Hh ye Ou! Ba Hiner Rnd eT by: R, wy 6 va re Basia io HT by Graek : __,_ [BEAT TRaNgrER] Wace Sage OBSIK Tn geneial, Thetnddynainiea ei deal ef ee alt (uaplies oF heat energy shangjes Yokihg. pidee tha Betcha, Substanee: bub if e ed. 04. devolopad. ahials. jg roainly dee) with gate at which heat snegy changes broking Placa. in :gubstance . . 7 Whenever uo Zones ina gubshance -23, Mainroined OF hwo diffaran\ 8 temp heat energy se stared @-® Floosing Rom Zone ak Mghe, emp fo tone.ar tower romp oF certain cls without external agency aaliad aa Heah Tranafen Ta> Te “The 87. manly governed ‘by. using Second _low of Theamodynamres it¥o impossibile:-+o: Heat horeten from hey fee bi lee hiigisa beep coitiisdt ¥ Modes of Heat “Taangfer : eof external Siedes_of Heat “Trans fee : Conduetvan 2 Convection D Radiation ey \ ') Condughon: Tn conduchon; HT. ig marnly faking place due to % The mornent of Face electzons’ PRSEHr in ouree Oabit, oF an ator, : b> Proamation. of vibsatiénal _w 29 & anapoayahon, Whenever ceakarn zone jh a Substances 19 heated to higher temp, Molecules je" .&-atoma preaont in that’ zone ae" attaining hrghe. levels of anegy & = getting excited to Ravel feom.one plaee to anothe, Gut OF the Haee clements,. largest clement ediied a8 Molecule will Fry fo rave! Fisok. \ / © TR toleculaa momentum. 19 aeabaicked, nek Tad _ Sletent eadied aa Atom asi) hy fo migaate. TP atomic Movement 18 ‘algo 22aF ed thes neat gestelement electaons ipaeseak in puke obi of an atom «will ray to. bravely which canna} be Aegtarered ett luran an “exélted e* is Havelling Fromm high temp to low temp zone, it is ioraiBUBAg the” exdeds “amount of energy. available with’ eto suarounding Molecules, atoms 2 e- in low. temp zones. and staying there only. . AS 2° aie _conkineously beveling Flom high to low ams Zone, no. OF a” paesenk at. high hemp Zone’ 19 aeducing’ & tow famp. zone yo incaaasiga F ~ Because of tiese inbalanee of ge", 8 ase skated 4 5 Moving fom low temp to high temp -zone fo De balance - ; pi > — | tr , b) Whenevea “certain zone in Substaned js healed € q sup. tO. HIghee® Jemp, molecules Paesent io Hak cone -% ¢ sp hy enill gar excited fo Havel fiom one place to er : a anorhea place. But the molecules momentam { x, a er 13 aestayeted. 7 soe a He Gor th He paccess of tayiing fo travel & xestaltion | Stig te Sort . ‘baotions aie | te oF molecules, some amount of vibaation’ : ‘€ ule? genarared and Favealling towads low enagy 8 “ nee “one. ; i ie a xt - This method ja having low’ inkonstky fe do | g a SUT conduch’on 4-1, 4 yeh — ~Tr 74 ~ Because both the mechanram of conduchion ip yy | or. 4 canner be seen with human, eyes, ik eyo called mol g a9 Microscopie ‘foam oF energy FrangRe. 