13. 41 A flat-rolling operation is being carried out where ho = 5 mm, hf = 3.

75 mm, w o = 250 mm, R

= 200 mm, μ = 0.25, and the average flow stress of the material is 275 MPa. Estimate the roll force
and the torque; include the effects of roll flattening.

13.45 Obtain a piece of soft, round rubber eraser, such as that at the end of a pencil, and duplicate
the process shown in Fig. 13.18b. Note how the central portion of the eraser will begin to
disintegrate, producing a rough hole.