into and forced out of a pair of elastic bags (lungs). Blood circulatory system is related to hydraulic system. 11, Offeset potential is a) difference in half-cell potentials between two electrodes b) sum of half-cell potentials between two electrodes ©) average of half-cell potentials between two electrodes, 4) complement of half-cell potentials between two electrodes Answer: a Explanation: The difference in half cell potential that exists between two electrodes is called off-set potential, The differential amplifies used to measure potentials between two electrodes are generally designed to cancel the electrode offset potential so that only the signals of interest are recorded. 12, Which of the following is not preferred for electrode making? a) Ag-AgCl b) Copper 6) Stainless-steel 4) Gold Answer: Explanation: Stainless steel in contact with a saline electrolyte produce a potential difference of 10 mV between the electrodes which is much more than the limit (i.¢ 2.5 mV). Ad-AgCl electrodes give almost noise free characteristics. They are also found to be acceptable from the point of view of long term drift. wow studymaterialz in 10OMD551-BBI-MCQ 13. Which of the following statement is false about polarizable electrodes? a) they are made using stainless steel b) used for recording resting ECG ©) retain a residual charge when exposed to large pulse of energy 4) can transmit small bioclectric signals even after getting exposed to large pulse of energy Answer: d Explanation: Polarizable electrodes usually employ stainless steel and are used for resting ECG or other situations where there is small likelihood that the electrode would be exposed to a large pulse of energy (such as defibrillation discharge) in which case they would retain a residual charge, become polarized, and will no longer transmit the relatively small bioelectric signals, thus become useless 14, Which electrodes can work even after being induced to large electric discharge such as defibrillation? a) polarizing electrodes b) magnetic electrodes c) non-polarizing electrodes 4) electrolytic electrodes Answer: ¢ Explanation: Non-polarizing electrodes are designed to rapidly dissipate any charge imbalance induced by powerful electric discharges such as a defibrillation procedure. Rapid depolarization enables the immediate reappearance of bioelectric signals on the monitor after defibrillation. For this reason, non-polarizing electrodes have become the electrodes of choice for monitoring in the intensive care units and stress testing procedures. UNIT II BIOSIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ELECTRODECONFIGURATIONS Biosignals characteristics — frequency and amplitude ranges. ECG — Einthoven’s triangle, standard 12 lead system. EEG — 10-20 electrode system, unipolar, bipolar and average mode, EMG- unipolar and bipolar mode. Topic 2.1 Biosignals characteristics — frequency and amplitude ranges. www.studymaterialz in "1OMD551-BBI-MCQ 1. The frequency range of ECG is a) 0.05-150 HZ b) 500-1500 Hz ©) 5-500 kHz 4d) 0.5-150 MHz, Answer: a Explanation: The diagnostically useful frequency range is usually accepted as 0.05 to 150 Hz. Although the electric field generated by the heart can be best characterized by vector quantities, it is generally convenient to directly measure only scalar quantities, i.e, a voltage difference of mV order between the given points of the body. 2. Which of the following amplifier circulatory is employed to reduce the hum noise generated by the power supply in the ECG circuit? a) band pass filters by high pass filters ©) notch filters 4) low pass filters Answer: © Explanation: A notch filter is employed to suppress the hum noise generated by the power supply in the ECG circuit, CMRR of the order of 100-120 dB with 5 kW unbalance in the leads is a desirable feature of ECG machines. The instability of the baseline, originating from the changes of the contact impedance, demands the application of the automatic baseline stabilizing circuit. 3. The branch of medicine that deals with the provision and use of attificial devices such as splints and braces is a) prosthetics 'b) orthotics ©) laproscopic 4) augmentative communication Answer: ¢ Explanation: The branch of medicine that deals with the provision and use of artificial devices such as splints and braces are orthotics, A modality-specifie appliance that aids the performance ofa function or movement by augmenting or assisting the residual capabilities of that function or movement. An orthopaedic brace is an orthosis. wow studymaterialz in 2