Transylvanian

Review
Vol XXVII, No. 44, 2019

Transylvanian Review
Centrul de Studii Transilvane| str. Mihail Kogalniceanu nr. 12-14, et.5, Cluj-Napoca
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Shahla Salem Khalil et al. Transylvanian Review: Vol XXVII, No.
44,September 2019

Principles of Governance in Educational

Organizations"Applied Study in Kirkuk Technical
Institute"
Shahla Salem Khalil1, Sawsan Ibrahim Ragab2, Eman Thunoon Younes3
1,3Technical Institute, Mosul, Northern Technical University, Iraq
2Kirkuk Technical Institute, Northern Technical University, Iraq

ABSTRACT

This study highlighted on the concept of governance, and the extent of its application in educational
organizations, specifically in the Technical Institute of Kirkuk, to achieve this, a deliberate sample of the Institute's
board members, directors of the divisions, and heads of units at the Kirkuk Technical Institute (30) was approved
for the purpose of exploring their views on governance, and the extent to which the research institute can reach the
ranks of civilized educational organizations, which is a priority for its implementation. Based on the statistical
analysis of their answers, the study was able to reach a set of conclusions that were the basis for the construction of
the proposals, which we hope will be useful to the research institute, and to its counterparts from other educational
organizations.

Keywords: Educational Governance, Objectives and pillars of educational governance, Principles of implementing
educational governance.


Corresponding author: shahlaalbadee@ntu.edu.iq dr_sawsanibrahimrajab@ntu.edu.iq
aymanalnymy1962@ntu.edu.iq
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44,September 2019
develop, progress, continue and grow, and thus
Introduction achieve their goals as efficiently as possible.

Governance is one of the modern concepts that

has taken a lot of interest and study among Third: Objectives of the study
organizations of different kinds, including educational The study seeks to achieve a number of objectives
ones, methods, and methods that enable them to keep including:
abreast of modern developments in the educational
1- Introducing the concept of governance in
sectors globally and shift from adopting traditional
educational organizations.
systems in management to modern management
2- Identify and define the principles of
systems. These systems and curricula of modern and
governance in educational organizations.
developed governance, which is one of the standards
of the quality of educational organizations, and a tool
Fourth: The study hypothesis
for excellence, and obtaining the academic credibility
The study is based on a main hypothesis that
of such types of organizations, as well as being a tool
(the staff of the Technical Institute of Kirkuk, have a
for reform, as the application of the principles of
sufficient understanding of the principles of
governance and adoption be transparent, impartial,
educational governance).
and participate in decision-making and
implementation, with full follow-up and evaluation of
Fifth: The limits of the study
all activities and processes implemented in the
A- Human Borders: This study included the
organization, and therefore it was necessary to build
members of the Institute Board, directors of the
and establish the principles of governance in
people, and heads of units (30) individuals.
educational organizations to improve their
B- Time Limits: This study was started on
administrative and scientific performance to better
1/4/2019 and was completed on 7/7/2019.
levels, and higher than they were previously .
Sixth: study methodology
Chapter One: Methodology of the Study
The descriptive analytical approach was adopted
in describing the community and sample of the study.
First: Problem of study
For the purpose of constructing the study, some
Educational organizations have many roles to
available sources such as books, periodicals, letters
play in society. The most important of these roles are
and theses were used, in addition to the available web
to bring about positive changes, and to build an
resources related to the subject of the study to cover
advanced, developed society. Positive participation,
the theoretical side. The data collected for the
clarity, and then the application of regulations, laws,
statistical analysis, which contributed to the
and accountability. This seems to be an axiom, but it
achievement of the study goals and objectives.
is one of the most complex problems faced by
educational organizations when trying to implement
Chapter Two: Concepts of Theoretical Study
and adopt the principles of governance. Therefore, the
problem of the study is to identify the extent of the
First: Educational governance, concept, and
application of the principles of governance in the
pillars
Technical Institute of Kirkuk, and whether the
1. Governance is one of the concepts that have
application process goes smoothly and flexibility.
been circulated in business organizations since the
eighties of the twentieth century, as a result of the
Second: Importance of the study
corruption that spread in the governance systems and
The importance of the study is shown by the
spread to all working sectors and at the political,
following:
social, economic and educational levels in various
1. Governance of modern concepts that have countries; The adoption and application of many
occupied the interest of business organizations of concepts, approaches and methods that can lead to
different types, sizes, and objectives. this end; among these concepts and approaches was
2. Governance the concept of governance, which was adopted by the
enables educational organizations to provide the best organizations as a working method through which the
possible performance as a supervisory department authority directed to the management of resources
that enables them to follow the operations and was exercised. Financial, material, and human aiming
activities of the organization. for comprehensive development (Customer, 2017).
3. Educational organizations in general need Governance is defined as a "state, process, direction,
continuous improvement that enables them to and current. It is also a combination of this and that.

