: = “Ly a | ,;* Rae ECM ae PEP PA a Name :. _ Class :. PeNO- BOBS = Subject ; are enaine] Lt MEMRAG Medium ......Bésmillehie Sehmomin Sie hin ; lesccweoooeaeanaaaeeagggagggggy|s HVgqgqggga VULVEN RAD Vee @€ ec.* Extotwal umbpustim Engine + Forel ts bummed oo oubside. the eugine. Fuel Q air mixed ths hear is used to Vy low « Meat e pyodvted ad heat thea, Wlkynal wing é ® utetnal umbesten Engine guch ab gasolime pu tral gato diesel . Pesered by a fuel, Fel wv wtreaved wks a dramben mixed with oxygen and then ignited: Engine Claseifiet him + # Type of ignitim > 66744 7 Emgive oyele 4,2. a5 () 7 Vake location » pvetnend , Hat head » F lead f Basie desyn * Reciprocathy ~ Rotating - | Une. Vv engine, 4 Posi ™ Single eylinet > In of oylindst * Opposed. oplinael Vv engine - opposed, piste, eaacet nag ally aepiestat » Sper chavyd B No foe intake, prowess, Mature a “unlee charge + etanetase urmpwessin. 4 Petwr? of fel cartyre ated | mule post fuel topo fox OF engines injection » throttle bo?7 fet ryect' upl “ekassiticakin band aqagolirre » Diesel, Natural 52s , on fvel i Lpdis Meplal, pvol fuel « Based, 0m Uecation « Pulrwative were live, a See StaHienchy , marine + Aivvratt, gual é peetable) . t Type, of wsoling * Bie wrtd , Water told,= 2 ft Write a Sherk nok on 3 wa “ 4 cablyhe umverter ys fe Brwetty pyesemt the cheat mer hani'gen ike 10, = dH Batzin the toxitty end citects of , ° eT. Wate pellubems mm hemi gag? a He Pavtievtate emigvirn 2 Hn can yeu vay ‘Fe? pal . oT. OC Peeenstim . emissi-rn 2 Lente - op. : oT. Boogheeh eeetpHm om eR « as Aix Pllohin fem re. engine + sass D Phebaluirical Aix pollvtion: Phot chemical air polly tim 48 cmt pha compe mixhre of gata pllukenb » Lhe - ore , nitrogen Al-owde. and jeroxy acyl wityate C pany), Gat re the. wmprnents 95 7NOz amd PANT ove ofien cm, grouped poe tht and Called phots chenu'cal Om dank of: a. 9 al wy egery of pollvtanls 1) Primaxy Pollutants: emitted divel dimectty do the. atemsphine. “Upbunwed. HC «No, pactivlates ana oxides oF sulphin sulluy ae example of primacy polletants . © Siac = 2 Serenaary polluters » Fromed Sy hy eal SISAL. | a?a Os photechumical reachions of primasy pellutmts afer | lave. been adville. be Heotinaspbene and excpotef to sunighh. PAN ands 03 ave. @ example of seumdtry Pe tents - > Sours ot unburned Hydxo carken$ + Im SIE: = Pishn booky q2s wb fuel, evapo ratinn anda release b&b He ahesphee ctircevgh vents mM the furl tank and caw by redex aller engi ve sub down + 4a Spock igritim engine exhauck gore N0,NOz wo, od organic. Uempourds al engine othant Cena mole]: crnuenbeation of- Nox 7 Hydvoe arbor 5) , Pies To diesel engine exhaust - compavabl “+e disse fem SL engine: ave. sigmih cant Hugh. exhaust unuutratic emissions Lewet by abrut a facts of 5S tm 4ypical The hy drcocash ns wo the exhaust white suvke dusting DiceL engines we i> or i erg \evels , uvaense # trem engine. stacting md Wem uP. an tmportanh srwice of poctwlale CWS , 0.2 b OS fuenk oF The fuel fetweer about woe he ome. Be Seetl (84 Am sa) pectin, way alsowhich. msich poimartly 9 seek OK sre. addi Henk Ware carben materi. . Drove. wages sige Head crwite of Atkin tneny- ow'de | end atlened dem porate. and wna diskiby ten, Ceruecl trem Gog & NOx] Vegetetion is brace me by paorpacyl. nitrate (PAN) mid 234 ae wha : : Ss Wwe’ Hoy ventains Sulphy (4 0.5 percent ch : t ie odized, and wile? oe $_ ' 4 - allubants ‘ 4h Bleck, of P nny >. Altered properties of the otinespl 4 . iprdehions ¢ redvend. Viewbility « inasenedt — @ le» we adiat oy, a Soemation & precipitate unedvesd Alar r 2 is e @ Pollutants can aggravat= motctality im humans pres saseng respiratory ailments » The oceww tue e and thane brenebihs em be of beth acut Lo mrelakel with 902 oma partioulle mater elfecks en Horan beat) This pollutents O97 rd “te tung infect and Une. bydvecazbens Bye ont veg arr? fo Bs we Yow 7 Aacren Wealth © They cam ome heank dieone » agguavale aslnma, damage tree eurtral noon Sysieom and make bracing dt Heme ty ° fel pillage ¢=” als» atest dhe. teatth plats and marie Vile. Whey bE uncheck Prase Wuatth unditin erm ne dsalh - #4 oregn of polludants in ECE > pollutants peioracily eb from the intel phim of fre. reaction eirin due te tw Alurck wel Hime in fru! vomboustin Uremaber - da Worn 0 Yemerien yo the mixtenes from 4 Heussh wer fall eaties 2 rmbustitn “Uawber yal effects yimpante god eduifves in the fuel alsa tonterbufe be tn undorinecl by prodveds ~> Te addition - p depemdinng on the type of faa and. um ws en prietedune, solids in the focm ot gasticle Cashin ave Possible. - & Hydrocarbons Cte), of more at propwiately seginie emissieny .nree the lrnegees Op Inunpiele endo Ws by dvotav bin fuels La fgity |) Nox 3 2 + Fe Ha Eee PS nici Fig: Reaction medveuiten th wmmbyetion elie bot SASSSSSSASSSSASS SA oo Fel fais equivalence. ale} and | SIE aunts: e impor eb variables Ps determining. emigyiens jy the Raelfadr “iv cheer— has nesmally leew operated Loe sMghtty fel rich te em # 5 One ef the wast apark ignition eye cate, B . The SIE leva te shrichiometete pet and Reliable poration ©. Fyne thes thet, wane yi Xun gives le enrsmieng unbib the eastunielten qprlity beeen prov Cane evendvilly mis hve ¢ He omisvons pice Sharply No ee el oc) , when « coms {y Righert abort bye Abiewtete able : 4 aaWhee bigh temperatwe fe generated. - end alee ] duo Or ie preset , De emissions fall. mepidly ‘ fc tuelerich wire duce fb the lace of Oa ‘ bp ulin veth, Ne He 2 Co mmigsirmy se rapidly fre fur nich mitt ustwich if qaite shvines. A We eapobn ue eaxte 6 lb debe on me achal Rabe of ful ale to idel ov SblcMemebric. bareage o= (PA ack | CEP) stor | For campy, ae idee ctrichirmibto | AR fer hey igacollee Aype hydvocavhm — Fuels if very core bowed, fommumb of euieyuns ir axhnust fto,why doth We eurinsiens Intense. napidly fre very ese aureus? eR kee i nbe Vo Are an te Litem com nef = te evouy portim oF Seb - air mifeu payee PPR Ken j re kh 4 Be emlerion [ fw velocity dew fore Naor vn hes “| WwShal is Now 2 gagaganaaagsasasaassse. # s ’ ‘ Tee exhasth qe umivn raiders OL nihoyen « Maostty Oibic oxide Late) amd mmall smren oe Nitra aj oade DNew) ~ ttecti ely lene ny aq Nox, ab What 5 stl be Orymic Fucke, ser] wo thah. betting teinty versponents found ‘io the fel 2nd lubricating tL erndense om the Sucfate ef the carbken sopt partiels -thig absorb gern of tne sek patels Yo cle Re cole ble eganic fechin [sera and the Qnrunt is high, depend bn oy Under dem perature AL Lah lewds | eylinder demp car te redid fo om downy gan bara ng fewk expr wd otha bleadiwn + “Un doy dee enditin $0 tam bs no high “a> O6Y, te be tebl mem Ee foot: new oe eo eres $8 SS iS aseMechanism pf He formaher. 