Least Squares &tranverse

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NATIONAL BUREAUIOF STANDAROS-63.A
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
f-7- LECTE
MAY 10 Q85Jf
InB
THESIS
A Comparison of Methods
of
Least Squares Adjustment of Traverses
by
LJ
. Saman Aumchantr
December 1984
Thesis Advisor: Rolland L. Hardy
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
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Master's Thesis
A Comparison of Methods of Least Squares December 1984
Adjustment of Traverses S. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
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Saman Aumchantr
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19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side If necessary id Identify by block number)
Adjustment, Approximate Method, Comparison, Condition Equation Method,

Least Squares Method, Traverse, UTM grid coordinates.
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse aide If necessary and Identify by block number)
directions a method
Traverse ofis lines between points on inthe
of surveyinq which sequence
Eartha are of lenqths
measured and usedandin
determininq positions of the points. This method is one of several used to
find the accurate geodetic positions which various agencies use. Tr&Versing
is a convenient, rapid method for establishina horizontal control.
The theoretical background is provided here to explain the method of
traverse station position computations and adjustments in the Universal
D JAR 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 ISOBSOLETF
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Block 20 (continued)
Transverse Mercator grid coordinates. Closed traverse station positions

were computed and adjusted using the Approximate Method and by the Least
Squares Method. The adjusted coordinates of both methods were transformed
from the Universal Transverse Mercator grid coordinates to geoqraphic
coordinates and compared with the coordinates which were adjusted by the U.S.
National Ocean Service.
S N 0102- LF.014- 6601
2 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEWPIof Data Ent.,d)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
A Comparison of Methods
of
Least Squares Adjustment of Traverses
by
Saman Aumchantr0
Lieutenant,' Royal Thai Navy
B.S., Royal Thai Naval Academy, 1976
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

recquirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HYDEOGRAPHIC SCIENCES
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL 0

December 1984
Author: c"'
------------------
Approved by: ...... _----
on 9--
r en 7-5cefer;73
0
CBYITU?1 9 ;.K. Z53r iir ma n,
Department of Oceanography
-- 4
--------- -----------
Dean of Science an Engineering
3
ABSTRACT
Traverse is a method of surveying in which a sequence of

lengths and directions of lines between points on the Earth
are measured and used in determining positions of the
points. This method is one of several used to find the
accurate geodetic positions which various agencies use.
Traversing is a convenient, rapid method for establishing
horizontal control.
The theoretical background is provided here to explain
the method of traverse station position computations and
adjustments in the Universal Transverse Mercator grid coor-
dinates. Closed traverse station positions were computel
and adjusted usingthe Approximate Method and by the Least
S/uares Method/, The 'adjusted coordinates of both methods
were transformed from the Universal Transverse Mercator grid
coardinates to geographic coordinates and compared with the
coordinates which were adjusted by the U.S. National Ocean
Service. . .
4 -
.p , . * ,j -
-,. -'..J A, -,
..................................
:.... . -....... .... ........... ..... ............ :{:i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION...................10
II. TRAVERSE.............................12
A. GENERAL..........................12.-
B. ANGLE AND DIFECTION MEASURE:IENT........13
C. DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS................15
D. ACCURACY........................16F
E. DATA ACQUISITION........................16
III. TRAVEFSE COMPUTATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS ......... 21

A. INITIAL TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS..........21
B. COMPUTATION OF DISCREPANCIES...........23
C. ADJUSTMENT OF A TRAVERSE BY AN APROXII ATE
METHOD..........................26
D. ADJUSTMENT OF A TRAVERSE BY LEAST SQUARES
METHODS.........................28.
1. The Principle of Leist Squares........28
2. Least Squares Adjustment of Indirect
observations.................31
3. Least Squares Adjustment by the
Condition Equation Methad...........47
IV. DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.........59
V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION............66

A. CONCLUSIONS......................66
B. FECOMLIENDATION.......................67
APPENDIX A: PROGRAM 1..................68
APPENDIX E: PROGRAM 2..................89
5
APPENDIX C: PROGRAM 3......................121
LIST OF REFERENCES....... ................ 8
- BIBLIOGRAPHY............................149
IVITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST....................150
6
LIST OF TABLES
I. Classification, Standards of Accuracy, and

pGeneral Specifications for Horizontal Contr~l . . . 17
II. Coordinates of'Known Stations and Azimuths . . . . 19
III. Grid Distances and Standard Deviations........20
iv. The observed Angles and Standard1 Deviations . . . . 20
V. rata --
"r Initial Traverse computations.......23
VI. The Azimuth Calculation ............... 24
V1I. Initial Traverse Computations............25
VIII. Initial Traverse Computations (Approximate
Method with Adjusted Azimuth) ............ 27
IX. Adjusted Coordinates (Approximate Method).......29
X. The Comparisons Between the ::omputer Storage
Area and CPU Time of Programs 1, 2, and 3.......60
Xi. Geographic Coordinates.................64
XII. The Comparisons Between the Standard Deviations
of Least Squares..................65
U' 1 or 27ro
Do
7 ~ ~ n
tAijPV TE
I p
LIST OF FIGaRES
2.1 Closed Traverse...................12

2.2 Closed-loop Traverse .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13--
2.3 Horizontal Angle..................15
3.1 A Closed Traverse..................22
8
AC KNOWNLEDGEMNEN TS
I express sincere gratitude to my Thesis Advisor, Dr.

Rolland L. Hardy, and Second Reader, Cdr. Glen R. Schaefer,
foc their suggestions and assistance. Finally, I thank Ms.
Tamiara M. Hayling, Lt. Nicholas E. Perigini, and Messrs.
Mark L. Faye, Peter J. Rakowsky, and James R. :herry who
made this thesis possible.
9
I. INTRODUCTION
Hydrographic surveying includes many branches of science

for the purpose of the production of nautical charts
specially designed for use by the mariner. The determina-
tion of position in hydrographic surveying is as important
as the measurement of depth. Before determining an accurate
hydrographic position, accurate geodetic positions' for
shore control must be established. There are many methods
available to establish geodetic control in the survey area.
These methods are:
1. Triangulation
2. Trilateration
3. Traverse
4. Intersection
5.
Resection
The process of making a proper nautical chart consists, p
first of all, in setting up a framework of marks on the
ground. Before 1950 the main framework of a geodetic survey
almost always consisted of triangulation, which was replaced
by traverse if the topography made triangulation impracti-
cable. During the last decade, the introduction of elec-
tronic distance measuring (EDM) equipaent has made both
trilateration and traverse economical, and an acceptable
substitute for triangulation. In fact, it appears probable
that these new methods will replace triangulation as the
main framework for new geodetic surveys [Ref. 1]. It is
evident that triangulation and traverse are the main methods
used for establishing control. There seems to be no
'A position of a point on the surface of the Earth

expressed in terms of qeodetic latitude, geodetic longitude
ar geodetic height. A geodetic position implies an adoptel - ]
geodetic datum. p
10
.. .... -• . 2... . .. --~k.' . . 2.

. . . . 2. .'.' .. i. i . .i , ii . .. . - -i . .. ..- ,A.-- --.... A..t-. . ... .-..
agreement among the various agencies as to which of these
two methods is mostly used. The U.S. National Ocean Service
(NOS) does the majority of its horizontal control surveys
for hydrography with traverse (about 90%) [Ref. 2]. The
main factor for the selection of one or the other method
depends on the geographical configuration of the survey
project area and the availability of good EDM equipment.
Traversing is a convenient, rapid method for establishing
horizontal control. It is particularly useful in densely
built areas, when the coastline tends to be even, along a
railroad track, and in heavily forested areas whcre lengths
of sight are short so that neither triangulation nor
trilateration is suitable.
The objectives of this thesis are to show methods of
traverse station position computation and a comparison of
methods of least squares adjustment. Closed traverse
station positions were computed and adjusted using the
Approximate Method and by the Least Squares [lethod in the
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid coordinates. The
computer programs were written to calculate the adjusted
traverse station positions. Test data included those data
obtained during the Geodetic Survey Field Experience course
at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in October 1983.
The results of comparative computations are shown to
more significant figures, in this thesis, than are normally
considered desirable in production work. The same observed
data are used with each of three computational methods. It
is important to recognize that what is being compared is not
observational precision but computational precision. ience,
it is considered necessary for a rigorous comparison of
computational precision, including round off error, to show
results to several more decimal places than is justifiable
based on observational precision alone.
~11
II. TRAVERSE
A. GENERAL
Traverse is a method of surveying in which a series of

straight lines connect successive established points along
the route of a survey. An angular measurement is taken
using a theodolite at each point where the traverse changes
direction. Distances along the line between successive
traverse points are determined by EDM equipment. The points
defining the ends of the traverse lines are called turning
points, traverse points, or traverse stations. Each
straight section of a traverse is called a leg or a traverse
line.
A closed traverse originates at a point of known posi-
tion and is closed on another point of known horizontal
position. Traverse 1-1-2-3-F originates at point I with a
hacksight along line IA of known azimuth and closes on point
F, with a foresight along line FB also of known azimuth
(Figure 2. 1). This type of traverse is preferable to all
A B
I "--_____
12
.................................
1ldTae..............
• . ..-. .
7t
others since computational checks are possible which allow

detection of systematic errors 2 in both distanze and
direction.
A closed-loop (closed polygon) traverse is a special
case of a closed traverse in which the originating and
terminating points are the same point with a known hori-
zontal position. Traverse 1-1-2-3-4-I, originates and
terminates on point I (Figure 2.2). This type of traverse
permits an internal check on the angles, but there is no
check on the linear measurements. Therefore, there is a
possibility that an error proportional to distance may occur
and not be detected.
3
t 2
Figure 2.2 Closed-loop Traverse.
B. ANGLE AND DIRECTION MEASUREMENT
Angles and directions may be defined by means of bear-

ings, azimuths, deflection angles, angles to the right, or
interior angles. These *juantities are said to be observed
2 Systematic
errors may be caused by faulty instruments
or factors such as temperature or humility changes which
affect the performance of measuring instruments.
13
........................... -*-*.- ... 2-.