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Shahla Salem Khalil et al.
44,September 2019
It is a health and vital factor. It is a system of
immunity, protection and activation, governing
movement, controlling direction, protecting and
securing the integrity of all behaviors and integrity of
behaviors within." Organizations, for which a safety
fence is created, and an effective and clear protective
barrier "(Al-Khudairi, 2005), is also defined as" a set
of laws, regulations and decisions aimed at achieving
quality, performance excellence by choosing
appropriate, effective methods to achieve the plans
and objectives of the company or The Foundation
"(Halawa, Taha, 2011). Also considered among the
indicators of environmental sustainability ESI to list
on the analysis of the critical factors in environmental
performance, such as low population density,
economic activity, the type of government and
governance (Abadi. 2013).
Most of the sectors concerned with governance
and diligence in their implementation, including the
education sector, where educational organizations,
especially universities contribute to the achievement
of development in all aspects of social, economic,
administrative, health, universities are an important
and vital part of society, they are linked to reciprocal
relations with all parties In addition to being the
main artery that is indispensable in building,
developing and developing society (Shahrani, 2016),
and for the purpose of universities to play their role
and to the fullest had to be upgraded through the
adoption of a system Integrated solution It also
enhances the educational value of the organization
and develops its performance in a manner that
ensures transparency, accountability in work,
determining what results have been achieved, as well
as indicating the level of participation by all parties in
decision-making. The work and duties stems from the
formal procedures and policies recorded and issued in
accordance with the laws and orders, and controls the
code employed by the educational organization.
Educational governance can be defined as “the system
through which educational organizations are guided
and managed, defining rights and responsibilities
between different parties within a set of laws and
procedures that ensure accountability, oversight,
transparency, integrity and participation of all
parties, in order to strike a balance between
Economic, social, and collective goals in these
educational organizations ”(Mohammed, 2011),
defined as“ a system based on rationality,
transparency, an implicit, controlled system based on
principles, ideals, and ethical values, and includes the
existence of an administrative entity within each
state, institution or Organization or project
"(Karawani, 2016).
The concept of governance in general, and
educational ones in particular according to the United
Nations Development Report is based on three pillars:
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Transylvanian Review: Vol XXVII, No.
1. Economic pillar: which includes decision-
making processes that affect the activities of the
educational sector from an economic point of view,
take into account the decisions that affect educational
organizations, and the extent to which these
organizations perform their role in society from the
economic point of view.
2. Political pillar: means the decisions that are
formulated and related to the formulation of policies,
procedures, and general controls governing
educational organizations.
3. Administrative pillar: It includes the special
system that is concerned with the good management
of the educational organization.
Second: The objectives of the governance of
educational organizations and their importance
Proper and sustainable application of the
principles of educational governance in supporting the
performance of educational organizations in general,
as well as achieve many of the objectives, which are as
follows: (Khalil, 2005)
1. Strengthening the transparency, accounting
and auditing procedures to enable performance
control at any stage.
2. Improving and developing the educational
management of the organization, while building a
sound strategy, supported by sound decisions, taken
in accordance with sound principles that can lead to
raise the efficiency of performance.
3. Avoid any crises in the administrative and
academic work.
4. Strengthening the confidence of the society and
all beneficiaries, dealers and employees of educational
organizations, while ensuring the best return on their
outputs, as well as their participation in building the
economic development of the society.
5. Ensure that all beneficiaries of the work of the
educational organization are treated fairly.
6. To find the structure through which the
objectives of these organizations, and means to
achieve those goals and follow-up performance.
7. Review and amend the laws governing the
performance of the education sector and its affiliated
organizations.
The application of the principles of governance is
important for educational organizations, and this
importance can be shown through the following:
(Hefnawi, 2005).
1. Ensure compliance with laws and regulations
issued regarding the implementation of the
governance of educational organizations.
2. Achieve the maximum possible use of
accounting and internal control systems, and work to
develop them, and improve their performance, to
achieve performance efficiency, maximize their
Shahla Salem Khalil et al.
44,September 2019
scientific value, as well as improve academic and
administrative practices guaranteeing the integrity
and fairness of transactions and the accuracy of
information issued by them in order to achieve the
best degrees of transparency, Benefit the educational
sector as a whole by increasing capacity for growth,
and development.
3. Protecting the rights, especially the rights of
employees of different administrative levels, job
grades, and other stakeholders related to the
organization, including students and graduates, from
the possibility of collusion between the management
of the educational organization and any other party
through which the reconciliation of one party can be
achieved at the expense of the other parties.
4. Establishing a culture of preparing an
integrated scientific curriculum for the work of the
educational organization, which helps its
administration to achieve the best results from
supervising and supervising the academic, scientific,
and administrative activities and activities, and
reducing its negative effects on the educational
organization, the education sector, and society as a
whole.
Third: The basic principles of the governance of
educational organizations, and mechanisms for their
application
The management of educational organizations in
general needs a set of principles, laws and regulations
under which they achieve their objectives, and this is
done only by following a set of principles of
governance through which it reaches the achievement
of its objectives, including these principles: (Abdul
Samad, 2011), (Mohammed, 2011) (Abdul Hakim,
2011), (Customer, 2017)
First principle: There is a need for an effective
framework for the governance of educational
organizations
This framework should include the foundations
that ensure transparency, and ensure its efficiency
and effectiveness, to achieve positive performance
results. These foundations should be framed by laws
and regulations that distribute and define the
responsibilities of the various regulatory, supervisory
and executive authorities of the educational
organization.
Second principle: Participation
It means effective cooperation and positive
participation of the educational organization with the
society in which it operates and for it. The
relationship between educational organizations and
society in all its components is a participatory,
complementary relationship. This requires a wise
strategic vision. Without broad community
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participation, the educational objectives of the
organization are not achieved properly. The
participatory process is through the strategic
planning developed by the educational organization,
and the development of a clear vision and mission of
the educational organization, and the leadership of