4 1 > Pydoeav ben (100 oven ap propately organic f emissions oe He Urnsenprerce. Th inom plele bem bust of hyave eaters hele + Wit 2 fel ruck miX bwur. them if bok enongly 02, 16 tw rene with All Whe fuels 4 nemithing hiyh bveb ok he B LO Tn exhanth pyeduets - Le Tig it pacieully tae om egine stant vp whey Thee nr fael vnictone ig purposely wird vere yk, Bh also tue te a Veter extent auwury rimph a acu Hen vein lead + - dF oe RE ke EE Meee ber geecinin ocurnnh, again av ling te HC Used nas Ben when be fel me aie entering am utyin aie ak tre Wher shricdvrrvbic mixta, parte th pen and See He ad up i 2 Lomb shen dozen otha © Bory ele ri ding oh ae tb fel sw Its ‘im fuel parttels nok finding omygen ty naacts mith Rama whinge sh we walls 4. unpete oy bh feel ithe Arete we ot £2 aprncivg, iy the 2% Potion bid) stuns dang trenton rd peor strelea., 4s fe Post, Mewes Ayell verter trove mutant trem fe TRG ee pein be[runes both fempertias and pwestaan writin the liad - ARs clows tembustim and Givaly aneetin te comewters tate in be poe strete”, thE Lewes toma. fuel pootiolebs— porticls i > kgh adres pexdusl UU pear umburtion and a gredior peared 0 expansion apenching: Mis is akpod we ay Wo edt ont We Undthn , > a level oF EAR wall alse thine Wak dorlly ie versions Verte ak te pat Te Ps te 4 prouae, se 2 Tae sre composed Wed — much a 137- can be od Aye Opele during We Yn the, OyLindert 15 pose ama pavetse brewby vce gelakive be thn. top 5 lecalim of We syack Nt \akve eemgeesiben eye ARES affect tevewant- ok He Ve exhale te rang atp being a Lager comp of exevica- yee. te Crevien Vitume aed Sh \ dr jist rive 1s ancl ue ooga, % od ¢ SSeS CeO aeae a a¢ e008 a u meanannoere oo PT PPD. «Gg > Up 36% Fe stl He euntagies vere ferre Teg" gen. As Wwesswe \ne ants dinning, lerpedst on and vewiustim, wee ar fre fs dove int PR arin, volume arrwmd aden a Ere exhamot valve, FF small amrent ever leah — past the valve. ye the eho manila ¢ During valve overlap, both exes} and intel vous ave open, vss hing. a pity eu He ful ininke om Ftors Mneetty inte the Dias | Aas perkels. incbeing ful vermin - by the depesity wm walls of Ys tembush'm cnemkey ane. Sbgrvld The amrunt S- alostepiim Lis a Farehinn of fre, met oceln duu, lrmpv tsi ge reese # nad wershin, Lioienting db Alm om ne ay Under watlL vet may atte Righ vst wetghl bag bve= ash misrcb or desorb fuel vapruy odub al isa vem pound dusk door not bwin 3% nen diy geet gem ik edgy ae HO Umisin.at Ombrlling He pollu Fremont [SE] He omcentratins ef tre exhaust gases from an gig. can be decteted. by. = thgb tenn peratvnn of tre exhaust qs — Hore oxygen in be exaust — smaller mess in ouch snvelope, — More time fer resetin, Soduidee eso eceeccees He inexhevel Ca/hr) wl 2 | & a. et = O01 ner 4.005 0.004 = vik veruumobhen pate Cyber) a to Ferevratien and umistien 5 co % poet in me earns — ete eats wath a fueL rich sapvalamce, cae 6 Typically Hae achauegh. pf an oe engi will be wtwbh b&b 12% b ogy, quurtatesl hem ae EMME rm e rdddddddaawanl Cees qemelly Woe, ry br 0 erie,NO formation and emicsien - i _ Beast gor of am ree 68 have upto 2ore ppm piieeaen oad COD with a tmall amant of No 1COq 3 and tras of othet witneyn~ oxygen Lambinations _, Noy reacts inh abmsphon, to Soom oor and ove of the marlon causes of Photveheemical sino Now ib predveed by temfetahwe dts “fs me a Hem walge depends on presse. FTE fuel rate and vombus- Aion Fine within me uy Linder Ya moda engme with fase a tne highest ru aubrth en, Wag wstoe Hae highs} te advanced > NYDK ig tadveed burn wmbvetion orem bee safer d aueuind tre opal F sf ignihe, eprle sempotatun~ OCT « wall be jooustad. and re olinden. term porate rors, NOx is ow@ated_- _5 Nex wuautyation yo primanly 4 fine en of tne exhaust gas from oT engme of lempecatne. ama vemposit Ind seerndary Hw, ma darseci- by demuaring rm buyt'rm fener by demrenring The de Om yg avaiable ede aed ferke ~ a Te Local peale Vatu of NOK fr = given chgtia: load and cpocad- imvestbly econ od am Malone natio less Hem dio.ate sae . ae Lmunbati of Nox a Checel - i—- 4 ee wee Cay Cuan oe" cu dy, Se. Se, 8 oe ais Cte werk frving [geen EPC] asa » ly \y ly ly ly 4 ak Pactiulshe, formations 2) slmisuiewt’, teninine G04 canloon suo saan ine > The exhaust of 6& eng ? , poetics drat we yr We fuel nich 4 withing gylindet durivg, Lantos ety, : Jambrly of gustin le we mibthen OCW when Ne = US Low af WoT: Vet arn of wb In = vob ong & unter : = at Grom Wbrie sting RL umpowmis 2 tre S Tee enh from tre fel. ma mem fp 22-8 SY, a of Gael om punts frunk in he Gel igh baling, ek pre oun feee OF he Leib wl Uendeme m unbon Seek pochelen = tvs absorbed poten of Mm > Me Golde organ FracHon (S06) e veoh particles 5 eal — piluhien with ESR lwow NOK, ise bat ‘reer? patreoulater aed te aindim thyfer eewy yojecton pressure @ives a fiver deoplch eize, 5 . Which. neues He & partwlate emviering, tt What adverte mits wan We nested iF partiwbde generation pc /eo be medueed by engine design nA umbeh ob ope ahny termina > He the cormbushen tine is extended by unheroten — 4 past w late ornhs chamber lsigh 4 timing mint , ‘Ww tre eras C7 be eslveed. .2 Genk peti eles weil pect a ghettos Hime by be ited. With oxyyn end ipmtwted fe CO . freee F Leng en comm bustin yaaann ae Punt aylindin, bempembve, web mene, ee a ee eee eee ee Hee Nog 1s qoretated. aE Lentrel of B name tmndsstrng swe 3 Hed! feation of engine , temprmimts 9 feels b pedvee pollution ferm srwite » + design of vermrmints te nedve Arap oe HVE eres From me fuel system. Resign oF cer poremb fe ede ye deetrewte exhav eh eens. boob bel refining edu peeehe depo missive, © 0 bee dgnihin A tere spre dination edie, EK Prong perduen dar Nox pore -a& Hedificatty of Bugine besiqn dy red vue pte bm ree Sworn ahs fren high Go 9) Ae PUPS atet Gres, —s Reduce vom pyes set ‘real yatues te more ae ASLLSAE pili: . Pativs womhen ave sed in mde lubon From blew by — Seating Ar veenlene erct ventl «bn crcy) sytlers emaprnes Admesphetic rel beers mage are } PEN system LResitve Ut woke ase. Veotilteten = durivg athe Lew presitin eenidrudivdtin bbe ere aie fuel mixtonen SPE tema wt tia, of piste rings Leveery]. we ok Api va * te = ore of pollute ee ne ae be te take system of The re, Posttive. evan em vemtleHen Sythe exact. de Halse fem the oplinaet fs Fed te Pe indely Plroky gese? : weenifld uying 3 RY wae + teva porate pumission eantre| * pyaprtate emigsins TL naw HC anise from — pre OP of gore tere _ fteap bool tL. uehinebey Now a days, banks ate Gitte with wants b cabr, The. covbouneter float bowl. em sitter be. vented ann cce ete sf S05 SiS Scdeeedssss canister,¥ \ ty the aire horn ( balanced cas b une tov) oe te cab fl qaniske- 5 * Dicwontn om Exhavel Gag After treabne nt! Chow be troak A nue-mber of devias Ave used cuwently tne exhaust gases from 6b 2 CE