3 1s Conduction 19 faking place in soda, Inquide & pe} Gesea bot iF 19 mogo Pasdominant tn goiyi a woe because moiseutea @ atoms in 80K98 ae always éY he ™ Fixed conditan. Mma i ~ TF the complete plume oF Substance OAPBIENces he ; £ the enegy changes, fj 'S called as Vo\umorsio hie & Phenomenon Heat Hansity ae i ~~ ee Tr pie5 Hrs predommninily tobepboer io CD TR abs otf co & § ¢ i oLog tue SR omordl. teeauy the ontedg oredeel cr oloyrmp e luo AT. 46 promonky He eet Gone tormehon E 4 et F only’ the swwfaee of 4 the energy: chan « Heat: bansfas: - on aubstance 18 oper faneing col. 1929; thd called ae SwRice Phenemeng ) =Tha eonduchan Asok Hanahan! \ Volumerit Phenomena Hat. B \ 15 eonaydsved diag) aston € ‘cous. complerathme of; tis ¢ id BxReRNG OH ce. iP. r ~ For conduction on.t. to ne Rabe? se tamp alee Chaney a): Becompuloaay. . : x { ae | % Conve chon : , / f 7 Tee conduchon heat transfer with moment of af molecules. 18 called a9. convection ° x! +8: Whenaver cart ina sabsranee—j al heared to higher temp, molecules | aroms 29% Pagsent In Hak zone’ “will get’ éketted* dHS “out oF e! thefn, laagest element Gatled ‘moleauia’ is FaXjing te 4 travel ‘Prasr ' tote sdat of -TF mojeeula momenkin se alvow eal; “atime 8-97 ‘ Pageant in molecule coil aukomanally: Hravalling 4] called: ag -Convechan HTL nocd a € ~Moleculas momentura 13 ‘raking Place mainly. due @ tothe density vanvatidn 92 lag’ Ga ed aa" ‘ Buoyaney, QFfecr. je. Whenever co moidaife Tig ‘ Reared to-a-hrghes temp’, Ire dengity 18 aadusing a Leis Faying to tadvel upward. HO eF vile i an . - Ty aonveetien WT, heated - mioleeules.:, | a Ag" Moving: “in upward dia. 2 gooled , 4 Morecules ax moving in dovanward, ; Pe a 418°: This..19 calied as Sonve anon i Currents ~ p ‘ a ~ Because: the moment oF molecules’ Con. ba: 98 £ human: eye, convechun 15) faked ad" eS fe, foam oF AT, Ey ~The convéehon HT. takes Place only iri = buf. JF.1S- tose predominant fin liquid ecause OF” aes z bighey- 9p. heat & higher, wiscosiiy jn figjuiag. - Sed- master, £ ~ Te9, considered os _Volumetaie Phen. eouas ef because, complete Vol™ OF guy, tesco: s = N0-mefaetanaxgy changes. : - foa the convection AT. fo be “laken ‘place; the fame |. aieforonce. js compulaaiy. a Tae blald Jeenp < | 3) Radvatyon > - cae Henney a “Tn radiator’, Be mechanism by aren HT king : ple 13, Ene glackaomagneh’e wave formation and . Stectomagnerie wave FORMANON_ ard tsansposztanon. 2 @ ‘The fadiah'on HT between 2 ' suaFaces {3 always: taking oo. ek | place in 3 dSrages . } 4) Conversion’ of Heat energy TAFO elecraomagneric waves. P) Taanspostarion of electaio mag I Neve WAVED, ; 1 cy Convaasion of electiomagneive waves into heal enagy. _ < ~ Svaay body 08 a substance ata temp. dbove , ADIUFe Zero will always emi HS. the elecksomagnehe waves. (Natural Phenomena) - Blecksomagnehic Waves Franspoat th ~ Minenover elecksarmagnene wave 19 coming & YMPINGINg on body o8 sub, Aleckkomagnetra wave © | ~SAgy 9 AuFomateally converred fo Heat enegy | (P80 a nakwal phenomena), ~ Ae y dareally. ' 4 to 0.9 sam => Waihle Radiation HT i9 considered ag Macros copre depending on. wa aadvahons qe