committees, meetings and workshops that will
maximize the chances of achieving the objectives of
educational organizations.
Third principle: Matter
This principle is linked to the need to activate the
role of laws, decisions and the issue of all who violate
it; this is applied to all individuals in the educational
organization of workers, students, and any other
party associated with this organization and at all
administrative levels without discrimination;
provided that this principle is exercised positively,
targeted It is to achieve high quality outputs, leading
to education to discrimination, and thus achieve the
objectives of the educational organization at the
strategic level.
Fourth principle: Transparency
The governance framework in educational
organizations should include ensuring adequate
disclosure of methods of exercise of authority,
performance appraisal, as well as the academic and
scientific results of the organization; this can only be
achieved by ensuring the free flow of information and
the openness of the educational organization to all
staff, students and any party. This is achieved when a
culture of freedom of expression takes root,
facilitating the exercise of the right to participate in
decision-making.
Fifth principle: Justice and inclusiveness
It means equality and justice among all
employees and students in the educational
organization, and that anyone of them has the right to
claim his entitlements, as well as justice that keeps
them away from favoritism, which leads to the
achievement of the goals of the educational
organization through a clear vision, mission and plan.
Based on the above, governance in educational
organizations principles to ensure the achievement of
the objectives of their adoption, but the achievement
of these goals can only be through the adoption of
mechanisms that have the capabilities, skills that
enable educational organizations to achieve the
highest value of governance and principles, and
mechanisms of governance of educational
organizations are "The set of tools by which the rights
of all employees, students, the community and any
other party directly or indirectly associated with the
educational organization can be protected through
Shahla Salem Khalil et al.
44,September 2019
proper application of the principles of governance in
general, with effective control over the actual
performance of the performance of these
organizations. "The mechanics of the following: (Atwa,
Ali, 2012).
A- Internal mechanisms aimed at achieving
control over the performance of educational
organizations, including:
1. Strong and effective internal audit
management.
2. An independent audit committee which
functions efficiently.
3- Implementing an advanced information
technology system in the organization.
Stressing the proper application of local and
international accounting standards.
B- External mechanisms, which play their
supervisory and supervisory role over the educational
organization, including:
1. Government bodies and supervisory bodies on
educational organizations.
2. The External Auditor of the Educational
Organization.
3. Council of the educational organization
(University Council, or the Council of the Institute).
Based on the above, we see that the mechanisms
of implementing governance are only tools,
requirements and controls that help governance
achieve the objectives of the educational organization.
Chapter Three: Field
First: Describe the study population and its
sample
The Technical Institute of Kirkuk (the study
community) is one of the oldest educational
organizations affiliated to the Ministry of Higher
Education and Scientific Research, formerly the
Technical Education Foundation, the Northern
Technical University (currently) in the province of
Kirkuk. Founded in 1976, the Institute accepts
graduates of secondary education with its scientific,
literary, and vocational branches. The Institute
includes scientific departments distributed within the
disciplines of technology, administrative, medical,
applied arts, and agricultural (currently suspended),
and includes (16) academic departments, the Institute
seeks to prepare qualified staff, scientific,
professional, professional specialized possess
sufficient skills to accomplish tasks and duties within
the disciplines owned by the Institute, as well as other
tasks of upgrading the environment and society and
advancing social, economic and scientific development
[1]. The Institute represents the study community in
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Transylvanian Review: Vol XXVII, No.
which its practical part will be applied and for the
purpose of achieving the objectives of the study.
[1]- The information received was relied on
Kirkuk Technical Institute at http://www.fte.edu.iq.
Second: Test the hypothesis of the study
Table (1) shows the results of the statistical
description (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and
order of importance according to the respondents'
answers) on the principles of governance in
educational organizations through the responses of
the respondents. The following table shows the
following:
1. Respondents respond to the need for an
effective framework for the governance of educational
organizations
The responses of the respondents according to the
paragraphs of this indicator are high, as they
reflected their views on the importance of the
principles of the governance of educational
organizations, and the need to apply these principles
properly in all activities and operations of the
organization researched, where the respondents'
opinions with this indicator were positively agreed
with a general arithmetic average of 4.35 With a
standard deviation of (0.74), which reflected the
existence of acceptable homogeneity between the
respondents and their intellectual orientations on this
indicator, the results show that the most prominent
factors that supported the positive of this indicator is
paragraph (1), which provides that "the Institute has
a clear organizational structure in which the roles and
responsibilities of all Individuals working as Ye,
"where it came with an arithmetic mean of 4.44, with
a standard deviation of 0.61.
2. Responding to respondents
The overall average of the paragraphs measuring
this indicator was (4.07), with a general standard
deviation of (0.96), which shows the importance
attached by educational organizations towards the
participation of all workers in decision-making, and
the implementation of the task, and follow-up and
evaluation of achievement, and consistent with this
indicator paragraph (9) This paragraph came with an
arithmetic mean of 4.94, supported by a standard
deviation of 0.84, a positive percentage indicating the
positive orientation of the respondents towards the
importance of working in the spirit of the team, which
stimulates It is administered by the Higher Institute
and encouraged by FS God to everyone involved in
achieving the goals and objectives of the institute and
its goals.
3. Response of the respondents towards the issue
The general average of the paragraphs of this
indicator was (3.86), with a standard deviation of
Shahla Salem Khalil et al.
44,September 2019
(1.008). Paragraph (11) was ranked first in this index.
At the Institute on their level of performance "the
highest arithmetic average (4.14), a standard
deviation of (0.88).
4- Responding individuals to transparency
The results of the respondents' opinions on the
paragraphs of this indicator indicate that there is
high support for its importance within the principles
of the governance of educational organizations,
specifically in the researched organization. This
opinion supports the general average of (4.12), with a
Transylvanian Review: Vol XXVII, No.
standard deviation of (0.92), and paragraph (16)
which states "Top management shall observe the
principles of transparency and clarity in the full
application of regulations and instructions to all
employees of the Institute" in the introduction to the
paragraphs calibrated for this indicator, with the
highest mean (4.36) and a standard deviation of
(0.85), which refers to the positive general agreement
on the importance of the application of management
Higher Institute of Systems and Instructions on all
For workers and transparently.