engines, @ Exnayet Gas recinculetim CE4D aystem necimev tates a powton pf the exbravet gue inh fae qrtake wranifeld - Db reduess te maximo trmbushon temperature. wna 50 nedues te i hal foemetin oF nwo. E&R eqstem Lewes the engine pacfor mance | and fel economy: © Ai injection system * is mother mettnd fo edu emission of tHe co and dldehyvaes by’ oxidation . Aim js injected inte Ma sevaush man fold , co) Mermat reaeter: ig relatively rege. imevlated exhaust yranifeld te inouae “the effect of emmpanatune tive =e Womogunity om tins of exhaust = J2S7 > Tene we opet atest urn AER = = devi whith Us um posit with etter eich gh Ne go fuel ND bet pore fuel eons Ay Cae te wonvuley: Hone speetheally 4 3 exbly He enventey (twee) teduers Me eimth'n oF g Nox . db has ah Reteton on Twte om & on am carburehion + seoweny md with Werorch>o bow hi vizy pe + co a meduch'sh Camber. ba Perm FL. eafalygdy oxidenim cham £ae Piste oH twee [ tye. wy cataly be Lonverler] Ly A Twre eedes He emeesion vf He, © END, at has onidatimn chim bun and neducht on cham be. da wh oxidation chamber We 4s ww, Or reacts be Goon thao Boh Ly resetion chem bet NOe is , reedlycot. fo No 9% Ors Reaetiens in Tee peewt ih 4 4 presence ok catalyst? « ‘4 — onidatim catalysts YR Plotinen , palledivi 4 hea ether Wsset pakalysls Xe OPP: varadivn jin, gt egoatk + ickele smemgarete, ehyownivr. a4 Hal &} pats 4 Generally oe catalyse 352 used For reduction reachooy wedueto reaetons tre melt vemphictted «“y ota oF fre vee Tee elevetine “bps ermenles fs = generally apt half rhe diseleumnert value of the “El engine, Nao + dave- Dthin, metat seponHen” lech ol > sed te resets amet of etl yh urd - omg i ou 2 of : or r ow oe i i beop-—— os q or | S 2 wey ol oa L444 sping - Noadid LN ate - conterlL a, Jewnport vrnpens AHA peneterd nie (cae velve Leen Pe engine perfomance nd aa ERR ioe dit, wee 7 eer ae high 4g Bey, OF fetch intehke NO E4R. 1s used dwung WOT when MAX pavor ts desivad . Ph ESR 15 vse ab Vow Vie Tal ond very Bite ab Ure spd -Foree-ree Nonleei CW noe Se ie a * tL engine % oh engine Cataby he trnvertes My Foe rE — reeds “layer Fle paeenyes been of fre celia Awad fo te exbae gore» Catetp hie a umnvinker ib Wh eliden bh in Ths une EE eh vas ei iin ly ain i onopats. a, oR com be adegpalely reduced , Aft stance: a _5 He wa toe ig = rele Let, "eco 1 tne ooo exrash apa 0 FEE empire, Lbecanse 9b the, Let Laperaiee rahe) - — Th ertrlya ave UIE afleet en Ad athe, je Wet Bo remove OMG 0% OF tu beak poor yess by ontdi vg, va BE ere gerne a lenge petcent of He HE abs orbade — basically act sscasetaaaaaes pire Wash page ip a Mind oh SE enaahe b 5 a voyh Tdeal ave standard cycles — $I engive and cr engine folleny oto 2 dresel eycle. but nor fully . lame fe exhaust 945 downlt— repeat Yuu hore + — $2 am ree wot a Weak engine fy te Hun oe dynamic detimihen of the lerm, dt ip Hot ao clased system and the Wowleing fini doean't exeude a Mhenrtyntmic oyele 5 wy Te make the analysis of engine eycle inch mene managetble » the neat wycle. 1s tppvo ximated urin an ideal. wy stride yee The most orcitiral assumphn ip deter minhag. how seul Kee jaeal cyclo ave es indiiatesy of tingtne, potioemamce Th, Me foci anwmed.° foe tree mmbustion pre wn: — Te real engme tarnbustion proces, oceupiéo a gee orm Tale gerivd [beter abreb ze and qo otk Tm degrees] ana Pe. Sperle oft fel ‘wjectioa Homing wrty be. retarded from its opti aivenu, fp cls te TC, The otto op ele th Te Merited cre oF fn finitely fs wmteush in ab TO The ie oye wernlh Wwanapemns fp sb and \=t ve en ae ee Reay The oreighnat vembustion ecu, oot the 20- Fe ovals ange amd ase sypmke orem OW the gist maven fo tre, THE - Rusk i SE engine faces ne Fite Fring Gov erating fe vemtwolion af the TC. aie alone is, werdelrg Fad — Heat toes is unsidewd = zeta thie tae heat: tapacl by of de are 15 Sssumed fe be ester — btn asurplims are % Follews— + boumpyession (process Aj) — Aediatetic & reversible (pemtropic) se Sesersmatenocacauauauaas Girt) (Pr eres Woke dems chase inn bnlomas Aes > Cpmbustien — ( proun 2-3) = Pdiaeste — Uembint'm, owns Ar mae = genp9naonod iJ dddaneaee. ¥v ~ unislant volume [aviv she davd oll cycle] po charge in indeqwaf een ee Umsfant pessune [diesel eyele) worke dome = chamye in interne | erent Par} ab vstank volun and parhat rake pyeewe, [eval ow Vmited preowre ayele] ~ _ temtuetion is urmpiete CH=) Expansive [pve +h] _ Aetiaertte 2 Hee Lisen tropic] Exvravst [Process 4-63 and i tole C 6-9-1) ininiorml onengy — pravabatin (ne CP mEE for bel Me cycle) let B exvrxush prestwe is ums bunt —velrity cltect 15 reg Ugslle -A LUV HEV Clown Heating valve 9 thghen Heating value) —The heat released by a fuel of unit ammount dong combstion 6 Known as Heating value, _ gp je determined by burning Ine fuel with oxygen ‘m a bomb caloviruter and noting the demperatane use of a clity bath. $4 all ob tne water vapet canbe wndeused , tye Hi is obtained « — SF nme of te patter vaprwt 1s Undated , fre LH Vs oleteoned- Heak Priduced . al tale le value 2 Yn Fan Ug, 4 cole 4193 qt HH20 | Ge hy SSAC oe ph ee . C2 é Loy beers steam mosh af the hee. That S voy we do net ton sider Ve But f+ this Hep fs tendente? frem steam - ~~ ti Henk Maid neil be mere _ thn SB LHV + hank Dt erated ort dee pH = LE se tre fe Waley fra, stom] auld ddddddddeeesassassssnncces. - TTT —. a alat Thermodynamic Relation » = Tndicated fuel urnvotsien ethcieneg 1] *s fi pxprassea 3 West ee uN Ist * ng Ora Los mast of te hime ih domu'h uribeme, th it Seay © __ The \ndieated tear plfective pressure» [eel yep = Nei. me Out? Nn % > = 2 eee Va Tir wy. yon im? tener Wei = indicated word, per yee amd is We tum ok wmpressiem ad axpaneion etree werde, Here. usmpversto™ worl We + We We = th Ua (Uy -Y2) | Wei = the, tenste velour Lee dye 54 eae veaheatron oe | 3 on 50, 15 chemyed 4 es s Mgt = om [envy 290) se P Poy . me Buu We gies q v Tee The vevain F pernue [diesel] wget. = eee Re cntnelpy re nan ii me Biay ; os mee TE [hs-ha) - Cverti + fava — Bv8) * Pa fe Vinibed peesewe (puet) cle — mh i» & Lae ha) = (vn + P59 ~ " mF Oru4h Why Lee Heating valves (LHW of foe, ace, wred jn COR L 5 Lower Heating valve oe g He fuel is the teal energy pedved from a uni mass of hal Shen the pevstuted | water is im vapowr form. oe te ree, te operating kemperatone mai de tne oylindes ab tue Ke oF vembustin amd exbraueth ie wey tre high than the roailing pent oF water . Thats why LuV ave tie universally used for He fuels In Tee hen calelrhig fuel aversion 9 etheteneg OY Similar less Wow heat ye leased oy the tembusten 5 celuleted + New engines ebro epee amd lord why ? The Attiertert parts of + nut engine ip coated with ant nek pratettate, Aloo when metal. fe netal umtacl— jolues place “fev tun freshly machined pack. the