I
when obtained directly in the field and calculated when

obtainel indirectly by computation.
A theodolite is an instrument designed to observe hori- 0
zontal directions and measure vertical angles. It consists
of a telescope mounted to rotate vertically on a horizontal
axis supportel by a pair of vertical standards attached to a
revolvable circular plate containing a graduated circle for p
observing horizontal directions. Another graduated arc is
attached to one standard so that vertical angles can be
measured.
Repeating and direction theodolites have features that
are common to both types of instruments. Repeating theodol-
ites are read directly to 20" or 01' and by estimation to
one-tenth the corresponding direct reading. Direction theo-
dolites are usually read directly to 01" and can be esti- p
mated to tenths of seconds (Ref. 3, p. 215]. In general,
direction theadolites are more precise than are repeating
theodolites.
The direction theodolite observes directions only and
angles are computed by subtracting one direction from
another. Assume that the horizontal angle AIB (Figure 2.3)
is to be measured with a direction theodolite. The theo-
dolite is set over point I, leveled and centered, and a
sight is taken on poirt A. The horizontal cirzle is then
viewed through the optical-viewing system and the circle
reading is observed and recorded. Assume the reading is
450 02' 40". The telescope is then sighted on point B. The p
hocizontal circle is then viewed through the optical-viewing
system and the circle reading is observed and recorde:.
Assume the reading is 1240 11' 59". These two observations
constitute directions which have a common reference direc-
tion that is completely arbitrary. The clockwise horizontal
angle is
i = (1240 11' 59") - (450 02' 40") = 790 09' 19"
14
-. - . .'..- '~..-.-. -... -.. - .... ... *.. . • .-.. . .- - . .i . .i. - :. . .

II I
A1
I
BI
Figure 2.3 Horizontal Angle.
C. DISTANCE nEASUREMENTS
There are several methods of determining listance, the

choice of which depends on the accuracy required and the
cost. For example, tacheometry, taping, and EDI equipment
can be used. The general availability of EDM egauipment has
practically eliminated the use of taping for the measurement
of traverse lengths. Accuracies are comparable, or
superior, to those obtained with invar tapes.
Distances measured using EDM ejuipment are subject to
errors arising from the instrumental components, calibration
of the equipment, inaccuracies in the meteorological lata,
elevation discrepancies, and centering of the instruments or
reflectors. The reduction of measured distances involves
converting the slope distance to a horizontal distance,
converting the chord distance to an equivalent arc distance,
and reducing the arc distance to the ellipsoid. The reduc-
tion of slope distance to horizontal distance is necessary
to compensate for the difference in elevation of the end
points of the measured line. The horizontal distance is
15
1.5.. . . - . .. . . . . ' < '- ['

reduced to the geodetic distance Ly applying a sea level
corrector and a chord-arc corrector to the horizontal
distance [Ref. 4, pp. 124-125].
D. ACCURACY
In general, the accuracy of a traverse is judged on the

basis of the resultant error of closure of the traverse.
This resultant closing error is a function of the accuracies
in the measurement of directions and distances. The classi-
fication, standards of accuracy, and general specifications
for horizontal control have been prepared by the Federal
Geodetic Control Committee (FGCC) 'Ref. 5] and have been
reviewed by the American Society of Civil Engineers, The
American Conqress on Surveying and Mapping, and the American
Geophysical Union (Table I). The third-order traverse class
I and class II are of particular interest because these are
the orders of accuracy the hydrographer is usually required
to accomplish.
E. DATA ACQUISITION
The data for this thesis were acquired at Moss Landing,

California, by NPS Hydrographic students during the Geodetic
Survey Field Experience course in October 1983. All of the
known station positions and azimuths (Table II) were
adjusted by the Coast and Geodetic Survey by third-order
methods [Ref. 6].
The distances were observed by using a Kern DM102 and a

Tellurometer MRk5. The Kern DM102 is an electro-optical
distance meter. The measuring accuracy was ±(5 mm + 5 ppm)
The Tellurometer MRA5 is a microwave instrument. Precision
in terms of probable error, in the temperature range of
-320C to +440 C, is ± (5 cm + 100 ppm) for a single
16
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TABLE II
Coordinates of Known Stations and Azimuths
( T grid coordinates ,
Station Grid Nort ing Gril Easting .
Moss 2 4,072,555.85206 608,279.04404

Holm 4,079,258.31754 612,238.85256 i
Grid azimuth clockwise .

from North Azimuth I
0
From Moss 2 to Pipher stations 100 16 23.772 I
From Holm to Moran stations 136 33 26.334
determination. The distances were observed in the field,

cocrected by temperature and pressure for propagation error.
Unfortunately, meteorological data are generally acquired
only at the end points of a measured line. Using the mean
of these meteorological values only approximates the actual
conditions of the entire measured line anJ does not
completely correct for errors in the propagat-ion velocity of
electromagnetic radiation. By applying the elevation, sea
level, and scale factor corrections they were reduced to UTM
grid distances [Ref. 4, pp. 124-125]. The UTIM grid
distances and standard deviations of the distances were
determined in meters (Table III). -
The angles were observed by using a Wild T-2 theodolite.

To ensure the correctness of the beginnin and ending
azimuths, a check azimuth to a second station of known posi-
tion was observed. The angles were observed at stations
Moss 2, Mossback, Dune Temp, and Holm (Table IV). All
observations were made by NPS students and conform to
specification for a third-order class I traverse.
19
..................................
S*.** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . '-.-.
. . .. . ,-.-'-..-.
. .... ..- ,...'. ....
'. ...
...,.. ...... .........
,..-.... ..-.-...
:-...-.: ..-.. _ . ....... . ., ,..: . .:. '. ' ? .-
3
TABLE III
Grid Distances and Standard Deviations
Standard
Grid distances
i betwees Distances deviationI
stations(i.(n)
M1oss 2 and Mossback 1,424.004 0.001
Mossback and Dune Temp 365.744 0.001
Dune Temp and Holm 6,476.271 0.003
TABLE IV
The Observed Angles and Standard Deviations 0
Backsight Center Foresight Observed Standard

station station station angles deviation1
0 3
Pipher Moss 2 Mossback 246 05 43.200 01. 984
Koss 2 Mossback Dune Temp 222 51 08.600 01.405
Mossback Dune Temp Holm 190 15 02.600 01.203
Dune Temp Holmn Moran 277 05 17.000 01.614
L'
--- -----
S-7
II
Ill. TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS
A. INITIAL TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
A traverse (Figure 3.1) originates at station 1 (known

position) and terminates at station 4 (also know. position)
(Table V). To compute the forward azimuth (Table VI) of an
unknown leg, the angle is added to the back azimuth of the
previous leg (Equation 3. 1)
Az i = Az F + - (i-i) 1800 (3.1)

:Z1
Where: i = the number of legs,
Az i = the forward azimuth of an unknown leg, and
Az = the fixed initial azimuth.
For the computation of UTM grid coordinates, let LE 1
and / N be designated as the departure and latitude for leg
IJ 3.1) so that the general formulas to compute the

i (Figure
departure and latitude are
/! i = di sin Az i (3.2)
IN = di cos Az (3.3)
where i = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . n,
n = the number of the observed angles.
The algebraic signs of the departure and latitude for a
traverse leg depend on the signs of the sine and cosine of
the azimuth of that leg. The algebraic sign of the depar-
ture and latitude is determined by the following rules:
1. UTM grid azimuths are refered to grid north.
2. For azimuths between 00 and 1800, the departure is
plus; for all other azimuths, the departure is minus.
3. For azimuths between 900 and 2700, the latitude is
minus; for all other azimuths, the latitude is plus.
21
21 -1
p .
.. .. .............. ...
.... ..... .......-. ........ :. .. . . .- ... . . . . . . . . - -..- .. ... ... . .. . .. . . . .- . , . . .-. . ..
I 4
4-3
LN 3 d3
E3
LN 2 \d2
Az1
Figure 3.1 A Closed Traverse.
The calculators and computers with internal routines for

trigonometric functions yield the proper sign automatically
given the azimuth. The major portion of traverse computa-
tions consists of calculating departures and latitudes for
successive legs and cumulating the values to determine the
coordinates for consecutive traverse stations.
22..]
TABLE V
Data for Initial Traverse Computations
Leg Distance Angle
0 I-
1 - 2 di = 1,424.004 01 = 246 05 43.200
2 - 3 d2 = 365.744 C2 = 222 51 08.600
3 - 4 d3 = 6,476.271 c03 = 190 15 02.603
The initial UTM grid azimuth AzF = 100 16 23.778
Station 1 UTM grid Northing NI = 4,072,555.85206 m.

-TM grid Easting E = 608,279.04404 m.
The coordinates of station j (j = i + 1) are Ej and

Nj, the coordinates of station j are
E. = + LE (3.4)
N. = Ni + LN (3.5)
where i = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . n.
The values of departures, latitudes, and coordinates are

shown in Table VII and were computed from the data in Tables
V and VI by application of Equations (3.2) through (3.5).
B. COBPUTATION OF DISCREPANCIES
A closed traverse at Moss Landing (Figure 3. 1) origi-

nated at station 1 (Moss 2) and closed at station 4 (Holm).
The closing errors for a traverse are caused by observation
errors in the observed angles and the measured distances.
The closing errors may be computed by applying Equations
(3.1) through (3.6).
23
. ... . "...
I
TABLE VI
The Azimuth Calculation
Forward Back Observed

Azimuth Azimuth Angle 0 ! ,
Az 100 16 23.778
AF
246 05 43.200
Az i 346 22 06. 978
180 00 00.000
Az2 -1 166 22 06.978
2 222 51 08.600
Az2 389 13 15.578
- 180 00 00.000
Az3_2 209 13 15.578
4 0 3 190 15 02.600
Az 399 28 18.178
-180 00 00.000
AZ 219 28 18. 178
4-3
The angular error of closure may be computed by applying