Table 1: Description and diagnosis of study variables.

The Middle
Arithmetic Standar Importance
NO. Measurements Weighted d Arrangement
Deviatio
n
First: There is a need for an effective framework for the governance of educational organizations
1 The Institute has a clear organizational structure in which the 4.44 0.61 1
roles and responsibilities of all its personnel are defined.
2 Senior management has a comprehensive vision of the 4.42 0.57 2
mechanisms of the development of the Institute.
3 The senior management provides support to all employees to 4.26 0.85 5
accomplish their tasks and duties at the Institute.
4 Top management provides all necessary to achieve the overall 4.30 0.84 4
vision of the Institute.
5 The Institute's senior management regularly reviews work 4.36 0.87 3
processes with a view to improving them.
General Average 4.35 0.74
Second: Participation
6 The senior management in the institute shall allocate a special 3.24 1.49 5
unit or division whose task is to receive complaints and proposals.
7 Any member of the Institute shall have the right to express his 3.48 1.32 4
opinion and to be consulted by the Institute's management.
8 The members of the Board of Directors of the Institute, the 4.42 0.57 2
directors of its divisions and the officials of its units participate in
the decision-making process.
9 Top management encourages team spirit to accomplish various 4.94 0.84 1
tasks and duties.
10 The senior management learns all its employees by the 4.30 0.58 3
instructions, and the rules of work for the implementation of the
work, and the completion of tasks in it.
General Average 4.07 0.96
Third: The Matter
11 There are clear bases on which the senior management of the 4.14 0.88 1
issue of all staff at the Institute on the level of performance.
12 Senior management is committed to submit periodic reports on the 4.10 0.78 2
level of performance of the Institute to those who request such
reports.
13 The staff of the Institute has the right to follow up and evaluate 3.98 0.93 3
the work of the Institute completely free.
14 All employees of the Institute are allowed to inquire about any 3.86 0.96 4
work done in the Institute.
15 The rules of matter apply to everyone. 3.24 1.49 5