taking pacer. ! ~ The aadrahong Padducing wavelengaalh ih viable wave speckaam 1 VIS conaidecd.ag Macroseopic foam othewise Mreroseopie foam -@g, Suntrgh} => warble » Ma oseepre - Body sadvanons 3 Nok yi ~The radvahion HT will WAV Speoksum Mero seopre 92 | velength oF which TaIbIe D> Miorxoscepic fakes place in all the Fous Medium ke solids, Nude & gagea & vace ij Nb traxe than ov ns Hearn (0-4 40075 by thot igh “o Ce phone = 10000 aun to nou) fd oven = Azote 18 ae Cues 3 om ee ee ee ee ee. @ visite. _ At=e838 human body 2 avap wv ee A= 2398 310 von = SUN = 2838.» O45 44m 5 Visite bar iF 19 Meas psedominant in yaceum becuase ¢ tneag 19 No anstaacton ‘fa Moment. of elechion z Magneh'e loaves. - ~ Th Eacne parent ‘sods, Nigquids ; gases’ ang Vaecans the aadiahon HT 18 due to volumeravo Phenomenon. ~ Bub in nentranapaont sonia, ‘sadionon AT fs: > due to surface | phenomenon’ je only’ suakgece Suttace phenomenon layer ety pebid body loexpesinung the eresgg ee ranged, > Radiation =r#= Convection Svinduct¥on old —CHens paren ‘Sond—tnon Franapaxenhy Nauid, gas ox ae vaccum - Radrohien. HT can takes place even wwithouy the temp. diffesence also. . . > F2--AS Jong as the bed¥ea g3e al. a temp above SyAdsOlure zero, the electaomagnehe aves did generated by using body © t@ and moving aespechive dyaectiona . Bur jf tomp. OF borh the bodieg ae" equal, the Magoerude of gadinhon energy taking place. fiom © to ® ta equal to @ tod, 7 ° ~ Hence, nek eheagy exchange 13 equal to zero. Th Ta=¥Oney > eS As Te, Phemagratuce 6 else radic cowees tunel’ us than magritucle. et eloars, ashe Fem body O-® so Pooler qr . reg cous acuing pom OO hence ‘rat ere, Hronatee bem O72 . in CeFouaiga = Equatyon : Y Rate of -H.T, [Q_ak_dT go" —» 30° K AT= 60", @=mCo4eT, Qe a a ac" a2how . \ jars so", Qemcpat, q= Meer | . 2.6 how To! —> 30° Lats yot, @= Moat, Ga meeat | — Showy ~ nee . ~ A: Suafoce area Les to dis” of WT. : ) Rate of HT, [a Cup- beat 3) Rare of HT, dx © Inveknesg cloth ie | picks ' hod pt —Thexunel condusdiai hy k= Propostionalily’ constadt ‘ve 9199 3 HT & always i Fowesda lous’ temp zone. + Thug, negative sign HT to positive HT. St = Temp _qaadient = Change in temp wat threkneas of substance, os & a = Temp gradient | ‘aT ( Lnuta) aasea = SPacial Garadien} saute) Se ta dient Fluids 19 used fo convert Negative fo saat en *~ 7 fo deteamine Me value of Paonorbonaliky congtant Ky, feuaiaa “hag “gonductéd “the experimenr. t” ~ Duaing. the. expaimedk, he and thab valde SP" ke i3 vaaying fiom raateatol to mateatal . ¢ - Hence ho asaumed that, ik a pRoparky OF matesiol & fg. vaxytns named as’ Thema) Conduekyity ty amal_conduchVity : raainly. depends-‘on neecsity of Sepends ion ‘N8ecaih substance. Ee Kail : ke € 9. K of ie Ys gacatm Man: worm & steam Kaorg 7 Kiiquid 7 Kaw ay Weaker, » — ya ECE ++ —_Miscosity—of -sotid—18-00- SE ST & viscosity of gases w1 a) Aryan viscosity of Iiquidy => Gerween solid ¢ gages. * Witnin Bons], metais will have nigher themad gonduchvity than nonmeral Cexeept damon) because, no. of Pioe e- pseaent at outer oxbir OF Q metallic arom fe highe Hhan nometaiice arom, ~ Banthough diarnond 14 Honmotal, “it has a Yoearnal conductivity higher than metals algo. = 2 r- Gs Fa bowen Kaiorens = 2100 Wimk, Rebsigpent = Cet Fi eee Reason! Though diamond have owe no. of “ Piee e= buh due to gasy vibaahvenal wave foamahan_} rangportatron caused by gadediy oaianted _ Qaysrallogasiph ie Stauchuae OF dramond Kena gas = 0-0083 09 mi “WIPAID metals,’ the pe hava ighee thermal conduckvily than Alloy Rar. Keg = 410° Wimk 99% Cu +1 Ag Keo'= 8380 Wimk > Alloy Kn 260° Wimk =k, “Wheneva an allo ed th vil 4 AMAL Conduch'yil oF alloy ig feas Had thermal. eonduekivi + OF inetal whith | uscd ip Hamanen of alloy” = Katey. S26 Kas 800,. Ke = 110 i z £ 4 4 4 q 4 a a £ ‘ a 4 a a £ £ £ £ + thyTheama) conduckvity of solids ig vaiying wak fermp, + Tn almost all golid sib. the -incaease fin” temp asi causes aaduciion in: thermal conduchvity exeent Alurninium & Vaaniam. eee [Rk test) Where Ke Thame conduchWiy GF o’e T= Temp B= Temp. coef of themal Conduchivity (Genealy ve) - [rs KE] ae 316 Fo Uronium,; p> ¥1ve pusyection L ; 5 ETE Se KE meray ped + Fos Aluminium , T<=130°S | tp n> Kp TIBOR Keanna : “Cu Shows highest variatvon in k when T 12 changed, A . T= 30% 1 Kdex g20 Wwimk | (Krrde, = = 19000 Whmk > Keinmna KeuB2015, wig Ve coe Deke Hoes4o Ore, Buds kecigr) x ioe Wanei. > VY ESTE IOO RL 5 IDE akOmon 1S NOMI Rem Re bad lod’K)s Tre CU noo aang iy ons ) > Of surstance ts magne Oe Fen pt hae. must ‘ayes tice, K= Kelp)” : <2PEC OJarord) - : een _— afters] « ee peal ¢ ° Im case of Jigurds, thermal ADs uk Ee e conduchvity. ia marly defend Te cond, £ on Viseositys : “+ \ideosity Tak t at Tres kv fea : ap E + HEB Water, Diesel, SAE 30, Pebadl . Ko ton, . eg = tonence © x(Gosesy - oma aes i. = — — _ : = 245g t + K mainly depends on- molecular wr of gas. £ Be “Kommans = 2100 Wim Klayoute ott £ "Mase @ + FPS KT] |eKenga = 00083 lok dasa @ oat | Miaheak & lower Kk a BA: x Gey He 2D TH Peensun VT set oy are for. co t a) Na—+28 @ Be | (Bee) se - Roveamat .f al ee ee ER, | a| —>— . Ry oC \ ar | Vv a| Analogy : \ | a QT, dT, Ry PRQ=e+kadst 2 dv L da da ~ -\ Ka ay => |Rm = Ge ‘Bat worn. ib ie es iia we ee AY engineering hoedy can be defined by using 3. types oF co-oadirate system wiz. Cailebvan , cylindatea) and spherical co-oadinale system. + Foa o3\ hese systems, ik Is. sequised to detesmime the” temp distaibulton & heat tsanofs , * General Heat _Conducttan S49? jn 1 Bt-frteme. - EXOT 4 me 4 7Heak generated %s uni} vol™ in system, ‘Ko Thamal conduchVity (Assumed constant)’, TF > Time “duaaben | at * Bp 7 Veration of temp wat ime A= Thermal diffusivity: « = —Theamal Conduehwvily = K Thermal’ Storage Capaciiy = gq Significance : . TF Todfeates how Fask heat energie! oo Tr : 99.13 bakin Place ‘in sod bedy