Eruation (3.1) becomes
n
AzF + i(i- (n-1)180 0 - Az = (3.6)
F: L
where AzL is the fixed closing azimuth and W, is the

angular error of closure. AzL is the grid azimuth from
stations Holm to Moran (AzL = 1360 33' 26.334") (Table II).
The computed closing azimuth is egial to Az 4 3 plus the
observed angle at station Holm = (2190 28' 18.178") +
(2770 05' 17") = 4960 33' 35.178" = 1360 33' 35.178". From
Equation (3.6), the angular error of closure is
(1360 33' 35.178") - (1360 33' 26.334") = + 08.844".
24
... -. _ _ _ _._
TABLE VII
Initial Traverse Computations
~1
Values in meters Values in meters

N1 4,072,555.85206 E 608,279.04404
1,383.89267 £E 1 - 335. 60166
N2 4,073,939.74473 E2 607,943.44238
eN 2 319.20061 E2 178.54871
N3 4,074,258.94534i E3 608,121.99109
3 4N
4,999.28284 nE 3 4,116.94755
N 4 ,079,258.22818 E4 612,23S. 9386 4
To compute the errors in closure in position for a

closed traverse. Equations (3.2) to (3.5) are applied to
obtain:
n-1
W = >/2E.
i:1 I
- ( ET - El ) (3.7)
n-1
w = Ni - ( NT - NJ ) (3.8)
i:1
or
w2 = En - ET (3.7a) -
w = Nn - N (3.8a)
Where: n = the number of observed angles,

W2 W3 = precalculated discrepancies,
E, NJ = the fixed initial coordinates,
E TT NT = the fixed closing coordinates, and
En Nn = the computed closing coordinates.
The result of the errors in closure in position of a

traverse is
25
* . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .
d W
22 + W2 )1/2 (3.9)
The computed closing coordinates of this traverse are

E4 612,238.93864 m and N 4,079,258.22818 m. The fixed
closing coordinates are ET 612,238.85256 m and NT
4,079,258.31754 m. The precalculated discrepancies can be
computed by using Equations (3.7a) and (3.8a). The results
are W 0.08608 m and W -0.08936 m. By applying
Equation (3.9), L5d is 0.12408 m. From Table III, the total
measured distance is 8,266.019 m. The ratio of the distance
error of closure to the total distance is 0.12408/8,266.019
or 1 part in 66,618. The ratio is an indication of the
goodness of this traverse.
C. ADJUSTMENT OF A TRAVERSE BY AN APPROXIMATE MlETHOD
The angular error of closure of traverse may be distrib-

utel equally among the observed angles. The angular error
of closure of this traverse is +8.844#1, which corresponds to
a correction for each angle of -2.2 11". The observed angles
were correctei by this value. The adjusted azimuth was then
computed. The departures, latitudes, and coordinates were
recomputed hy using the adjusted azimuth (Table VIII). The
closure corrections in E and N coordinates are +0.09635 m
and -0.04326 m, respectively. The resultant closure is
0. 10562 m. The ratio of the distance error of closure to
the total distance is 0.10562/8,266.019 or 1 part in 78,262.
The adjustments of a closed traverse by the Approximate
?1e~hod are completed by the compass rule which proportions
the errors in E and N coordinates according to the distance
of the course [Ref. 4, p. 354]. The corrections are applied
to the departures and latitudes prior to computation of
coordinates.
26
TABLE VIII
Initial Traverse Computations. (A roximate Method with
Adjusted Azi ut-)
Observed angle Correction Adjusted azimuth

0
AZF 100 16 23.778

2460 05' 43.2" - 2.211" 246 05 40.989
Az 1 346 22 04.767
- 180 00 00.000
z2-1 166 22 04.767
C(2 2220 51' 08.6" - 2.211" 222 51 06.389
Az 2 389 13 11.156
- 180 00 00.000
Az 3 _2 209 13 11.156
C( 3 1900 15' 02.6" -2.211" 190 15 00.389
Az 3 399 28 11.545
- 180 00 00.000 . -
Az 4 - 3 219 28 11.545
(k 2770 05' 17.0" - 2.211" 277 05 14.789
AZ4 L 136 33 26.334
Values in meters Values in meters

N1 4 ,072, 555. 85206 E 608, 279. 04404
N, 1,383.88907 nE E - 335.61649
N2 4,073,939.74113 E2 607,943.42755
/nN 2 319.20444 /2E 2 178.54187
N3 4,074,258.94557 E3 608,121.96942
n N3 4,999.41523 n E3 4,116.78679
N4 4,079,258.36080 E 612,238.75621
NT 4,079,258.31754 ET 612,238.85256
dN 0.04326 dE - 0.09635
27
-...
i -...
•.,.-, i-,
.... - -,, - ,.'. .•............................................-V-.........,.........-.......V.
-ii,-.i , ..
. - . . -t - - • • "* -.. - -- -- -
SE. = ( dE / D ) . d i (3.10)
8N, = ( dN / D ) . d. (3.11)
Where: SE. = correction to nEi,

8Ni = correction to LN 1 ,
dE = total closure correction in the E coordinate,

dN = total closure correction in the N coordinate,
and
D = total distance.
The adjusted E and N coordinates (Table IX) were

different from the fixed E and N coordinates (Table II) by
0.00001 m due to round off error. The calculations and
adjustments were illustrated in sections A, B, and C by
using the hand calculator (TI-59) and rounded off at 5
decimal places. The computer program was written to calcu-
late the adjusted traverse station positions by the
Approximate Method by using 16 decimal places (Appendix A).
The approximate traverse adjustment is based on an assumed
condition that the angular precision equals the precision in
linear distance.
D. ADJUSTMENT DF A TRAVERSE BY LEAST SQUARES METHODS
The method of least squares provides a rigorous

adjustment and best estimates for positions of all traverse
stations. The Least Squares Method is used to
simultaneously eliminate closing errors in azimuths and
coordinates of traverses.
1. The Principle of Least S&uares-
The fundamental condition of the least squares tech-

nique in surveying requires that the sum of the squares of
the residuals be minimized. A residual is defined as the
difference between the true and observed values. In making
28
TABLE IX
Adjusted Coordinates (Approximate Method)
Departure Correction Grid Values in meters

E 608,279.04404
6E 1 -335.61649 + 0.01659 - 335.59990
E 607,943.44414
nE 2 178.54187 + 0.00426 178.54613
E3 608,121.•99027
LE 3 4,116.78679 + 0.07549 34,116.86228

E4 612,238.85255
Latitude Correction Grid Values in meters

NI 4,072,555.85206
IN I 1,383.88907 - 0.00745 1,383.88162
N2 4,073,939.73368
INN 2 319.20444 - 0.00191 319.20253 -
N3 4,074,258.93621
IN 3 4,999.41523 - 0.03389 4,999.38134
4
4,079,258. 31755
physical measurements, the true values can never be deter-

mined. The least squares principle establishes a criterion
for obtaining the best estimates of the true values.
If the best estimates of the true values are stated
by x, and observed values by i, the residuals are expressed
as
V. = I. - X.
V. i i
The fundamental condition of least squares, for
uncorrelated observations with equal precision are expressed
as
29
nS
( v 1 )2 = (v 1 ) 2
+ (v 2 ) 2
+ (v 3 ) + . . (Vn) 2
Minimum
1:1
or in matrix form 0
VTV = inimum (3. 12)
A
In general, the observed values are of unequal
precision. The observed value of high precision has a small
variance. Conversely, a low precision of the observed value
has a large variance. Since the value of the variance goes
in opposite directio to that of the precision, the observa-
tion is assigned a value called weight corresponding to a
quality that is inversely proportional to the observation's

variance.
For uncorrelated Smeasurements

2 2 , x 2,
xI1-' x 3 , .
with variances S, 2
n"respectively, the
weights of these uncorrelated measurements are,
62 2 22 2
Pnl~~
113 2 2 P3 6.(3 13)
P~~~ / (5 3 3 o-0
where Or. is the proportionally constant of an observation

of unit weight [Ref. 7, p. 67]. These weights may be
collected into a corresponding diagonal P matrix, called the
weight matrix:
p 0 p0 •. 0
0 22
00 p.33 0
nn
p = . . . .
P!
.• ... ... . . , . . • . . . . . . . .. . .. . ,. . . .. . .. ,. .,•. .. . • -p/,
30
The weight matrix consists of weighted observations
of a traverse with mixed kinds of measurements. They are
distances and angles. The variance of a measured distance
is expressed in meters and an angle in radians. For
uncorrelated observations of unequal precision, the funda-
mental condition of least squares is expressed as
n
jpvV = 2
2v + p V2 . . . . . . p v2
1 i111 Vl P22 2 :333 nn n
- Minimum
or in matrix form
VTpV = Minimum (3.14)
In the problems involving the adjustment of observed

values, all observed quantities are expressed by functions
of the quantities to be determined. In simple cases these
relations are linear, but when this is not the case, the
relations must be converted into the linear form by
expanding them into Taylor's series. The terms of higher
order are neglected, so as to obtain linear relations,
solving the resulting linear equations, then iterating until
the effect of the neglected higher order terms are
minimized.
2. Least Squares Adjustment of Indirect Observations
The observed values are related to the desired

unknown values through formulas or functions which are
called observation equations. One observation equation is
written for each measurement. To solve for the best value
of each unknown parameter, at least one redundant observa-
tion equation must be written. That is, the number observa-
tions must be greater than the number of unknowns. The
linear ohservation equations can be written in the general
form as follows:
31
- i
L .:."
. . ., -
",?-...'--
:?b '-b :..
b .' -/ .'..-.'... .i ... ' .-- i-..% ..'. - & -... -. -.-"-xL .' ." . ..-
"i . . .. -. - - ..
* -,.. -
alO a 11 x + a 12 x 2 +- + aim xm =G 1 + V1
a 20 + a 2 1x 1 + a 22 x 2 +.. +4a 2 m Xm= G2 + v 2
* . , . ..
ano+ a nlX 1 a n2. 2 + a nmx m G n + Vn
where n is the number of observations; m is the number of

the unknowns; aO, a 2 0 , . . . ano are constants; a, , a, 2 ,
• . . anm are coefficients of the unknowns x I , x 21
X m ; and v1 , v2 , . . . vn are the residuals.
Because the observations G i (i = 1, 2, . . . n) are
I
not free from random errors, each G. must be corrected by a
residual value, v. . let b; = G; - a.o. Thus
all zl + a1 2 x 2 + . m xm b1 = v1
21 a2 2 x 2 * " " " 2m m- b 2 =v 2
*- . .-.
a nlX 1 + a n2X2 + + anrnxm bn n V"-
or in the matrix form
V = AX - B (3.15)
This equation is called the observation equation or

the observation equation matrix.
For uncorrelated observations of unequal precision,
substitute the value for the V matrix from the observation
Equation (3.15) into Equation (3.1 )
32
.,....,..,j._o...','.- ,........'...... .... . ,,. ... .