untact- surfaces gek Seneetled by feickon and get Wea reeSistance over tame + —> Malevids 7 removed Uy friction during nls the 2298858 SSS50 RSCG RSRRRoRoRooSas ana ths tm 6 known ag "bread -in- poniet’ gg oyun. -in-poved * fpr engine WIE rmgh putas, sour fate welding (sulfing) ef metal cam eke plese and iF th ~a ne eeeFriction io more, ine pocailoility oF having this phoomene ‘s grat ‘\avesed , 59 manufacwwels recommend Limo speed. & load Fre wis engines Upto a certain polod. of fHme - —¥ ‘Broale -in’ 6 generally a preoces wrearcing against each orien 40 Amall. bit of siz and srape adjustment nak will eet. Tern into p ie tre cust of 2 stab wlatienshi jrede waning UFC —> The goal ok moder ergre broalc-ing ta tne seliney oylinder walls Fox 4 ot piston reg jnio ane eines * . cylindet. made oF gray east (ron [because of its ee? wear resistance , he weare resistanie arises From. tne abllity of cast ieovd tn four 2 hard glazed sur face \ahen veder Sted fichier This should be athieved yith Lew speed >} load fo avoid swing [svn Face. welding] bore engine pietm rays break-in cod oT Cash freon bores. Brak in guch > eamshatt , bing chain. % oF moving parte predoce the fast = Pdummium oy tinder fasten than qhose VY! of ofr pasts of engmne valve quid , ek are also pce similasly in te tive poridd. \ Ly Bewsgve Pinsky 1 aresui of peor break ~in! of engine# HBT Hming 320 Hgxttmem Brake Torque. Hing + Thee ts an ofhmum sparle timing which fr a qn. anaes, oF fuel avd aire msde the eylindet | is Known as HBT +m mE 5 gies maximum forqe + This ore retacded Cl ater) Hore adwaniued earlier] dizniry Aesing than fg ophimurn gies lmoer eeipvt Thw's opfinern Hering ie oo empirical wmpromhe be bern Penbina, Urls fro amily in tre, wom preening stotec [obten thy wore tremsjer io b the tinder qed 4 cemagleting camtostin bre lade mn re expansim stroke Cama ¢e [pearing pesl. erpenelorr bbrstea Premanes) _5 HOT spark Heong dipends om sped, toad EAR eq pvr retPo , trop > charge motioned, Eyplitel ule, for MOT», 1) The ra perv ecu a about 16? atdC. ap Halt the change (% learned at ab} lo” Sec aTDC. # fully developed uembustion in CLE sw aaatig, : -s FI of ere difewn than SIE. 4n CIE, fel We injected ok Be end, ok Urmprescion shrke » hum a ok worypresed aire ie present instde, tre upterndon dudduduendnntannddeccossssss ne IIS.The injector i done ab unstant pvesswie where each. arcoplet ok fuel jm spreay 16 individunnlig ignited: and this aviv iqnitimn ocare foe mesh & the droplet ak te, dame Hire. Thales ust a0” the lemburbior Ye sata. fo be fully dovelrpt-| by TRC: B Short vole on Exhaust bl rwirwn > Unfortunately » ft engines doit wrk 4s efficien Hy ae weld hope » Tho ace 4 \ot oF losses occuring diving de cycle of operations » Glove don Lesser, barren fread tne end of the power stroke, — Taeally, we/d WPue We exhauk and inlet valves fo peman closad Abrevghruk Khe vstrele of the peney gtrole. * > Hewevet .' roatitg this doesnt vwowlk, due to a pumbot of measeng. The biate. pide The ermlbuehim chanbet 1© poy chache — lange prossure variations & demporatune variatens AC Ateo the vale con't be opened inctentlg who te str reaches te BBC ay pur forme dre o> tn ert wong» anhavst port starts tpeniny PEFeRE pisten reaches the Boe [enews 2,- 40 dagrs, befor] so that th ig fully open bg tre time dhe piste perches He BOC. tnt Hisaxhavsh port i open for a email amnunk of Ki LST the power Aoke (6 takeing place, this results in a drop iy premue — ingide, the wmiauh mm ohambe ana tw a 5% im prrowy Real tombosHtn loss, AN | teak bomber SS toss —. I Exghaush Platoon lege Exavsh blendeur ib nathing, but Ine eseape oF tng temboohtn fartelg frre tre wulindey When the extangle vearlve. spend, The Hrivg 2 the epenivng of tne exhanul nate UnilL, ates shave an in flume mr Pre, Fileronen, Th the. engine since Tey TS Exheeeh blag Ape Aon. Ie dung, thr oy ile - me SRRRRB aan am - serereoperrreoerrer oss ssssecaaeaa Rendval mass frachen . mn _ Val¥s oy Mee TF m te Ve vs: again, Me = wie win = Te mass of Nasisusl 97 ite = unm presi = cleat volume m nao “= Vy = dibpraeement volume + Hew, Ys? Aig pracea volume. Va > cle volume + v /) 5 . _ VAN we Expanston ratio at ary, vy ‘ Te expansim btyreke amd = Vi re expamnirn rato at a é Tre exhaust strobe. bt— om Xn = “eX My > %e cat the. jaealized oye there. ig no expansion ah the exbrwk Stole . os Volumetsic athaencs * wenayal Big defined oe achval mass of aire tndveted by The engine Fh the \ntele shroke Wr maa theowtical > the prewetical mss. Tre woek done by The vyUinder gear ™ fre peas achat 4's. dwriny. We = % (vwe-“ [test vel — fies vol] by the uytindar. gan dwuinge tne a ‘Th. — aon Pe EMM) is,The nee wok, 4 the pistor wen the exhaust € botaler strokes » The poumpy wode ery Wp: GPa ty + Be The pomprng mem elective. pws [rug] ‘ig usually as a positive. apambity + Imo = fe—Pi pi — Pe for Prete 4 Prop fr Pirte + frp 5 eRe nek and gress «immer ane related by wep, = ‘why — (Pe- PD ete wet indicated Ausl unvnvim. etticleney is nektted de tre grey, indicated Fuel tones 2fhidewey ee , Pe- Ti iw = Vtg [ ity agssletols Sass see eenaaRReeaeaaaaasassseee a SVSFVOUD EOL UW DD DUD 19 0909 8 OF a Sypwthat, fee TIE Sa oyele, he imdcabed fuct cenvenien efelened, Meo = i Me. Uommpressin work, Wecen = my (hh) Exqensien wove, We cea) = mev LTs— Ts) hae age, Sere Pree BED . a } -1) + OO Fuel emveasim s4 -T% we = & m sol t New 0 vl wl 4 BV, = GM oh: &) TH, EMyf xan eArieney in tree Umweah betaine pov t T-$ diagram sho thal Gmotent ~ Velie title highs» uovitan psnssutte. ey cle eticionen ws te. Le lmibad — Pressunes eyeles eHietencs 15 1 n i " ornate lrmpvebbion — eatho =tnd hak inputs abed = wnstast volume cycle abb’c’d’ = ave’d” ta = To fulfill Force’ lines NE 2 uengrevekion of fo Uc Aine. got premise. of ez pare BRee” raver be saat fom Med praassure, evele vette} presse evel beat supplied 4 The Tt amar Foce , + Sine the ter been vile then emwrlamni premane Une wepenten 5 Witn isenteepic ails te 14) } heat fe each cytle Ib sheen He undo Wire | adr Sine Iw* Draw Rv BOS diagram by snao that umskmt presse Yd auc 16 highedl- ; unvlent vel cyelo. elite ‘5 We Jews} ama Venled prune vycte. clivemey ie eh, D wvlent mon purine © nuk in pop AD ernilen- man prearnen, 2 worded mpl WW) Uraleh ak pram 6 hep iy titan pmax premune & heat inpvi t * x > aled = ottveyele é avlerd’ = desel oye _y Since pressure ig Often tre Wesiting factor ww engine deg he els ith he mpaced om fre baie of max pet and. prime hati? upped, ‘ > pra Ts diagram is emmotraded. th the figures > Te Fulfil, fre jive umdih'rms 4 prmh Fc, 0% rue Up Te pame, purr din! eres ie een clans write dl both Sujet, Laren fade compred with sree fad27] Sindy ~ wdd Us TK The perforate OP dey ty tle at fee . eg ccc Vie Nous. eee FS SSH H UHH HOD ULG bbb Ye ba 8 0 88 9 * — Foee , fe%c%e" wut be aunel . Fy dane unditen th Bem wele 1h Me most clhelenk , tecama. Lirr heed 16 ny1D ews mak prem wrde. eubpup + é 7 fe ey bed = oth ele 4 euiatye = dindte agile Foe dame uote eb ke, thee aked ale’g ot be Awe Hee the diene] egele maecs vee Mut Lara faate’] ton tre off eyo. Daven fade. I+ will be mone. otfiiene Ww uswelent— Mr = welGel “Cenhat IB el) on, “Laid > ast 7 Leuo- wo Wes —G,. nie (eel > Be we Be Vint : Or BPTI ccs £ca e a aa WIL wy eee \y sist i \h\b\b\b) bho) DLLLELUUUY IL \ a Oe lala is rh Vabad PRMAALYL WD Urwsterd= mnaiimuue — Pemine. 