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44,September 2019
General Average 3.86 1.008
Fourth: Transparency
16 The senior management shall observe the principles of 4.36 0.85 1
transparency and clarity in the full application of regulations and
instructions to all employees of the Institute.
17 Senior management allows all employees to know how to manage, 3.76 1.12 5
and spend money allocated to the Institute within the budget.
18 There is a specialized media unit in the Institute, which is tasked 4.22 0.81 2
with introducing the Institute, its activities, regulations and laws.
19 The senior management discloses its policy of awarding rewards 4.10 0.78 4
and thanks to all employees of the Institute.
20 Any problem faced by senior management shall be resolved with 4.18 1.06 3
transparency and clarity.
General Average 4.12 0.92
Fifth: Justice and inclusiveness
21 The regulations and instructions apply to everyone in the institute 4.10 0.78 5
without discrimination or prejudice.
22 Performance evaluation adopted in the Institute objective and 4.30 0.58 3
logical.
23 Senior management adopts an effective and fair incentive system. 4.26 0.85 4
24 The rights of the employees of the Institute are guaranteed by the 4.36 0.85 2
laws and regulations issued by the Ministry of Higher Education
and Scientific Research.
25 The duties and tasks of the employees of the Institute are defined 4.42 0.57 1
in accordance with the university regulations and instructions
issued by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific
Research.
General Average 4.29 0.72
Source: Prepared by the researcher that based on the results of the calculator. N = 30