.... .•... .. ,.,...•- .. -.
:...
V TPV =(AX B)TP (AX -B)
= (AX) T BT)p(AX - B)
=(XT T -BT)P(AX - B)
=(X TATP
p BTp) (AX - B)
= XT AT PA X -XT ATPB - BT P&X + BT PB
= XT AT PAX -XTATPB - XTA TPB + BTPB
= XTATPA 2XTATPB + BTPB (3. 16)
T =_
[fLrom matrix algebra, (AX) XTAT and BTPAX XTAT PB]
The minimum of this function can be found by taking
the partial derivatives of the function with respect to each
unknown variable (i.e., with respect to the x1 , x2 *
Xm) must egual zero. Hence,
S(VTpJ) -ApA - 2ATPB =0 (3.17)

ax
Dividing Eguation (j.17) by 2, the following result -
is obtained:
ATPAX AT PB
A
This represents the normal equations, and by multi-

plying this equation by (AT PA)-'1, the solution is obtained:
X = (ATPA)1IATPB (3.18)
For uncorrelated observations with equal precision,

the weight matrix is an identity matrix, and eguation (3.18)
becomes
X = (ATA) IATB (3.19)
This equation can be derived similarly to the

unequal precision case. Eguations
(3.18) and (3.19) are the
basic least squares matrix equations.
33
I-
If the relations are nonlinear, the relations must

be converted into the linear form by using Taylor's series
expansion [Ref. 3, p. 919]. Let F = f (x, x •. x M)
be the general observation equation that is a nonlinear
function. The Taylor's series expansion is
= f(x 1 , x 2, . . x,) +_f X, +_f X1~ . + fX ,2

X**X*m 2
+ Higher order terms
o0
where x i , X0, . x* are the approximate values of the

variables at which the function is evaluated. For the
traverse problems, an approximate value can be the
precalculated value, and 8x I , 8x 2 , . . . Sxm can be the
corrections. The higher order terms in the series are
neglected and only the zero and first order terms are
maintained, the approximate value must be improved by
successive iterations until the effect of the neglected
higher order terms is minimized. After linearization, the
observation equations become:
p
=, f 1 (X x . X.ix+~8
*10m 2 ++ 1 xm- G,
2~ mm X
v= f (x, x , . .. x%) +- f 2 1 + _f 2 Sx 2 + . • +._sxm- G2

2 m
vo, f o
= fn(xi,
n n1
x"22 , . . x0.' ) a,}
_lo~n8 xl+. a I+fnSXm
2+ +
a.fx-G
-- G
-
1 "p
V = AX -B (3.20)
I
34
.. ., .. .
.. . .. .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. .
where
Zfl '3f1 . . -fl vi
2 f . ..... 2 V
2
1 0
A = . . V = .
A .
a -f-n - n Vn
Dx* )e 2 m
a@ %
5
G- f, (X0,1 , .... m) x1
G2G f2 C16#
f ('Ic x 2 . . *
0
0m
B = . . o . . I =
* S * . .•
6
Gn - fn (XI t2 X M
The remainder of the least squares procedure is the

to (3.19).
same as indicated by Equations (3.16)
There are two types of observation equations for the
adjustment of the traverse. They are the angle and distance
observation eguations. Both of them are nonlinear, and they
must be linearized using the Taylor's series.
To derive the observation equation for the angle & .
(Figure 3.1), first write the two azimath observation
equations for the azimuth AZlk and Azij , where AZik is the
back azimuth and Az..
IJ
is the forward azimuth.
Ek - E
AzIk = arc tan N
E- E;
Azij = arc tan N.-N.
S] 35
....................-.--"....... -• .... . • ...

. . .•/ i < : . •il -
Then, the angle observation equation for the angle d&. is
v.I = Az..ij - Az.k - .. •

Etan - arc tan d.t- (3.21
arc NN. N -- (.)
k II
Equation (3.21) is nonlinear in the parameters.

Write this equation in function form:
v. = f. (E., N., E. N., E , N ) -

I I I , E! Ni k k
Thus, the linearized form of the angle observation

equation is
S
fN , E , N. °, ° N.
8
8EI +3fibN. +6f.SEk + 3f.of Nk
J J k k
The observation equation for the distance d i between

two points i and j is
v = [(E - E I )2 + (N, - N;) 2 ]/ 2 - d;

J' " "-
or i- the functional form
V = fi(E;. N i , Ei, N; ) -d,
Thus, the linearized form of the distance

observation eguation is
V, = f i(EO , N, E0 , N01 )+ ~f SE, + Zf if

1
+~~
Z)f S i °N
* ~ ~ f.N ~ afS.E
For the adjustment of the traverse which was

conducted at Moss Landing with the technique of adjustment
of indirect observations, four angle and three distance
36
observation equations need to be written. The seven equa-
tions would include as unknown parameters the four coordi-
nates of stations 2 (Mossback) and 3 (3une Temp). Four
normal equations are formed and solved for corrections to
the approximate values (precalculated values) of the parame-
ters. The corrections are added to the approximations to
update their values, and the solution is repeated until the
last set of corrections is insignificantly small.
The linearized equations of this problems are
v, = a11 E2 + a 12 8N 2 + a1 6 E3 + a 1 4 N3 - bI
3
V2 = a21 E2 + a22 N2 + a23 5E3 + a24 5N3 - b2
v7 a 7 &E + a SN + a SE + a 5N -b
7 71E2 72 2 73 3 74 3 7
The zero order terms of the angle and distance
functions are
0
arc tan
lE= E a n
f- arc NzE)
tan N'
f2~ ~~= an N 3 - NN 1
1r -N£
f = arc tan E4 E3 - arc tan El- E"2

2N -N N 2 - No3 _.:
3 -
f4 = AZL arc tan 3 _- 4 c--N 2
= [N(E - E2 )2 + (N - No )]I/2
S= ((E4 - )2 * - )2]1/2 33
4= [(E - E4 ) (N
N2 - N4 )2]1/2
By using the data of the known coordinates (Table II) and.

the approximate values (Table VII) " .,
a al1 0 1
= -E = rLN_N N2
1)
-
+
N1
(E2_E 1 )j
= O. 682'96 x 1O- 3 .,.%
37
- '- .. . -" . - ) .+ ( .. ....

,
- . - -r r . • . -, - -- l 7r .
a E- E, : 0.16550 x 10-3
12 = - E,-)2
a 13 = - 0
3f
al 4 'af =0
-6 N03
a3, N3 -No ° ] N,
=3f;- - -Nh
21) 2 21
2
E* N;- N; 2 4- o J 1 ( No1 - 2 (E 0-E2 )
= - 3.06868 x 10-3
f 1-E,-*
a22
-2 (N- N2 )2 + (E- E 2) N N0 )2 i-(E1-E' 2
-
320 3 2 12
= 1.16926 x 10 - 3
a2 3 3f 2 = ~ -N ]=2.38621 r 10-3
DE3 LN- N 2 )2 -4- (E 0
-E
a2 4 2 = -o o]=
- E 2 - 1.331476 x 10 -3
[NNN3-N2 + (E 3 - E 2 )2
a3 -13f 3 = - j = - 1.33476 x 10-3
a3 3 ='--f = -FN 4 - ti
3
-2
1 = _ 2
' 2 +--N(E 2E)
2
S1
E% - )2 (-E-E )2
N2 N032 (E;-2 3
: - 2.50541 X 10-3
a 34 N'-3 (N4_-No 2 (7NE)2 [i No )2 + (E E ,
o )2
32 - 3
= 1.43291 x 10-3
38
.- .
a1 B&4Ef 02 0
42-4
No
= 'fa 1:
a 4 3 a43 = -N (E 4 -
LNo- N4)2+ )2" = 0.11920 x 10-s
4 4
a4 = =- E ]=-0.09816 x 0
N3 N3_ .N )2 4)
3
=5afa 1 = -(2El- El E2]= - 235.67466 x 10-
- -
-
E°2 ) (NI N 2)2 /
-
5 f Ni 2 = 971.83201 x 10
5 2 E.1/ 2
]iN5 J
= 2
a =af 0
a 5 3 5 =0
a 5 4 Bf =0
3
a6 1 f 1=- 488.17948 x 10-

a [-6 )2 -t-( o N3 )2 ]1/2
3
2- f= NN ]= - 872.74326 x 10-
a~--0 )2 (N -N 21/2J
2 (E E;)2 C~~N
3
a 3 =af6 =Ea- 488.17948 x 10-3
G6 =-
E~ ~ -
3 2 NJ-~ Q212
8
2
* ~~(2-E3 2
a0
32. 3
I I
. . . .~~~~~~~~~
" "I "iI_. E-2 . • - " II II 1 II " "I' 1"! i I i
71 0-f ., , - . ... : -
a3 ~f 7 E; E___________
, 635.68254 X 10-3
3 L(E; E 4 (N - N4 )]l2
Bf
a 74 N3 N4 -771.95059 x 10-3
3 (E- (N-N 4)
0.68246 0.16550 0.00000 0.00000

-3.06868 1.16926 2.38621 -1.33476
2.38621 -1.33476 -2.50541 1.43291
A =10-3 0.00000 0.00000 0.11920 -0.09816
-235.67466 971.83201 0.00000 0.00000
-448.17948 -872.74326 488.17948 872.74326
0.00000 0.00000 -635.68254 -771.95059
The computation of B matrix, by using the data

from Tables II, III, IV, and VII
= - f1 0.00000 radians
b2 Ot 2- f2 =0.00000 radians
b3 = C(3 - f 3 = 0.00002 radians
b = c&4 - f4 = 0.00002 radians
b4= -f .000mtr
b5= d, - f5= 0.00000 meters
b7 d3 f 7 =-0.01426 meters
BT [0 0 0.00002 0.00002 0 0 -0.0 142 6)

The weight matrix can be computed by using the vari-
ance of the observed angles and distances from Tables III
*and IV by applying to Equation, (3.13). For uncorrelated
observations of unequal precision, the weight matrix is
defined as the diagonal P matrix.
40
p11 = 1 / sin2(1.9841) = 10,808,537,426.79957
P2 = 1 / sin2(1.40511) = 21,552,498,219.02474
p3 3 = 1 / sin2(1.20311) = 29,398,082,997.43487
p = 1 / sin2(1.61411) = 16,332,144,194.08730
P = 1 / (0.001)2 = 1,000,000.00000
p66 = 1 / (0.001)2 = 1,000,000.00000
P77 = 1 / (0.003)2 = 111,111.11111

the values of A, B, and P matrices are applied to Eguation
(3.18). The correction vector is found to be
SE = 0.01284
X = SN2 = 0.00336
SE = 0.01079
6N 3 = 0.00495
The approximation values were improved by adding the

corrections to the first approximation values. The improved
approximation values after the first iteration are
E2 = 607,943.44238 + 0.01284 = 607,943.45522 m.