6 fempor tine A di } a $+ po ytle toh Cam a TE enswan tavtenk men ere : “ mee be beee emprsion Hele. aved = ote ayo “ merc = Hose age 4 panera [fade] § & came 7 Heat eqeted 7 cay man face > en PCE ios , — (eel % aA cavabet yo — “Mt = c? Ob gevaler leah qadhen On is ene Tans” The oye with atti Nyy 7M al 2 Mier fH Bayan nthe Cp) 44 is re tatio of tm tat] fvl/ain pabo tte afmchowetric. fuel Jae wths CM 2chval AD rrichimste'e sepa de. rahe, f = ab Relate aire fuel neato (2) The Inverse of sqrivalrce nao (6) 1s known 2S rebate aie fuel watio ( >) | ut cen “i atk: - wee? CP? sdeictiomstric = (Me) acted macy paremedens altecting. indicated ethela 4 agra dene,’ wich & “tbe ealld te fol ernversin “ fre. reso Of Thee weet mabpoh furs wgele. im Me elvis] Ande orwrpy piven we . P hi mp Bun mw ¢ Bu 4 Iyndiceled 2 Fie! spe promt , homidity and fempratn of fra Gmbienb “ar , : ; , altect jnimceL inh am anginte | bn aiven ompinr Apecd : dhe. olv= mens Fino vende and gree poe wtp ig ebro = Aled ag ree ere poumlna PPL PITIPPIHARARARANARAAR Mee o ~ - Qe pri AQ afbdury 42 . fia , . e ede 4 al > Wf wen mayer assumpbens ideal ee ack > > Preouss Assumptions > : a y Cavnpraossion my Adiabatic & reversible = Then, iserrbeepic) => D combos o Aasbatic = TEI trmbustin © cemptte, C4 ) . ‘ pence. 9 everett 2 = Pa ame venteorel > 4) Exhavet 8 \otate © Peaiaoahe caller? = es ve exes cc wit OP & botternn 2 “er Kocherge wr Uy Linder VE > nm Aileen aetoSG open Ve) ancy Bee - ; m Ive * exwanst poses \ | velrity etects vegt ye * pdeal 3 chvndend. ope Taoxl engin uy clo. Vredels vernboined vay ow aeepl tots ave vewater|_ deat. yoo wel tne pest Fie teemapurrie hee azine aye pees manighe sera me are urhw., Pre jiactreatV pet pe Ve eal tee eyelets videl ght eqele' Tab ig Cp Oe te tent il tivngh Hee prom, ey Fuck aire Cele aralyats: —> Tdeal engine cycles tombired. wrth, morte, neatichte venwrlalg ete woven (UA propertea — Frozen mich of ideal qa Jor. the unburned mixhe. and = ation pais for dhe Maarmed wicdhwne, — SB clea feb ain wyelen amd ptide Fomor, qpaunttative istorii a . operation - Se be ascumplinns ane— {) tomgotitlen of volourcind wairtnac 18 wet chong [Seren] Yh en | Svan qe mich is Qn eal briven. aot Te iene: tte, ive Untunital tanec linn 1 Tb ea equi LV em. TR squat, eb preanien and assuph ew ave AnZ S Reversible * adaarteatic tom prego, of mutt. ef arc, fuel vapowl, wend natidnat gan weitewl 7 chamae- "in chews ureipow' ben» 68 & lope orev’ Hi en [tt trate Vite, on Unite purrwne 07 evalamte premarel] porittenh bet Lage, do Barnes Geo in hail, apr Ubi ’ eat Rete sdirbatic akpawairn fh Pe bene, roe WA ravi iy Uma. eyelbriwn _ yoseb Wael. adi abet exlwne} Wlevbeun and Lis preemies with be bol gro fly23 in Comp Se hin, sees Te T SESS SS os SeiameeeessdTsSsaaasas © Fae thle prowess with adiabatic, mul Welwaun to duh ga 2 Frugk within” fi | See sis eel caeze: ES) Pct eT 39@ Praca py diagram of « lam oF an per crpanded ¢h engive sg an a aga ah » uv vil. pyr & slake fo /feo oem neuanun oof te o on ba ym ded oy le y 44 - te qe pressure cathy, We vglindet ofa tenenli ont set 5 ? Frown vhede enue at achat a yatike. spend, We qnerler them te etek pene P qe Nabe enemy oF te i ae pre eytindan gene ch ths pack i— Yee” iin fe egal Ts then, ign a a diger picbed- \n the. axhowrt Me vo | Aad ew expamits uitidn [he nde wor avoir blew down, pene engine. egfinde yo jn ewone ME in he fqn psn eae erties yr me point A‘. 3 hk axhauak gtr ‘mm this vet enp rds ogc iS Argth. Te tnlebe Pret 5 beh BE Umuen bnok 4 s maa =~ 4 ores Mog ber ADD dingream Hed Ley Me th the tenvenhina- ye ev Bow ful imps + Moby inenong The rypre's effoemy » erate? © ) Signet —tnerese in efi He tics q ated Prperisily Tew Ss re etal 2 PP Verprrirny rebe S Ve, c= Me nk re tan gays i make, Tes Mfvy As Po The millet ache hee me pump wok the Sie alicia te Wagan. — ~ an oAR@AARSSSALHKKKK TESS ERALL gn Prratran variation SE dns cele tan be oblninad Wp ae volebe are ib vot Hlea, ord the Wodabe vale ve olesed, afte BDL. Ween Wis is dene. oe % thet daring the. eortive [niebe Atri, bebe pee ETE 1d then Soneed back nh te ‘ vaonifel) be foe Hee tale vale deter inboles :Te results thay bP PDB eg The nek indiahe Wede Ds Ayan Te we wi tiln Wwrp AUDA ay Yr. val of Vr pyern ry pay oF ually wy eis TT with exprrirn rely 10-1 RAV lle aude. with fanbehinget or Guperchargen ep SF fe Intehe valve is escd bBDC , kay then duly Ls plc vite de the yin en ib wosliablg: foe vie, Mat . OF re pele, valve is closed a BPC +) the Gall dic prone yetume is filed with at ig expe ube agen before iy Urged. (5-), 4 Treiten ™, ls win & Bel ond in the ogi le ak the Atak of Lanprunion , umalting iin Law ovtpul- per Espirament md ler ind ALD een zee pree Te nnbernck Ms, Maley ve angles randy, pupurchagsd py handhunged wit, peak (rte onenifp la prenwie As \n 20 L pa,Bre specific vee —y Kee Aire glonderd Hiller oycte for 2 four shehe. egile st give aapri ppd with a bboy , drama wall than tard leben vee Unwing he pe ge the ungire Tre yee wht Be be beJe[e Pe BSE 56 pave Losin den bebe b-9-% 9-3-4 - 5k.SM APAD Ue Wy Up Up Up tp Ne ID td ld ID Na Jo lo To 4 AWai tabelity analysis oT ng = ye. = Ewngy ¥ breat an High gete me wetune high giro = eyutrsion Cd dunt newt Sssier + Prien reco here Frouss * Art Ans} ne med bbe ehh abl te hyn’ hams, lao Ish Jaan : \ Foor com’ t bee destrmyed oy Cheabed «te ohm he Area shred * Qed veo. Tonk enteopy of om igabbed cyskan am mevet_ dosmane, over Hirt and % ommbmt TE amd. ong 16 all peommen oh Tawertss ble. Enchepy « The mea oF 2 systems Metal ey pet unit fmperatrs = tht is unaiiable fre being, “seh | wiesle ~ ws Avila tre a port vy elaas fied ‘nate tur pine ete ~ fot oF oman} and umes gach sung fe dene is nol dott bg ws bo Raped high gimde fo lew gre ert pi as heat dit te ermbaclhm, ee ben gale omy reach wn well mm indaral oneregien me Righty Sema tre nettles © Cenvarsien Game firm oh pang me oe imbewt- ,L Me. thal- : or Gand low fe Peamengioi? me Seto tin, beak beat bob vow, 15 revert, possible. + The in sp ro qe ayy wie, ie poste fre omuenaion ' yo ded as avdbh pwryy [ari ratte. omy PAS