thaough interno) enesgy ae 2 ae TOT Tees toon Yin DT \_tetion el or a * FoR Steady State: . aT ar ° ar vt. =o] ~9 Potoson'a ego 1 >So ary ee a ee ee a &® se a) , hee = iy fk ity * Simple Plane, by 30 “Sieody State “oitheut? beak, Qehmabioin | yi =>. Pouarorto! oq? =r eta SR sa & [T= Ree wat Gi & Co cone integral constants whigh san be detamined using boundary“ condihons Lao Te Tr aa ff T3 T Tre Ci CD+C, => Ges, Ts OO oy Qe ey ah = ~ @q> oA aE (22)=+ I fr 2 Tai conatonk F 18 constany “ T= Mase Temp diatabutvon fa: Jinean (haigne Moe)Heat taansRaed Q= -KAST SA da =firnay. a at W 1 x > of 312. = ms [ot Oa"; tS . + a ey ee eee) Qa -KaCT-7) = ke (ery _ ja- RY. te NE ey ( => Pox simple wall | ‘ FCompesie Plane Lia ~ 1D steady stole without ga heal geneatton. - Wal constaucred using meas Han’ one laya of different materials. 5 Ck. < Ke 53 Slope 19 Jeas) ~ Foa steady state, 1 Q@=%sa. + a ~T)4 (a ) SQ. Rm + Qe Roma CET) = 8 (Rm, + Rane) Wnere Rey = Rik, => Resistances_ musk be ia seateg Neola Ce ee) a é& ~ Whengvar more Phan one layer of matenol ane - kept side by side, along die” oF“ heal “hata, theia theimal aesistanees, can be foken in [Saaies_“combindiion|: . ~ = Ujhenéver, moze than one jaye of mareral ‘ase kepr one over, ‘the olf A eia ‘thamad "— = Aesisraneas. can be 7 a _ token, as" Parallel ombinalian wot \ i AL a a ee 8a dep pt . :| T ka | ky @ oe Ry + = = Ty ™ c “ Ra s Ty KL ke Ta e Rey R A wn a hy & JSa] _ Ty a R r = Mw 1 TT Ty ‘ : Re Ro \ 2 Req = «| Roark R R= Rit Regt Ro Qlont = A CES Tx) ~ Bees z~ ase, _ dash VWheag;. Raq’=” Res Reond + Re Raa gt ke Rents FREE. F 1 ce) 5 “ka < Row i * : -« hea 7 q % Theama) Contact Resighance = (Ry t : © eas r Because oF swface goughiness, ’ thea i always on ai gap . i = abut | easing a resiaranea : Y St assumed that hia" = . { + wiben 2 auafaces cae contaching fox Honofaxing 6 | _ q heat, bacause of pagsance of suface oughness of a a contaching susFaces, there must: be some arnourr a oF ala. gap is present ak interface , . ‘ * This aia gap is contsibubing to diop temp af fhe inFerFace and aesistance ofReed by aia paesent ak - € inteaface is called as Theemat Contact Reststanee. q * Theamal contack aedishance “=> due ta convection , . = @ Ba Thas, eventnough “634 gap is very small bur’ becatise OF Fe Rm con Z_Rmoona , he considwable Reduchan -- : im Femp "Gill Fakes place ab inteaFace . i a s * Poa a giver composite wall, if-it is aequized fo € maximise iT, theamal contact aesiskanee ot the a inteaRacea must be minimised, * Mathgds used foa_minimising Thesmad contact Resialane| t Sac seg A minimising _Thesmal Contact are 2 Make .the contacting suface highly polvohed. ‘ Thus ais gap’ can be minimised = TeR L # COpeaat'on ‘13 costly => Noy PReFored) & PY Apply igh ‘hegmal conduct vity wT z qacene -” ake S Bai fs. + &, Silveon Gineead queeze - ; z “No Oi4 JOP => Heat tsansfer by conduction (Rau < Rom)! = © erga Sy A Rk, B® Reet ; RE son