N2 = 4,073,939.74473 + 0.00336 = 4,073,939.74809 a.
E3 = 608,121.99110 + 0.01079 = 608,122.00189 m.
N3 = 4,074,258.94534 + 0.00495 = 4,074,258.95029 m,.
Using these values, the solution is iterated. After the

second iteration, the correction vector is zero to six
decimal places, so the improved approximation values are
the final estimates of the coordinates.
For uncorrelated observations of equal precision,
the correction vector is found by solving Equation (3.19).
The correction vector after the first iteration is
2 = 0.01756
[ = 5b 2 = 0.00426
B 33 = 0.01660
b 3
3 = 0.00479
.. .-......--..
. . . ~' - . .41
The imprcved approximation values after the first iteration
are
Z = 607,943.44238 + 0.01756 = 607,943.459914 a.

N2 = 4,073,939.74473 + 0.00426 = 4,073,939.74899 a.
E3 = 608,121.99110 + 0.01660 = 608,122.00770 a.
N3 = 4,074,258.94534 + 0.00479 = 4,074,258.95013 a.
The solution is iterated by using these adjusted

values. The correction vector is zero to six decimal places
after the second iteration. These values are the final
estimates of the coordinates.
The standard deviation of an observation which has
unit weight can be found by the following equations, for
uncorrelated observations of unequal precision,
=5. VT Py ' (3.22)

n~rn
for uncorrelated observations of equal precision,
CO= [vTV ] 1/2 (3.23)

where n is the number of observation equations and m is the
number of unknowns (Ref. 7, p. 249]. After calculating the
best estimate values of the unknowns, the V matrix can be
computed from Equation (3.20).
The standard deviations of the best estimate values
for the unknowns are then given by the following equations:
.5=
o Si ' 1/2 (3.24)
where 6. is the standard deviation of the ith aijusted

quantity. The quantity in the ith row of the X matrix, Sii
is an element of the (AT PA) -1 matrix for uncorrelated
observations of unequal precision. For uncorrelated
observations of equal precision, S,; is an element of the
(ATA) -1 matrix [Ref. 7, p. 250].
42
.. . *'.. . ..--.. .*********:***.:-***

...
2 ~
.....
*.r..J
p .. % j,.. a.
.
5..AJ
t '..
... . . . .
,,L -
11 S12 5
. 1M
S2 1 S2 2 - - - - -*2
(A PA).. or (TA)1 * . . .
SM1 Sm2 .M
The standard deviations of adjusted angles and

distances can be computed by the following equation:
6=6[.] 1/2 (3.25)
where 6. is the standard deviations of the ith adjusted

guantity. The quantity in the ith row of the V matrix, j
is an element of A(AT PA)-1AT matrix for uncorrelated
observations of unequal precision. For uncorrelated
observations of equal precision, Q0 is an element of the -
A(ATA)-1AT matrix [Ref. 3, p. 912].
Q2 1 Q2 2n
A (AT PA) -1AT. .. 0
or- . . . . .
A (AT A)-lAT.
QnI n2 Qnn)
A closed traverse was conducted at Moss Landing.

After the second iteration, the V matrix can be found by
applying the values of A, B, and X matrices to E~uation
(3.20).
43
L
the V matrix is found to be
'al = 0.93149 x 10-5 radians or 1.92134"

= -1.63120 x 10-5 radians or -3.36459,-
Va3 = -1.28363 x 10-5 radians or -2.64768"
V Va4 = -2.30436 z 10-5 radians or -4.75308"
Vdl = 0.00024 meters

Vd2 = 0.00039 meters
The standard deviation of unit weight is found by solving

Equation (3.22), the result is
6 = + 2.69685
The values of (ATpA) - are
1.25178 0.22019 1.25575 0.10788

10-s 0.22019 0.13819 0.21810 0.11127
1.25575 0.21810 1.46408 0.03815
0.10788 0.11127 0.03815 0.22515
The standard deviations of the best estimate values for

positions can be found by solving Equation (3.24), the
results are
6E2 = ± 0.00954 meters

6
N2 ± 0.00317 meters
6
E3 = ± 0.01032 meters
6 N3 = ± 0.00405 meters
4
i i::4
.
The values of A(ATPA) - * AT are
0.064 -0.052 -0.021 0.010 -4.165 -6.963 -63.88

-0.052 0.225 -0.175 0.002 3.415 4.690 41.59
-0.021 -0. 175 0.211 -0.014 2.563 3.574 31.79
10-10 0.010 0.002 -0.014 0.002 -1.813 -1.301 -9.501
-4.165 3.415 2.563 -1.813 9917 -117.4 -1047
-6.963 4.690 3.574 -1.301 -117.4 9830 -1525
-63.88 41.59 31.79 -9.501 -1047 -1525 76323
The standard leviations of adjuste! angles and iistances are

found by solving Equation (3.25), the results are
al = ± 1.40346 seconds
=
da2 ± 2.64103 seconds
a3 - ± 2.55260 seconds
a4= ± 0.26137 seconds
d1 = ± 0.00269 meters
6
d2 : ± 0.00267 meters
6
d3 = ± 0.00745 meters

the V matrix is found to be
va I= 1.26896 x 10-5 radians or 2.61742"
Va2 = -1.56893 x 10-5 radians or -3.23615"

Va3 = -1.75414 x 10-S radians or -3.61817"
V = Va4 = -2.23358 z 10- 5 radians or -4.60710"
vdl
vd = 0.14037 x 10-7 meters
Vd 2" = 0.23844 x 10-7 meters -
Td = 0.24365 x 10-7 meters
The standard deviation of unit weight is found by

solving Equation (3. 23) , the result is
± 2.01144 x 10-5
45
. - ~ La a~j• ..
The values of (ATA)-I1 are
10-4 0.06827 0.01664 -0.20731 0.170751
L0.70380
-0.854~49 -0. 20731 2.59561 -2.13724
0.17075 -2.13724
The standard deviations of the best estimate values for
1.75999lo
positions can be found by solving Eguation (3.24), the

results are
E2 = * 0.00 107 meters

6 N2 = ± 0.00026 meters
6 E3 = ± 0.00324 meters
03= ± 0.00267 meters
The values of A(AT A) -'AT are
r1.1472 -27. 197 26.960 -1.235 -0.518 -0.343 -0.856

-27.197 5 03 .1 -498. 7 22. 855 J.348 0.480 0.473
26.960 -498.7 494.4 -22.66 0.370 0.523 0.518
10-3 -1.235 22.855 -22.66 1.038 -0.201 -3.159 -0.134
-0.518 0.348 0.370 -0.201 10000 -0.001 -0.001
-0.843 0.480 0.523 -0. 159 -0.00 1 10000 -0.001
-0.856 0.473 3.518 -0.134 -3.001 -0.001 10000
*The standard deviations of adjusted angles and distances are

found by solving Eguation (3.25) , the results are
d'ai= ±0.15917 seconds

a2 = ± 2.94270 seconds
da3 = ± 2.91732 seconds
a4 = ± 0.13370 seconds
Od= ± 0.00002 meters
d2 0.00 mtr
6d 3 0.00002 meters
46
The computations in this subsection were performed
by the NPS IBM 3033 computer using 16 decimal places and
were rounded off to 5 decimal places prior to output.
3. Least Squares Adjustment b __the

Condition Equation
Method
The general principle of least squares adjustment by

the condition equation method in surveying is
to minimize a function consisting of the sum of the

squares of the corrections to the observations plus the
necessary mathematical conditions involving some or all
the corrections; each condition by itself is made eaual
to zero by adding the corrections to the discrepancy
determinea from a preadjusted calculation (i.e. calculated
from the observed values rather than from adjusted
values); thus, the magnitude of the sum of the squares is
not changed by adding conditions [Ref. 8].
the principle condition of least squares function may be
expressed in matrix form as follows:
U = V - 2K[BV U!
= VTpv - 2[BV + W]TK
= VTPV- 2 (BV)T + VT ] K
= _ 2[vTBT+ WT]K
= pV - 2VTBTK + 2TK
= minimum
where U is the least squares function matrix, K is a matrix

of Lagrange multipliers, P is the weight matrix, V is the
correction vector, B is the constant coefficients of the
corrections, and W is the precalculated discrepancy
[Ref. 9]. It is numerically more convenient for later
development to multiply by 2. Taking the partial
derivatives of the U matrix with respect to each of the
corrections and equating to zero leads to
47
. . .... ,.
7I
__ = 2PV - 2BTK = 0
VI
or
V = P-1BTK (3.26)
This equation is called a correlate eluation or correlate

equation matrix. The solution of the Lagrange multipliers p
matrix can be derived by multiplying Equation (3.26) by the
B matrix then adding the V matrix
BV + W = BP-*BTK + W SI
(BV + W) is the condition equation matrix which must equalI
zero. The solution of the Lagrange multiplier vector is
BP-BTK = -W
K = (BP-1BT) -1 (-W) (3.27)
The correction vector is derived by substituting