ate. : veh whi = ie | the ninirneen Nas, uve tee _ ick tet det alige deatenysd pe reget HE Ne We? * heb and ww }b Lompartigiten wath Real engpme eelen ha wal eae ‘ent pabica aye hee Te = . geome bit umspremiinn, nahe . dant Mo Hedeate atenenan tn pannus EE OO mone pert pf the. lem pawn peer eutese fre ole ele . * a are dasing Ee inl wave go" de be own nee Bee neal engire style, poraes foe the emyre fell — sev le ae | aL ake eyette puma fe ha ebro Be te follewirg mere 9 Yaak freon farm be bend grote by fe weall3 - aa ee ks KAS ASASAAAAAAAAAAARR(9 Pyrite. dams peeqtced to burn tus ebrarye D Exiresh biradron toss dune to opening exhrewst valve bede BE + a) Ges tee yrtp DUI as tnd nde yout piste ergs pee motion 8) Two pi the chee Aer He fue : _ fo. the igeiter is dene abet wee 1° of TDC- ee te eavTwe. Laks bs worm op?" o = = v 1 ip dene ty tems . ct Fe DE mn Lmsep 0 jo ot \ : fo ae En is ila tame or pide rus de ws le ta poe? gad! dl Pact ire, Pears (PT ar 4 > Loss r ~ ig, oor he Wen. end denne reote- pases ‘ 5 5 Me y o> Te bee 4 12 pee boty Fre OF _ —_ —+ Crertia eftects © Walage — Ag the egtinder propane Inouanen , qao Finos Wte envi [a fra penton of cherie vile] tich af Te rege hebween the picten, piste He tb atl. nat bua Leay er py gy wad This, portion raven dowin-up Al Tl — Lane tna well Asignd-— aid mam bwand engine is omatl- — Al tee d re. latter stoger Ar comer ‘apd dung eT mul FF ewie and. lpalnge— _— Rrype fom pucature. rartmal lg gO cthely edna the eybnden penne ning aucivg Umbra i helms te vale tet TWD atfects Went ther. yo bade TRIE rs posit fo pret, ee kemporato fhe ahhiLiemeg- tarot jretenae prone « deep But for IL. elety of fhe, oom pours > Tee 16 mm ened 07 f Gos. toss Rr esstmf « _paosor sre MSf SSS SSS Ss aseeeanddaasAarn etWe Va Va ta to fa fe fa Ta Ta ta Ta SSS) = . > : . j SVT on Self \T on Self Farichon fempratane. and Kavele. cha iractete ho of | TCE fuels > as the lowest dompetahne ak which ang fuel is vel Varnted ustheuk amg dey inftuenc on iggihen initahng. prow» The noel. reartng of phe faxes ane im reuyh | propprtin 4e decuarer rapid YO uuared? ome vie gre vd igahen Jemperatvur « ao the bayth A the chan Be Hy dnecenbey veven + Te. SIT fuel + mh poegnsting Send eit Wage enbniva. , fre maidebity OF tre helt fre SHE pet pneapeg md fe OE paren be fond SIT iy ee 5 atiely ton a bee a + The besa deere CN el fe SNE) bob ine Vgriire™ fompnb ite : aay Qk for cle fae LC nea teak. bY Wane ae ati ng! mm ache eating EO Vneunlvoy the molle esmmprensien tub hep ee dan been ae gd Th Ki ye fre octene tre. fuer tom wi thilmd bateve ahsbane rcohing The, recent reals fore wee Levelt. vs wpen Swegstearee bux decane. ard bp Fey thy % Wwonth ‘ thane and AS eh ruapec tty * btieegh ryun mad ertacked Svolb } vay teehee Urmperent= > stright tn fools pia ae ha Ait & delen fom th bs Fe FO au fn fret! a4? ‘lyhe — stesafh ~ ae ron nega, satel “ cis td steht ree one? foe, Geeta ad ne eel tn reo bre, tam boa pire Grely hth annigrs? volun Bh toe ooee PPP PPP PRPERARABRRRSS RangoonNo Youre m sie 2ClE 2 3 SIE knocle: wnocking in spow ke ignition ongine occu S whe urmbuston Op he aix /twel mixta in ere eyUr dey doom stu ott correc lty. ‘i Respows. to Larition by Ke sak. ply a bub tne on mone pockets af are sfwol wixte, explode oubside. the evvele pe of th, torent eombuhn feonh - The fuel aire change yw omeank tbe ignted. ey we spoke. pg trig ato 2 precise pith in me pishn give. Kerk, occu wer tre peal, oh Me nm Lamgor ween ab The opie By termbpustt oN — precens TT reeronh for Ane “foun strobe te - Ps owvld wet BR eembanedl ity pela tion~ LoL nel is ts Tey we te gepomle. events, Heinen, pre —ipniten TT “iy unmatig, falliised leg Manele Use. of beo tT octen pemven, Fuel. Waeans, SFE eves 5 G CIE Keds SF Ch engine nuns on g fel ey +. S Lys edfars rember 2 Tits wat Fe Hem lend Se et bre counel bey YP xy wapid tromlomation 2 cena the ome a Verge Hpsiin telng pout, fo ince duning ths pod fuel, i injected Gnd mixen with —ein fo fren 3 ermbwetlole wx twa — dgrition crow only af the pen tew present “and Jemperatune —< hrave, Beem abwve, wrtns ho. Leite Gre ouldemb fine Kowdeing- is mene om Less vpwodable in Lierel ore n furl. is inqeded. ith Wattle vomprered. airy fear ly Pre ek Bh tre umpversitn Eberle. Thre ‘ya Ode deg bepoun fhe fl. berg ifethed an L temdaahen setting | Py thy, fins rw ty ahndy 2 aan il fel inte Uembawabiin chile. agile AIL tyne fier in aren A quale yy dommty polly te uw Rim A fe vemplile. dane TAS eddan fnetanon “ he Ustnebve_ yn pres md Jemrperatan ress o Tasitien Delp up . a CE engine prone ig ot oreet og bebuen! Hee fel being Vita md Vemiundion ghnting. “Ts WEBS se lan Hi Quine Hin lng + ign 7 : fo fecen er wortanatlelee yrbttene + dyin dob pots 6 Crmpose Phyneal dokeg pa amd iat! deine pg Lebep te choandea deg = iqpritien daly per dete => fnjoe y drop nab ydul f hen fe “ ‘a 1 - Droplet ale : : : fg poured feel wXer with dy a werr er ee eT TRS TASKS ASA ASS SSSSASAAAASAAR Choyiel tley > mild op & reaSial cenbaah'on ob fly,Cr a ch inode 6 oharcackerized. bay sudden 4 urmpasibion tbebecen Knock 16 SE engine Be mitre. nat fre. tnd AE fre tember ab -ignitien pried + Kenia im en maine is chyanchotizel — ey Sudden, * ele we tra ‘Mom beginning” of cateiqniin Sh be wnt hone. ce dn or unpre perce bela aelf Lym ecuune Weak fre ond Ch he pemune nyse. pou? , yd ce engine, vnemtalled sl ‘grit ox fre me ou bepng TE be perme rie 2% a) bbb sa rb bb | ri = Time somamlishate degrees MULL TinUntawrestere. clhietenert Volemetrs e elficieney- OL an engene is device as Me eatin Sth aelval mass OE aig Inducted by he angling om Meine Atreli fe te tedredicaf amass oF airy Phat plea feve. been In dected oy Filling. the piston Succewen)” wim uth ae ab abmasphouic ferrpor ttre. 3B Prertidts Ng = vOut aliens Vactvat a Mactval _ "ineovelical = Ma te ‘ hy} dee} mie OE RY g lead wm ah Speed < yd =, wands Sine 9 opale om igh ¢ i A a foiely detvite & hernnyerv> wixtoue Ske fe . ts A the combi ho : be. ne om afl ae be abie aneay, ye to be pre pageted Hevnnpfinad — the. mirth fh . he dort ‘4 the viual meow fb obahi ng, thig aire wol- tatio dhLe mixture, _arerrrtr RSS SSISSsosdssamemamiaananocarsmee\"3\ 2 @ © @ 8 a bb bb WW b bl » bUbbby ve vbue = NV Fel hort le Limteivg ori basic ports wk a cinple tp -dvart a fel onete with uctn'ng tan Pre Ploak berber Tlboheedes the ta venbr, a nweweit Ae fel a throtitt. d 2 chet - drawn Fig. Caroveetore t orifice, eure i9 1 ahenk atwosphedc on fe the vented Because of fe. smaller deareter Anew " 7 of dne treat of the venta, tre velod Hy \p fre ot Yroen ™m tnhr, 4S prere bec ., pure ak tho Hip Of he wepele, re, i apm fro pres (te ovr de el is ess aq the prance Ltlauner , Lnal obowmbs » Be- te dee et Hew, AL Ong | — ana