5- Responding individuals to justice and possesses a sufficient understanding of the principles

inclusiveness and principles of the study, should be applied in all its
The results of the analysis of this indicator show annexes, paragraphs, processes and activities.
the respondents' agreement on its paragraphs, Educational governance).
supported by an overall average of 4.29, supported by
a standard deviation of 0.72. Paragraph (25), which Chapter Four: Conclusions and Recommendations
states that "the duties and tasks of the institute's
employees are defined in accordance with the First: Conclusion
regulations and instructions issued by the Ministry of In conclusion, the research reached many
Higher Education and Scientific Research" with the conclusions that came on the basis of the data and
highest mean (4.42), with a standard deviation of information listed. These conclusions can be specified
(0.57), which emphasizes the centrality of duties and in the following:
tasks. Being defined by the regulations and
1. Governance of educational organizations in
instructions issued by the Ministry of Higher
accordance with their principles, mechanisms and
Education and Scientific Research, which is the main
ethical imperative and supervisory obligation of all
source of the regulations, instructions and laws that
organizations to adhere to, and applied in all joints of
apply in the researched organization, and all
their work.
educational organizations of the ministry.
2. The proper application of the principles of
Based on the foregoing, it is clear that the
governance and the permanent commitment to them
respondents are aware of the principles of governance
provides adequate protection for the educational
of educational organizations, the importance of the
organization from exposure to risks and crises.
actual application and the actual translation of these
3. Misconduct and improper application of
principles in the activities, activities and operations of
governance principles in educational organizations
the researched organization. According to this, the
cause significant problems that may cause them to
hypothesis on which the study is based and which
fail scientific and academic in the educational
stipulates that the staff of Kirkuk Technical Institute
environment.
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Shahla Salem Khalil et al.
44,September 2019
4. Educational organizations of all types need to
activate the principles of governance and mechanisms
of application to reduce any risks, or crises that may
be exposed to and affect their scientific and academic
performance.
5. Governance is a necessity not only for
educational organizations, but for all organizations in
the government sector and outside this sector as well,
as it enables government systems to impose adequate
control over the guidance of the educational system
with transparency, impartiality away from
manipulation, and fraud that can occur to favor one
party over others Unlawfully.
6. The field results showed full agreement on the
principles of governance of educational organizations
and the need to adhere to them and apply them
properly and fully, as the five principles adopted
exceeded the hypothesis estimated by (3), which
indicates the urgency of each of these principles and
its necessity as a control tool to raise the performance
of the Institute towards levels Higher and better.
Second: Recommendations
1. Building a general culture among educational
organizations in general, and the research
organization in particular about the concept of
governance in educational organizations and the
mechanisms of applying its principles.
2. Statement of the positive impact of the
adoption and application of the principles of
governance in educational organizations in the
aspects of scientific work, academic and
administrative educational organization and its staff.
3. Strengthen the strengths that promote the
proper application of the principles of governance in
the researched organization, as well as the need to
know the local, Arab and international experiences of
educational organizations in the application of this
concept of government.
4. Diagnosis of risk areas that can cause failures
of the educational organization in the absence of its
proper commitment to the application of the
principles of governance, and the reflection of this
failure in the scientific, academic, and administrative
status of this organization compared to similar
educational organizations.
5. Supporting organizations of all kinds and
motivating them to apply the principles of governance
as an effective control tool that enables organizations
in general to diagnose gaps that may arise from
problems that cause educational organization and
other organizations crises affecting their relations
with the parties to which these organizations are
linked and thus deviate them from the right track.
That you want to go.
6. Employing the most influential and adopted
principles of the principles of governance applied in
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the researched organization to achieve the maximum
possible benefit, as well as the need to activate the
principles that came lower than its predecessors,
noting that all the principles have exceeded the
hypothesis acceptable in the researched organization.
7. The researches of the Institute raise the ceiling
of its ambitions towards higher levels and better in its
application of the principles of governance in its
operations and scientific, academic, and
administrative activities, especially in the presence of
governmental and non-governmental educational
organizations working to apply the principles of
governance in its work.
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