E~iuation (3.27) into Equation (3.26)
- *
V = P-1BT(BP BT)1- ( -V) (3.28)

the correction vector can be derived similarly to the .
unequal precision case or by using the inverse of the weight
matrix which is the identity matrix. Equation (3.28)
becomes
V = BT (BBT)-1 (-W) (3.29) i
Closed traverse station positions may be adjusted by

using the technique of least squares adjustment by the
Condition Equation Method. There are two condition equa-
tions. They are the azimuth and coordinate condition equa-
tions. The coordinate condition eluations are divided into
two parts, which are E and N coordinate condition equations.
48
.................
. .. . . . .
The azimuth condition equation is the sum of the
corrections to the angles in a traverse plus a precalculated
discrepancy W, (Equation 3.6) which must equal zero. Where
Va, equals the corrections to the angles, the general equa-
tion can be written:
or :
n n-1
+
,a I0.v +d; = 0 (3.30)
(:1 :1
where vdi is the correction to the distances. However,

this term equals zero and does not effect the ejuation, but
it does reserve space in matrix notation for distance
corrections. A closed traverse which was conducted at Moss
Landing can be written with an azimuth condition of
1.V + 1.v + 1.v + 1.V v 0 + O.v
al a2 a3 a4 "dl d2 Vd3
+ W1 = 0 (3.31)
where the precalculated discrepancy (W1) is +8.844" or

+0.00004288 radians.
The simp±e linearized form of an E coordinate condi-
tion equation is the sum of the adjusted departures and must
equal zero. By applying Equations (3.2) and (3.7), the
general formula for E coordinate candition equation is
n-1
>(d' V ) sin AZa - (ET -E 1) = 0 (3.32)
where 1
Az = AZF + >(c~. 4 Va) - (i - 1) 1800 (3.33)
j:l
AZa is the adjusted azimuth. By using Equations (3.32) and
(3.33) with the data conducted at Moss Landing, these
equations become
(dI * Vdl).sin AZal + (d2 + vd 2 ).sin AZa 2
+ (d 3 + Vd3).sin AZa3 - (ET - El) = 0 (3.34)
49
IJ
where
Az = AzF + 1 + Val
= z i + va.1>
a2 F 1 al 2 + Va2
= Az2 + Val + Va2
AZa3 = AZF +
4LI + Val * 'L2 + Va2 + L 3 - 3608
= Az 3 + Va + va2 + Va3
Azi is the precalculated azimuth or unadjusted

azimuth (Equation 3.1).
From trigonometry P
sin ( A +/LA ) = sin A.cosnA + cos A.sin5A
in which 5A is a very small angle in radians, let

I
cosLA 1 and sinnA -/\A
therefore,
sin ( A +LA ) = sin A +/nA.cas A
from the first term of Equation (3.34)
(d1 + Vdl )sin AZal
= (dI + Vdl )sin (Az 1 + Val)
= (d i + Vdl)[sin Az 1 + ValCOS Az I )
= d sin Az1 + a dlCos Az1 + Vdl sin Az1 + Vdl+a1 COS AZ1
(3.35)
(vdl .Val) is very small, by letting this term egual zero,
Equation (3.35) becomes
(dl + vd1)sin AZa"
dIsin Az,
a + Val dlcos Az I + "dl sin Az I (3.36)
50
SI-
* %•.•A"t.|
II
The second and third terms of Egquation (3.34) can be derived

similar to Equation (3.36), so
(12 + vd2)sin AZa 2
= sin Az2 + (Va1 + V 2 )d 2 cos AZ 2 • vd2 sin Az 2 (3.37)
(d 3 + vd 3 )sin AZa3
= d 3 sin Az3 + (Val +Va2 +Va3 ) d 3 Cos Az3 + Vd3 sin Az3 (3.38)
Substituting Equations (3.36), (3.37), and (3.39)

into Equation (3.34) and rearranging terms
val (d 1 cos Az1 + d 2 cos Az 2 + d 3 cos Az 3 )
+ Va2 (d 2 cos A Z 2 + d 3 cos AZ 3) + Va3 d 3 cos Az 3
+ Vdl sin Az + Vd2 sin Az 2 + sd3in Az 3
+ d sin Az1 + d 2 sin Az 2 + d 3 sin Az3 - (ET - Ej) = 0
This equation can be written in the general formula as

n-1 n-1 n-I n-1,
l('a
9 :1 2dkCos AZk)
k:i
+
i2vdi sin Az. + 9,.:1 d sin Az.
iI:
- (E T - E1 ) = 0 (3.39)
substituting Equations (3.2), (3.3) , and (3.7) into Equation

(3.39)
n-1 n-1 n-1

(v, Nk •+ vd sin Az; + = 0 (3.40)
i:1 k:I 1:1
For example, if the number of the observed angles (n) at

Moss Landing is four, this equation can be expanded to
Val (,INN 1 +INN 2 +L8 3 ) a 2 (N 2 N 3) V5

a3 3
+ vd sin Az + Vd 2sin Az 2 vd 3sin Az 3 W = 0
51
I
Substituting the numerical values from the precalculated of
this traverse into this equation, the result is
+(4999.28284I)v + 0.v
(6 7 0 2 . 3 7 6 12
)vai +(5318.48345)vi 2 a3 a4
23 4 88 18
-(0. 5 6 7)vd +(0. )Vd2 + (0.63570) Vd3 + W2 = 0 (3.41)
where the precalculated discrepancy (P2) is 0.08608 m and

O.Va4 is equal to zero, which does not effect this equation,
but space is reserved in matrix notation for the last angle
correction.
The N coordinate condition equation is the sum of

the adjusted latitudes and must equal zero. By applying
Equations (3.3) and (3.7), the general condition equation is
n-1
__(d. + Vdi) cos AZa- (NT N) 0
i:1
This equation can be derived similarly to the E coordinate

condition equation case, resulting in
n-1 n-1 n-1
2(v;2 nEk) 4 2vdi Cos Az + W3 0 (3.42)
i:1 kzl i:1
From the data acquired at Moss Laniing, this equation can
be expanded to
-Val (LEI +nE 2 +E3) - Va 2 (nE 2 +6E 3 + Va3!ZE 3
v 1 Cos Az, Cos Az 2 + Vcos Az 3 + W3 0

1 +l d 2 2 d3 Co
Substituting the numerical values from the calculation of
this traverse into this equation, the result is
-(3959.89460)Vi -(4295.49626) va2 - (4116. 94755) Va3 + 0.va4

87
+(0.97183)vd1 +(0. 27 4) Vd2 +(0. 77194)Vd3 + W3 = 0 (3.43)
where the precalculated discrepancy (W3 ) is -0.08936 m.
52 '
-7't
.......... ,
.. . . . . .. . . . .. . .
c.'"
"''"
<'"
I.'L., ..
;" .._..
..
......
".'.i..".
. _ _ _'.. ..... ". i.'..'',i
, ,..-..'
-[[i . .... _ _,L"
L-1 .<.
"._
. -, ' '. - L. .-..
.? .-'.'
..L 3.'-
L [ ..' i-[ ...
".".."... . . . . ....-. . .......
Equations (3.30), (3.40), and (3.42) can be written
in the matrix form as (BV + W), where B is the constant
coefficients of the corrections, V is the correction vector
which is composed of the angle and distance corrections, W
is the precalculated discrepancy. Equations (3.31), (3.4 1),
and (3.43) are written in matrix form as
1 6702.37612 -3959.89460 Va 1
1 5318.48345 -4295.49626 Va2
1 4999.28284 -4116.94755 Va3
r
B 1 0.00000 o.oooo V 4
0 -0.23567 0.97183 Vdl
0 0.48818 0.87274 Vd2
0 0.63570 0.77194 Vd3
-W1 = -0.00004"
S -W = -0.08608
-W3 = 0. 08936
1-
the inverse of the weight matrix is the diagonal matrix,
which is equal to the observation's variance. The diagonal
elements of the inverse of the weight matrix is
p-I = sin2(1.984 " ) = 0.92519 x 10 - 10
p-1 = sin2 (1.405") = 0.46398 x 10-10

22
P31 = sin2(1.20311) = 0.34016 x 10-10
P-1 = sin2(l.614 ' ' ) = 0.61229 x 10-10

44
p-I = (0.001)2 = 0.10000 x 10-
55
p-I (0.001)2 = 0.10000 x 10-s
66 ?,
p = (0.003)2 = 0.90000 x 10-s
77
53
the correction vector is found by solving Eguation (3.28)
Val = 0.93141 x 10-5 radians or 1.92117"

= -1.63114 x 10-5 radians or -3.36446"
Va3 = -1.28358 x 10-5 radians or -2.64758"
V = 4= -2.30438 x 10-s radians or -4.75312"
V = 0.00024 meters
Vd 2 = 0.00039 meters
The corrected angles are
0(1 = 2460 05' 45. 12117"
0( 2 = 2220 51' 05.23554"

cI 3 = 1900 14' 59.95242"
0[ 4 = 2770 05' 12.24688"
The corrected distances are
PIP= 1424.00424 m.
d2 = 365.74439 a.
d3 = 6476.27457 a.
Using the corrected data to recompute the coordinates is

similar to the initial traverse computations. The adjusted
coordinates are
E2 = 607,943.45521 m.
12 = 4,073,939.74809 m.
E3 = 608,122.00189 m.
N3 = 4,074,258.95029 m.
E4 = 612,238.85256 m.
14 = 4,079,258.31754 m.
The last adjusted coordinates are the same values as the

fixed coordinates. Hence, it is not necessary to iterate.
For uncorrelated observations with equal precision, the
correction vector is found by solving Eguation (3.29)
54
Val = 1.26884 x 10-5 radians or 2.61717"-
V2 = -1.56886 x 10-s radians or -3.23601,
V3 = -1.75408 x 10-5 radians or -3.61804"
V = 2.23360 x 10-s radians
4 or -4.60713"1 'a
7 meters
V.d = 0.14034 x 10-
vd2 = 0.23842 x 10-7 meters
-7
Vd3 0.24362 x 10 meters
The corrected angles are
OI = 2460 05' 45.81717"