poe ae OF the imefercig, orbits. Pak them pe pe_s Nola Ahal- ik toe mei ped HL by. pe ata ine yore. aun Be alt ig drown Hew fhe vontwe ands Ahwerbye, a quate prerrwe drop Is duabd amd a georertionnly qielr amveunf- Ap \ spt poh the od AL aie teurlwutoe iy The ee sin agpvowinal a vst rote eefereen the lit and fuel thvtmgtinnd— re ped Mam Of He beg > pe vlve ul? devote, wy the wrthwuter — thgtrinet— Ye pasegeny Be aby fool mix foo Inte teeth pratpld, A definle Aped com be. umintainsd why roping de hele godt me neladin fh the bord fn hake vabe] |” [ Choke. Le Af angine fb medeve. an addihevot > BSBSSRNSAAASSSGcAcanananae be enab Fe ar ie rach mio] fre starting, Phen i, dhs vnc, ip wld. Note fink cleing The abe ee. ae t a ee onetion By the wagine. fo be ccd —s ay wm de fol nor. hil brachial ms 2 " fies Ge are omit, rootrttings Are a “TL fa_ ots tnabestien ] constant vil provers ’) Gowpred Aine fuer mich Sngaction — plug? lg, eave fe tod | rade, | ety | Heaw 4. —_ al1 poi Dyout bea sngine, [A ventone |- compara \- Prerel ingens Aro ypletot milesge , 25-30% enone ts tose carey dwn qr —— Jh dipall arypre {howe 16 wo spake peg = piston povdueen eatto ignition ; — lesy a oriysim 1 Dien engine bo | = Diz] erfine fea mone Pr , ®ve Shot enpice Ae Ha be we fee _— Pebol Inge isa Righ oped engin < \ pedol Ebi peg ee [ASS ne e'y fv o \ raiabe nan Quel “i vepace. Wt het Nox bisterch, fre emer Ree] erin “gets tm Les Probe qin shes 4 crab cle] _, win fra amine Apued they Stra, eyele gives deibl. yor’ —-gZ epee haha As bulky roteupies Ain floor ale,ts BQ Ble i lighler Aegon and gins = wore. vnechansteL abhueney, Sy athena alctoney Is Wis tm 2 Atiohe, ab Ran Joy ermpeseen rate than 4 strobe ty bese Im Ay atrebe F Overall cftiioney ay be al ego tes 2 Dug hor oped ferporture_- — fhe vepaum phen 12 etoke an a Ya goNnty ing) C f= - what : Wi in 2, strobe eel TS = Types oF oeawen oe TE ga sie syle tr te gion Bete e act te axhavst Poors Te trails twas PH pwhun Fast a fo antoke posts Be yncoveud. Host tk fs rene “ the oytindat ‘m am exhqver dlowdown prowas . x 1 By rm J seul ptt ee vena te iu Soi ~ sed in te CaM Which has ee ay tu. oqlindens the. iv oming, Con fron piven) Strvors ™ . dnives vba Th rex rg, lounn’ fon Te pla - fash cra ae fee ae te optntet, This prourt a dain, mt fhe remand NE NS= ara by imurning feosh. change is kymon ap . scavevginy’ . 5 Te pier. g the ports ane general /reaped. te deftee~ ohareg® foo Aimsrnge directly inte the the 'mcorning- edaust yor p> achieve. fective seaveuagiver oF tre reshiual GH fo we priten o exhast 2 mee reotess can be classi Ged = Accord cportte (valve)> seovengivg P' ‘nto S categornes- » Gites seaengyry ) Koop convene w Uniblow /Horovgh ceaengiyy) Creeg- scavenging? dm se seavernginy’ Awe. m_ tppos tte ides BL yylinder ab ome und viwn hes deflects to defech He incoming chery hemes pravent direc Bente The exbeaust pod vmlek @ oxbraush poste ane ths piston 2 yo wo oH HRAKEKEHKKAHAAAAAAAAAAASR &< op Scene § Sak Aw ‘met pots sre por wean, trislend 4. avings & fom The hawt ports, the Valet: ee ee tema a ommpiele \erp "Woofer. noachivg fhe. exhawsh gastage 4 » {sis aha “Vea seoMenging a Unites oF Ahrengh Cosergyint) Tre, other unifies sytem wash etmek yet ain axhaua volvo vse ‘wl i +g echawgt— — nden aad 06 Voted Furbochnnging t Inter eus Lg, bra SEe > Bane jy larget thay otek > Smaller Sel orifice. -s1205 and sac volume. b dddsddaaicasaca b Sac hak 1+ Ua summa" 28 oh vw . ‘ead is a Small velatme within fhe fut fies qalh oF an ebctmic fuel inyeetor gt 6 defined ay The volun betwerin the vate geal: ( Fe hak Ry par) enh dee attest’ fe me final metexivh ortfie. Of the injector. fhe eng. maximal tev que gruuna al ear leat rap. then |The P fer ynayimwun- peset’? > Peal trae appear anew in Tnx Rem cong Poeaune AL tre pre's volumetric. etiam avec tr > Voluuttnt. attamery - fbish yom mewn § the wagine nent tapevily wave from the, favo ( dove Yea] tayar he ~ onygereded fouls. Ee {! “ss Bast fasaits : " adda Git debetehdeldla ta 2° dea Speed) Boo fell, deabout: Youd Hh hee oporm “7 a tae and aga aloo value ab Aighor Bpem — m a > Ayo. wwarcn fox thy in bw 2 h pistm and. a Atha, valve ering - fi Ln 06 , te nied eh Ta for a bongo dime bub fae Auction in the svg is lag = shes NOT ts - because the pisten nes Basler pe vd) . —> Boowe of ts alte ble. ‘pats ow angie It tase thon whale if Wraximun posstiat A tra engi® m if peed the Naor ih spe vests yom. ration IED mater the LV NE intel. ynane. Brae ary with each strobe, TNs secoaneh Me. VOlunnity it pihideey uafuich peal ‘ ine wd, ae 3 poctonat ape s antn eo Or aerate the ope loser ot the rhe, veloty amd Tris 5 an ‘i coun, Avsey ond WASH ain te ha bal in pe7 stole . fo athe , Sf ae see p tre volved see, tr ecg pefrels Hy behav. pee oom lok > Now eaming ** Pr 8 peak Wen ayy Tova: Hp? Core] NANVVLLELL LEGO LEE VDDD EDO U GG | |Spo $7862 (perl) poset = Teqat Speed Lepr] t Fall yond. a = frenthngh » tte fear Me 5 mie Pea Keabn Rem, “Ae ergre et ley no tt ye vont fred balay Cn a rere oh tet Tbe aaa ee © ae a Qed owe WL wnt ts step aptaond ( “ale ey wane. vil de fell dou and. Bawene ‘fli Hho ed a, te > aon after PL. dram pvervioo the robe a he | uk fr we patina, golf riphtnent) recun Wher > TL Speed te band aaa manoe PR ISAARDSSSSSSSSSASASS AS:AI = >) plata to) rl loll, rnvbl wo 98 & oo wa \ ds) bobby OMe weet TT vbdad SUVALL Ranges 6h ASF teatiot nonmat The peal percating range for cenYensiond gx. engjne using gasdine fuel ts 12<-Ve <4 > Foe cr engines oth. diesel fuel jt if Be Me E70 Tuo Groke cycle PY diagram * SIE -2 Ghd cycle — rR 3 . [Bs : 5 > Theoretical PY diagram Attval = wr -otrnke sx engine ei. parvo, ye % a ? WN P ee = —S Thovebich PY degum™ Acta pay ding rae A ty pike cL -engine- oe Ves std op NGS) ,, Rdahenship betwee =f int |ormane s. Pavawelocs, i ee From the definition of engine prom, mean offective preecsuree. fuel, conversion efficiency » Gal ain) ratio apd volumebric effidemncy He fellewing relationships behwen engme percforterance ules cm he developed » LPo mer, a Var My] atdewet) 4, 2 Po fui Fast coms ET TE a pene SMB Tre hel umvewsion efited is Udined tthe tee prafio k Leben Te Usefuh mmechgn— ‘ _ Ww kal cour, peeBuad keg the me. Baw engine and te thewcetrct . ys -_ Moa a envy unter’ OF as Bj bas > tmetuhen eftiueney Ae Is dokinsd to far tue frack'm Ae fuel Mok bun. Ty prially Me ta, alata on the remip- Oy path 69g , Whe engin. oprwtes . Q im 2 Mp Bite Fie shady hte Bin =p Govte we nnd eo ating + ee hy Me ij -wt a — olf me Bie Fei. manna’ 5 soahedaaaaascanaacs aa nao Wriddddd beAF? Sian a oh > la tole o “ bub Ur BODOG SEE 6 & Or arar Ai “1 Py 7) re Lad OOS e ULE TT Wan, We woe of ome aycle w= foe mE = mass of fret fre ore cyte n'fs brass flow pode. of fuel Ow = Henhing vale OL fed Ne = feel ceri cthven Thermal oft eney Trent ethidemy emilee Given insicated og bwake , depend rg m whedut jniiuded worl or balsa peer ss ured - Se fotmes the Un giat ect tale 5 wen ea. aa = Mob theme is 3 ‘t 1 wor embhave. indicoled thensf aihciewcits! 