C( 2 = 2220 51' 05.36399"
03 = 1900 14' 58.98196"
= 2770 05W 12.39287"
The corrected distances are
d1 = 1424.00400 m.
d = 365.74400 m.
d3 = 6476.27100 a.
By using the corrected data to recompute the coordinates,

the adjusted coordinates are
E2 = 607,943.45994 m.
12 = 4,073,939.74899 m.
E3 = 608,122.00770 m.
M3 = 4,074,258.95013 m.
E4 = 612,238.85256 m.
N4 = 4,079,258.31754 a.
The last adjusted coordinates are the same values as the

fixed coordinates. Hence, it is not necessary to iterate.
55
'.- ~ A . ... -o -
The standard deviation of an observation which has
unit weight can be found by the following equations. For
uncorrelated observations of unequal precision, P
[VT
[T 1/2 (3.44)
and, for uncorrelated observations of equal precision, S -
= [v / 2 (3.45)
where r is the number of condition equations. There are I

three condition equations for a closed traverse (r=3). The
standard deviations of adjusted angles and distances can be
found by the following equation:
6, 6.
-i,
=~ 60Q '
12 (3.46)
where is the standard deviation of the ith adjusted
quantity. The quantity in the ith row of the V matrix, Q P
is an element of the P-1 - P-1BT(BP-1BT)-*BP - 1 matrix for
unzorrelated observations of unequal precision
[Ref. 3, p. 918]. For uncorrelated observations of equal
precision, Q;i is the element of the I - BT (BBT)-1B matrix. V7
The matrix P-1 - P-1BT(BP-IBT) -BP - 1 or the matrix
I - BT (BBT)-B is equal to
S
Q11 Q 12 * . * Qn
Q2 1 Q2 2 . . . . Q2n.•."
* . * * o . . . . P
Qnl Q n2 Qnn
56 •"
............................................
.5.. .. .. . .. _______________________
the standard deviation of unit weight is found by solving
o = + 2.69679
The results of P-1 - P-*BT(BP-*BT)-1BP - 1 are
0.064 -0. 052 -0.021 0.310 -4.165 -6.963 -63.88

-0.052 0.225 -0.175 0.302 3.415 4.689 41.59
-0.321 -0.175 0.211 -0.014 2.563 3.574 31.79
10-10 0.010 0.002 -0.014 0.002 -1.813 -1.301 -9.500
-4.165 3.415 2.563 -1.813 9917 -117.4 -1047
-6.963 4.689 3.574 -1.301 -117.4 9830 -1525
-63.88 41.59 31.79 -9.500 -1047 -1525 76323
The standard deviations of adjusted angles and distances are

found by solving Equation (3.46); the results are
d'al = ± 1.40340 seconds

6 a2 ± 2.64096
= seconds
(a3 = ± 2.55253 seconds
6a 4 0.26136 seconds
d1 ± 0.00269
= meters
6 d2 = ± 0.00267 meters
6 meters
d3 = ± 0.00745
For uncorrelated observations of equal precision, the

standard deviation of unit weight is found by solving
= ± 2.01139 x 10-S
57
r
°
The results of I - BT (BBT)--B are

S
1.472 -27. 199 26.962 -1.235 -0.518 -0.843 -0.856

-27.199 503.1 -498.7 22.855 0.348 0.480 0.473
26.962 -498.7 494.4 -22.66 0.370 0.523 0.518 -
10-3 -1.235 22.855 -22.66 1.038 -3.201 -0.159 -0.134

-0.518 0.348 0.370 -0.231 10000 -0.001 -0.001
-0.843 0.480 0.523 -0.159 -0.001 10000 -0.001
-0.856 0.473 0.518 -0.134 -0.001 -0.001 10000
The standard deviations of adjusted angles and distances are

found by solving Equation (3.46); the results are
6a, = ± 0.15918 seconds

(5a2 = ± 2.94262 seconds
da3 = ± 2.91722 seconds
.(a4 = ± 0.13369 seconds
"d1 = ± 0.00002 meters
6
d2 = ± 0.00002 meters
6 d3 = ± 0.00002 meters
The computations in this subsection were also P

performed on the NPS IBM 3033 computer; they used 16 decimal
places, and were rounded off to 5 decimal places in the
final solutions. These are more decimal places than are
normally used in practice because such precisions are not
generally attainable by corresponding observations.
However, in comparing two computational methods that are
theoretically equal, one method may be more sensitive to
round off error than the other. This will be commented on P
in the next chapter.
58
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~............. ... .-. . . .. . -... . . . . . . . •. •....... ,.,•.... ,- ..-..

IV. DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Three programs were used to compute the initial traverse

and adjust the closed traverse station positions. Programs
1, 2, and 3 were used to compute and adjust the traverse
station positions by the Approximate Method, the Indirect
Observations Method, and the Condition Equation 4ethod,
respectively. The programs were written in WATFIV language
for implementation on the NPS IBM 3033 computer. The
computer output and listings of Programs 1, 2, and 3 are
provided in Appendices A, B, and C, respectively. The
maximum number of intermediate traverse station positions
that can be computed and adjusted by these programs is 30.
The programs were tested using several fictitious data sets
to ensure their performance in handling the various
intermediate traverse station positions.
The computer storage area and CPU time of Programs 1, 2,
and 3 has been compared (Table X). The adjustment of a
closed traverse by the Approximate Method did not use a
weight matrix in the matrix computations. The computer
program for this method was written by using the variables
in only one dimension for storage of both data and results.
This method did not require any iterations. The least
squares adjustment of a closed traverse characteristically
is used to simultaneously eliminate closing errors in
azimuths and distances, and Programs 2 and 3 toth utilized
such an adjustment. The computation by either Least Squares
Method used matrices'in two dimensions to compute the
correction vector. Likewise the computer programs were
written using variables in two dimensions. Included are all
subroutines from Program 1 and extra subroutines for each
individual program. Therefore, both Programs 2 and 3 used
more computer storage area and CPU time than Program 1.
59
. "..
L'...-
.- '.-'".-'.--'.'.
" ? " - -. "-, - . " "."- . " - . . . -. .. . .. . . . .- .
I w)In
U).)U
M ps
0) CC) *.N
V.. %
I"R Ln
0 Id
.4 N~ U.
~ U)~ InU4
a a
09 0a40 I )
(1n a) En Uf)I
E-4 I W 4
-W a
S h
Li 0 0 al Li Ii
I- w~ w~ U) a) 0 ~M M
010 CIO a.. it 0 0
4104 4-4 '44 UD w w 04. 0
I0 0 U)0 0 r
I) In 4J 4.) W n4 4j
41 U) 4) 0 w . w Cfl
1
d) a 41Ii '- laC U)I
)6 I a ) (L) (n a) a) r-= S 2
Q) 0) a5 S a 4)' 4)1 r
n4-) (U)
4J
W) = 0 ~4.) 4-
00 Q)) 0..4 tv C
4-) -
w~4
aU 41 4-) :3 0 N 0O('4 0 0. 0.
o U) (n 0..U *.U .44 U u I
112 Io- 11
.1- 0 44- 4-4 0 4- In 4 In 44 4-
I U 0 m- 0 -0 MI 0 ii) 4)0 0
n - m fif 0 : 0 0m. e)
L-a n .,j 4v -~ 4w -i 4w H4 -1
11 rd 4) 41 4) 0.. 4JIn4J
M M -
(o
9 v 0 v 0 mm 0I4(d;
60 a
CN w rc
W
The Indirect Observations Method requires that the
number of otservation equations be eqjual to the sum of
observation equations of both observed angles and distances.
The number of observation equations is not constant. it
changes depending on the number of the traverse stations--
this means that the row dimension 'of each matrix will change
depending on the number of observation equations.
Therefore, the subroutines affected by the number of trav-
erse stations are difficult to write in the general program.
The coefficients in the A matrix are computed by taking the
partial derivatives of the functions with respect to each
unknown variable, where the number of unknown variables is
not constant. The number of unknown variables changes
depending on the number of the traverse stations.
Therefore, the subroutine for the computed A matrix is also
difficult to write in the general program. The Condition
Equations Method has only three equations which makes it
K easier to derive the general form and write the computer
* program. The adjustment using the Indirect Observations
Method does not apply the corrections to the observed values
directly; therefore, it requires the approximate values of
the unknown coordinates be computed for the correction
vector of the unknown coordinates. This method requires at
least two iterations to check the insignificance of the
correction vector when it is compared with an arbitrarily
selected small number. The adjusted coordinates from the
Condition Equations Method can be checked at the first iter-
ation. Thus, Program 3 is more economical as it uses less
computer storage area and CPU time than Program 2 (Table X).
The closed traverse at Moss Landing originated and
dtermined by thitrorde mentwths Thew azsithosuric wase
dtermined at conrdode
ponteths know poimtonsuhic were
.2.211"1 per station and the position closure was 1:66,617.
The classification, standards of accuracy, and general
61
77.
7 - 7
specifications for a third-order class I traverse (Table I)
indicate the azimuth closure is not to exceed 3"1 per station
and position closure must be better than 1:10,000. This
traverse met the specifications and standards of accuracy
for a third-order class I traverse.
Using Programs 1, 2, and 3, the traverse was computed
and adjusted in UTH grid coordinates. The final adjusted
coordinates were transformed from UTM grid coordinates to
geographic coordinates [Ref. 4, pp. 319-3211. The differ-
ence between the coordinates for each method and NOS
(Ref. 10] have been computed (Table XI). The technique ofS
Least Sguares for both methods yields identical computa-
tional results to at least five decimal places (Table XI,
Methods 3. 1 and 4.~1; 3.2 and 4.2) . Least Squares provides
the test estimates for positions of all traverse stations.S
Program 2 performs a statistical test, yielding the standard
deviations of both adjusted positions and observed values.
Conversely, Program 3 only yields the standard deviation of
adjusted observed values. Comparisons of the standard devi-
ations of adjusted observed angles and distances were made
between these computed by the Indirect Observations Method
and the Condition Equations Method (Table XII) . The
computed standard deviations of the adjusted angles differed
significantly in the fourth decimal place in several cases,
which is a slight indication that the Indirect Observations -
Method is more sensitive to round off error. The standard