1 Ue tox be 967, -ith bratea thew een, eg er bee bral — Ena the ery vtactg abet Bor game CL ing’ Hunmet ete greater from ser. Fre a vig: gee of ore yt tre fewer can be weit. fret yy Tesi dette. Nyelwmetste eth derey me = tat a> Kn “Se eke ele inte te anpine Cor ugebinian Df 4 ey Ue rg HE Wa = SY sete ft ebe pi ink I engi Rn AT ates valle ab abi ype wm dih'ro in = dee Bre ony Vie ars plete wiles + oe yin ee a Newb SP peratuh', par cycle,4 An engine ig numni with an a ful reatio + Given SRA Ne er fee oe eyes. my tigen yy bay Ake Io 2 frst Mehing valee 6. 44 oxo “ug . and 4 Wwwmlurtion eth lean, For. bits, Rete of furl flo inate Me eugina_ ss brah Heprset_ ath. ar es Bs Tndieber Menmaf sbideneg 4. ntunstri. dhicieney we Bewle Apeehe twt wrmumphm . aie a ce. = 0-08 0-96 33 by a mes "Upp = Gut per yer - ro fere. the, reste of Awl Hee Mes (oro "Ye —egie) Tints Ta py e 2 (640% (2G em x( 4 fe nM Joddeeetesdeedeensiisss = vegpbo Wy /tee brake tuawmf 2 Weer] oy iii5 je Ae” ay ssh ayes Wes Sule ~ Geman Him Iya = 6302 =3%2°K ng _ . rile (yy? "Zee be 7 Gerv003 ny ee =. 6 367 —(BR) Tndiceted Horm etre ra ME _ 0S 56-358 + 3857. boi Or) = hes [awwrirg me Donte] athisermey ne FT: yew vit A ek @ Veunbrte they sexe vs b.ood Go Wy “eo = a) s oor FT” iN Gas! Me fmd (eon) = g8ht HEF 7" Bric. Apel te. vila ( © wé - 2 0ThD LA lsee wfc = We” BPR eo eI? Ls gee Machen ica! 2ttetone * The. ectie yan esha fe indieated arabe, tw the eavnluvohitn chawelaer| Arh Te pocthanice| -¢ Arlene Bom i - eo Ww, ve My = — * Wig Bi Qe bred, woe, Ob Hea Fix on evgine ith fone &, crank olltel a, shel Length farmirt Ob 9m erying. apeed IN. Ni - ® g= qa 5 vi The awe waaay. pido speed 1 Uv, = @SN The dish Loefirecy the crank, Rib udxisk ph axis is given by B= 00086 + Rae *| ew, am orank. effet [es Fo= conrecting ned Length, { Ee 2 vemk angle, wich ib mead /) pw: From tre qylindin cmberling and ig pro afhon the pitten 5 4 > Bigpcement vilame of ewaph valu, Va = (Ya) Bs Fre ct engine with Ne egtinden, Va = Ne Om) oS ash for all ts > Te anda Vilenae att omy oromle angle ip ays Ver (784% (eras) te dan autrndlale. fat, + thmec Biller sve og Tn ‘Nok operates en a fray Shou epee ot-30m mpm The- temper’ paho 16 9. 5S the. teossth i Kon Lewech ya ped 6 eG Om, dn Mel encnn, ty pare (BS) + AP TNS Spd rurmlahin be df saaaaanauaags, vou ve anced sna aitis ans ey r st bidetEEE OUT OH SL MeN OO OA Dy dy ip Ma Me Ua bo to ta Ia Ip lo Jo to fo as wie 2 A 3 aTbe . (alate — oun 4, Optivden bere obrche Wang g. Ruenge eon eed > . an veluma Fh. ma tina Go Protea tee piste tao tree See iii Susi den bom. & style luxdh caps ook = beep Sm My = Meni, = + ee co = (Ju) a 0 eos = (4) ® p= robe m= > Thurs by on a picten ened 2 (a. stra /nass) (0880 Myre) x (dere he) Jo, F2. m/sec « Arnmge Te = 23 Clean lume. oF me cyjlindet / fe oe POM, - Grr : Yu = CoO oy, bre Ve berm 0 oP = sp em?@ ister pootre? As = weet See eae a Z om 204 {C1 — G36) 20-0492 has) g 6, bm Ss tS. . Seem TRC Ae distr ye nia-$ = beh + oy — 8 20S = b, O53" ZA lat bution chamhot wale oes | fe Ret he +m (Rtas) fen 2 pind Hera Aven ar Rider awit ome - Mabe "rn Seto) worl « = Caeess “tne — Ging rad =G@ro) (etd =e Arc EE ae epee? nborteaya - oe Pte _aovoo PC Limemedeggassadassss:CA's LL Ft, Grobe woole 4 Exebeding Feito Lees. the 1h wa of, peak ef the work's Brolin wmode , ie Ta we Mechaniel aida = Brana weve en ‘ of < thule w. raed ee Seb eh $0 eee ab cHivlemey, IS cr B5—257.. ar arm i er = Wi -we] er < si Dynememter Sas Engine frame iy ertmaily reas? nth a tne” FT Tu engine. ie Camber om a bak bes Fee FS nd th shaft ip emt b Bae fee dyvrmemutoe rote f ie “The netee if vuphd cleetrrmeplidy th ear cell — : els badvambicalhy, a6 bg mechanic ES brim tow otek, eh re 1 Jn bow Pichon | Schematic ob evince iii ta Ppa an Fh dywemenite IY y ST TT mang sg babe Hee 16 balanced tobe hang ee eote hn shir with hie ae i funn. inom) eer halves ny fhe Airtoy- vstighle, popings Oe Preview?3 fe bee HE ented ey flu engi vans 7, Ts Eb ath i pot P delivered by the Pog. we sorte) tn dynemorofer 1S fe tree and ory Spee Pech po 2mnT ak A vag or Mean eHlechve, — prebrune Crnep) ws (rp) Av wpe “Yay = WK, Aw = Yeon —Vaoc vue, wc wrk ene cyte vo = speech’ wore, Ma = dipper terest On, => Veen geet Pesswie lea ged ote engine wit, pad oe apr kucrmoe. Vb 1s independent ois engine amd Cperd - re —> Go trae 1s wed fe proyi WR um pall t Donna © oa (ih a mf ’ > oye aa googa Angew eayrne Wil, aboaps feale baller, IF pet's wed. & the compat ein j ape becom NEB “apastamt + Pralae menn dice Po prep = Wey r _ % Trait? mean pllcetive prdouns impep * av 4 Wi) goss waPipms = COE /ae Gortp yeh = Wdwe fie fomp wer alechve, pvesguae. whch Lam he he wakes Tove = Pert / gu. Friten ten thee hve. perme > frp = Va. as ener = geet rt 4 bret? ag ee OH prep = me OP _ imp — for = VTecqve. & hover] Tor i 2 prod inde goa seyioi wip te de work, . at iF ddined Leven stig Agem diene amd tt hy, pf Nom oy tbe SE en nel? de work. by . art ewe = bmOMYn Yon, We c brate wu. i owe. news wli Nes dig pecan — vdurne mn = womb grew lab roo pet aye. 4g Fev ag bow Strole yt. engine wih, fe eye fee ech pevstufien Ont =™%= GremMe Tukey T= (omep) VA Som (bro heb) chal eye eng that der te rexelufia, ee si Te Chee M fa —> fh 4 Su ol} Example go.Lrdkesabelt] (4 greta) The + gree ‘ny look TE¥len % caved fb a Mpromvownetes ugh ques g bral ula freq readhay SL 205 Nem ob Sim R¥m , AL divs spud. av ender he ey nba ote BS tp, amd GOO, pond Thee ielwnel Hibs eney, a sen h SAO AaAm «a Hdhe 2 foes iy ¥Gy. Caledele — x, > a frictie romm zHtec He pone Bs Povey tole do feictim 7 Peoke = Worte pee unl 4. lomalce yon Q+ Frdicaled pH %. lonwhe vem oltective many oft ge_in he p resin We vy ln wde/t. 4 Drdicated. meom 3. bnike pope fie pour. aHechve. perm Selokion 4, Brel Power | Wee 2rNT = (7 nadfac) (28 foe riev/sec) Los Wr 2 7730 Nm (ote = FF 3 kw £. Dadicated Pract wy = We /ites |" be (333 w/e $5 "m= St = 9D9 WW = C aca Pe (Aredds S) Cros Word) / -(4 eld) (208 fea Yuu) = 959,000 Wri? 2 gor KFS 3, Ble?4. Prep = th 7 vy DD (sw Vea, Vows = ImokPa Fmep = rrep — beep = [ojo = B59 = ler kf Pract los fr fetching wif 2 We — We = 99 — FFD 2 (26 kwW | i Brae wodle pe vr ass of qne in the eqtin den Fish, brde rnd is hin. Sr one eglerdey fy fo egirdef foe [ow at \— w, = (bm)Ma = GooKPAD (9. 6506 wp) = O.4> bY. GA vm te assumed fh fe yw ender dng Mla nln a Boe is oly haa = P¥on /RT 2 (BokPa) Co ores} 0- oneeifewe kala, n) (993K) os) Bowen ce bee ee aver rame aa