deviation estimates are larger for the Indirect ObservationsS
Method in every case of a significant difference in the
fourth decimal place. However, a significant difference in
the f~ourth decimal place is insignificant in terms of the -
observational precision. The standard deviations of the

adjusted distances for both methods yield identical results
(Table XII). Both Methods differ from the NOS positions in
the fourth decimal place in seconds of arc for both latitude
62
and longitude. The horizontal control for third-order stan-
dards recjuires accuracy to three decimal places in seconds
of arc for both latitude and longitude--thus, these methods
* can be used for computing third-order positions.
63
D C)0 r 0(n 0 0)
0 C)00 CD
C04 C0 0" 0 0 44) 0-1 0 0 0 0
4- C) C) n C*- l C) C) <D
0 0; ~ 00 C 0 0 00 :
I + + + + I + + + +.
r")
n M
m
110 ' .o
m' CN
a
CO
- 0
n
0m' (NN
C.04 V) c
r-4 L
1 Il
In U,
Ln U U,) U, Ul m'
a' ) all a' m' a'
I- r-) r= rn ry- r) 10 %Z
0 cl (N
C14 C N ( N ~
(N (
(N N -( I
r- r-
- r-_ r -----
0 0 0 0 0
r-4 0M -N~4- 0: C00M na

ry 0 9..4 V-00 0 00
> 0
41 0 n~d
0: c 0 ) 0 0 CD C3 0
H w + I U2 + I I I I
a n M CN Ui (N a'0 CL
.. C r- '- N - N
wz u- -%d- U,) y ') U) %.n Ln 6.- r-1 (N (Ni (Nj r4
1 0. - r- r- r- r- Ir- a) 0 - C> - I .
co u It 71 a) m~ a m' M' m E-z Z co c a 0 Ic
aCd *-4 l.Q- 00 00 C 0 0C rn) pf n rv I
F- =.- -1
= 0~ 1. 0c . I
(.d Or Nd N'.
'.0 N. C14 N. =110 Md m'.
'.0 M.
'0 '. e0
0r 0 0m I I -
4j- o cc o co coco 6-1 0 0 w CO C) c
r. 0 U 0 r-*HCU 0 0)
0. a H -4 0 -4 F; .
r4i* -H
Cdi U) r- 0r U) ) -.C U) . 0 U)
> ) 44. -J -1 .) > -~4 (1) .6.) H4 C.)
w- 0 w- (d C. w- w- U. W- md U W-
U) ul w U) w1-
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V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMHiENDATION 0
A. CONCLUSIONS
The computer programs developed by the author and

contained in this thesis have a variety of useful and prac-
tical hydrographic applications. In hydrography, geodetic
field work plHys a key role. :orizontal control is neces-
sdry in determining positions and, even in areas which
appear to initially have adeouate control, additional
control stations often need to 1e established aZtcr a iv,.i
in t-e .ield. These field-generated zontrol pgints nist .,e
adj'2rtea to fit .jithin the xzistijij surcvt net ir! t i
miz. er r-;.
s i-. tr.e " .a.:.,nt. The errors can be
minimized by these computer programs. Direct applic.ution of
these programs would be enormously beneficial, since no
equivalent software exist at NPS to perform such adjustments
at the present time.
In the Approximate Method, a traverse is adjusted by
computations using a hand calculator. This method is suit-
able for field computation and the adjusted coordinates meet
the specifications and standards of accuracy for a third-
order class I traverse. Although the accuracy from this
method is less than the Least Squares letnod, it does not
require a computer and it furnishes coordinates which can be
checked in the field by the field party.
The Least Squares Method provides the best estimates for
positions of all traverse stations. Least Squares does
require more of a computational effort than the Approximate
Method. However, the accuracy of Least Squares is better
than the Approximate Method, and the Least Squares Method
should he used for the final office computations. Both
66
......................... . ,* ,.
Least Squares Methods vield identizal. results, but the
Condition Equations Method is more economical aad easier to
derive than the Indirect Observatians Method. Therefore,
the Condition E~iuations Method should be applied at NPS.
B. RECONMENDATION
Stuiies should be continued at NPS to compare the

economy of adjustment methods used in this thesis with other
methods of least squares adjustment.
67
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-A153 612 A COMPARISON OF METHODS OF LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF 2/2
TRAVERSES(U) NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA
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LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Bomford Brigadier G., Geodesy, Second Edition, p. 1,

Oxford 6niversity Press, T7TZ.
2. Palikaris, Athanasios E., Methods of Hydroqrahic

Surveying used by Differen -5tr s, !7S.-Tns, •
I--TPst gE dua e-H;E I-M5HETE77-'cali
, fornia, p.
139, 1963.
3. Davis,
N., and Raymond
'ikhai!, E.,Edward
7oote,M.,Francis S., Anderson,
Surveina :heor_ and JaMes
Practice, Sixth Edition, 1cGraw--Ti , 779.-
4. Department of the Army Technical anual (TH1 5-237),

Surveving Computer's Manual, 1964.
5. U.S. Department of Commerce, Federal Geodetic Control

Committee, Classification, Standards of Accurac.Z, amd
General Spe5Y_ ica'3ff9 5 G-rU7offr51-7UVe ,s.
6. U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science

Services Administration, Coast and Geodetic
Survey Horizontal Control Data uad 361214, Stations
1037, U5U-B70g1, -NEU-TU6 -70, 6 3.
7. Mikhail, Edward M., and Gracie, Gordon, Analysis and

Adjustment of Survey Measurements, Van N3s--aF ---
8. Hardy, Rolland L., A Brief Outline and Demonstration -
of the Theorv and 2~a'P ie op-.eT~t-ures,
9. p. 4, I.6npurSllhJ-
Hardy, Rolland
Traverse, Least Suares Adjustment of
10. Pacific Marine Center, NOS, Horizontal Control Renort

for Moss Landing - aval PosEqiaie-SoI-E u_,
M 37---.:.-
148
. . . .. . |
BIBLIOGRAPHIY
rurgin Casper .4.and Sutcliffe, Walter D. Manual of

First-order Traverse, Coast a n 3eodet4c Survey1 Seciai
tT~U~ ~~377U.S. Department a! Commer :e, 1927.
Ewing, Clair F. and Mitchell, lichael 'i., introduction to

3eodEsy, Zlsevier North Hoiland Publishi 75f~VV-179.
Graham and :lei;., introduction to Computer Science A1

structure Ap nr -7I -P g3p7'r2
Hodgson, C.17., Manual of Second and Third Order

:r ianguation -H.3'ra-verse- EHa~ e3er Survey
~ U.S. Department of Commerce,
1 35.
14~9
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16. Program Planninq,
NC2 4 Room Liaison,
105, Eockwall andingTraining Division 1
Buii
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Rockville, MD 20852
17. Director, Pacific Marine Center 1
N/:IOP
National Ocean Service, NOAA
1801 Fairview Avenue, East
Seattle, WA 98102
18. Director, Atlantic Marine Center 1
N/M OA
National Ocean Service, NOAA
439 West York Street
Norfolk, VA 23510
19. Dr. Rolland L. Hardy 2
Department of Oceanography, Code 68 Xz
Naval Post qraduate School
Monterey, CA 93943
20. Associate Deputy Director for Hydrography 1
Defense Mapping Agency (Code DH "
Building 5b
U.S. Naval Observatory
Washington, D.C. 20305-3000
151
.................................
. .,
FILMED
6-85
DTIC

Least Squares &tranverse

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OMRRS O NAVAL

TRRYERSES(U) POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA

MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TESTCHART

Thesis Advisor: Rolland L. Hardy

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED

7. AUTNOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(&) 2

Monterey, California 93943

Naval Postgraduate School December 1984

16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Adjustment, Approximate Method, Comparison, Condition Equation Method,

Transverse Mercator grid coordinates. Closed traverse station positions

S N 0102- LF.014- 6601

2 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGEWPIof Data Ent.,d)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN HYDEOGRAPHIC SCIENCES

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL 0

Approved by: ...... _----

Traverse is a method of surveying in which a sequence of

III. TRAVEFSE COMPUTATIONS AND ADJUSTMENTS ......... 21

IV. DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS.........59

V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION............66

APPENDIX A: PROGRAM 1..................68

APPENDIX E: PROGRAM 2..................89

LIST OF REFERENCES....... ................ 8

IVITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST....................150

I. Classification, Standards of Accuracy, and

2.1 Closed Traverse...................12

I express sincere gratitude to my Thesis Advisor, Dr.

Hydrographic surveying includes many branches of science

'A position of a point on the surface of the Earth

.. .... -• . 2... . .. --~k.' . . 2.

Traverse is a method of surveying in which a series of

others since computational checks are possible which allow

Figure 2.2 Closed-loop Traverse.

B. ANGLE AND DIRECTION MEASUREMENT

Angles and directions may be defined by means of bear-

........................... -*-*.- ... 2-.

when obtained directly in the field and calculated when

-. - . .'..- '~..-.-. -... -.. - .... ... *.. . • .-.. . .- - . .i . .i. - :. . .

Figure 2.3 Horizontal Angle.

There are several methods of determining listance, the

1.5.. . . - . .. . . . . ' < '- ['

In general, the accuracy of a traverse is judged on the

The data for this thesis were acquired at Moss Landing,

The distances were observed by using a Kern DM102 and a

p.2 4a tag zzZ Z

Moss 2 4,072,555.85206 608,279.04404

Grid azimuth clockwise .

determination. The distances were observed in the field,

The angles were observed by using a Wild T-2 theodolite.

Backsight Center Foresight Observed Standard

A. INITIAL TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS

A traverse (Figure 3.1) originates at station 1 (known

Az i = Az F + - (i-i) 1800 (3.1)

IJ 3.1) so that the general formulas to compute the

Figure 3.1 A Closed Traverse.

The calculators and computers with internal routines for

Leg Distance Angle

The initial UTM grid azimuth AzF = 100 16 23.778

Station 1 UTM grid Northing NI = 4,072,555.85206 m.

........................... --.- ... 2-.