CULTIVOS DE CLIMA CALIDO

FASE 2- RAE, MAPAS CONCEPTUALES

ELABORADO POR:

JESUS HOMERO NAVIA ESCOBAR Código: 76322686

BRIGITH KATERINE VIDAL Código: 1064437066
GERARDO ALEXANDER ROSERO CORDOBA Código:
MARIELA DEL ROCIO INGUILAN Código:
BAIRO EDUARDO NARVAEZ DORADO Código: 1061599613

GRUPO N°: 303021- 11

ISMAEL DUSSAN
Director

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS, PECUARIAS Y DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE

AGRONOMIA
Marzo, 2018
 DESARROLLO DE LA ACTIVIDAD
1. MAPAS CONCEPTUALES CULTIVOS SELECCIONADOS:

Fuente: Vidal B. (2018). Cultivo de sorgo.

Fuente: Vidal B. (2018). Cultivo de Aguacate.
Fuente: Vidal B. (2018). Cultivo de Stevia.
Fuente: Navia J. (2018). Cultivo de Mango.
2. RAE (RESUMEN ANALITICO ESPECIALIZADO) CON RELACIÓN A LOS CULTIVOS PROPUESTOS.
Title Organic and Inorganic Foliar Fertilization and Grain Sorghum Yield under
Saline Conditions.
Author Ramírez Santoyo, Luis Felipe; Alcántar González, Gabriel; Ortega
Escobar, Manuel; Escalante Estrada, Alberto; Soto Hernández, Marcos;
Sánchez García, Prometeo
Edition Terra Latinoamericana.
Date of preparation July-September, 1998.
of RAE
Keywords Humic substances, myo-Inositol, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.
Description Research work.
Sources Sixteen (16) bibliographical sources consulted.
Contents The article begins with the summary in Spanish and English, where it
broadly describes the purposes of the research work, the methodology, the
factors under evaluation and their respective procedures, and finally the
results obtained and an alternative to improve the processes.

As a result of this, the introduction was developed, where it details in a

general way the objective of the research, where the humic substances are
the main factor of study in Mexico, since it has not yet been possible to
identify its benefits, in this article they study the comparison made on the
one hand to organic humic substances at 0.125% and inorganic substances
which determine the final yields in the sorghum culture that presents a
nutritional pressure at the base of the soil; This is followed by a detailed
description of the materials and methods used in the research where a
completely randomized design was developed, since three (3) soil types
from the Montecillo farm of the Lago, Pastizal and Garzas series were
taken as a reference base. which was applied foliar treatment obtaining a
total of five (5) treatments (humic substances to 0.125%, inorganic
substances, inorganic substances + myo-inositol and inorganic substances
+ phytic acid) by soil type for a total of fifteen (15) experimental units,
with three (3) repetitions each; before applying the treatments, samples
were made for the physical and chemical characterization of the soil, with
which the nutritional conditions of these are detailed, in the record of
samples by treatment, the greenhouse was used as a single homogeneous
unit.

Continuing with the document you can see the management of the crop, in
which they present in a detailed way the development of the work, starting
from the most primordial sowing of sorghum, this event took place on the
two (2) June 1995, with the Seed variety Dekalb-D65, which was
developed in a period of one hundred forty (140) days, Fertilization, this
stage relates the nutritional contributions established in the treatments of
each unit, the sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) employees
corresponded to ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate each
represented in a proportion of 140-80-0, the applications of these nutrients
were via irrigation system, in the crop cycle was carried out for nitrogen
(N) in two (2) batches, one half at planting and the other at the beginning
of the embuche stage, as far as the phosphorus (P) was applied, everything
was done at sowing; Irrigation, the water supply to the crop was carried out
by weighing the column by using a scale, as long as it equaled 1/8 to the
point of permanent wilting.

Applications of substances - preparations, in this item shows the proposed

recommendations for the application of commercial humic solutions in the
sorghum plantation under study, in this sense two (2) types of applications
are proposed the first when the plant reaches thirty ( 30) centimeters in
height, and the other before emergence of the panicle, in a concentration of
1%, in this order the applications on each of the treatments were developed
in the proposed times, with inorganic products applied alone and composed
with phytic acid or myo-inositol, and humic substances such as Humitron
at a concentration of 0.125%; The determination of the foliar area was
developed from three (3) samples (56-81-140 days after sowing) using a
Liquor 3000 which has the function of determining the leaf area.
Determination of dry weight, determined from a Mettler balance (measured
in hundredths of a gram), the vegetable sample is placed in an oven with
air circulation at 70ºC, for 72 hours and previously weighed. Determination
of the osmotic potential, the osmotic potential is obtained from the Wescor
5100C model osmometer, which allows to provide a result from the juice
resulting from the maceration of the product obtained from the foliage of
each of the treatments put in a paper envelope and submerged in liquid
nitrogen whose function is to instantly kill the tissue, which is later taken
to the laboratory for maceration.

Results and Discussion,

In the analysis, the electrical conductivity of each type of soil was taken as
a variable. Foliar area, while the foliar area of the samplings made it could
be inferred that the treatments exposed by humic substances showed
greater dominance in the first treatment and those that followed, due to the
presence of activators of growth regulators in the foliar solution, in both
the applications of inorganic substances alone and compound showed the
same results as the control. Dry weight, in relation to the dry weight and
the panicle, the results were superior to the witness, highlighting the
treatments applied with humic substances, these presented a higher yield
index on the crop (dry weight and biomass), followed by the treatments
applied with substances inorganic which did not show significance in
relation to the witness treatment due to adverse situations that led to an
over activation of plant metabolism; Regarding the final height, the
treatments applied with humic substances presented a dominance value
superior to the other treatments, because the humic molecules present
functional groups that in low quantities develop effects homologous to
those produced by the auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins, while the results
of inosilto do not generate significance when presenting smaller
magnitude.
 Osmotic potential, while the osmotic potential results have a value in the
metabolic adaptation under salinity conditions, the treatments where the
humic product and inositol were used presented an increase in the osmotic
potential, acting as metabolic activators and as osmotic regulators.
Methodology The method used was a completely random design, with a factorial
arrangement, the type of research was descriptive, since it allowed the
authors to know the mode of manifestation of a phenomenon, register the
constitutive details and variables associated with it, forms of interaction
and manifestation of the object under study.
Conclusions The yield is the final result of the agronomic management used, the yields
based on any factor that induces improvement in harvest is worth taking
into account, foliar treatments based on humic substances showed higher
crop index than those employed by inorganic substances, in the second
treatment these humic substances still have a positive effect and the
inorganic substances added with phytic acid, record greater weight and
biomass of the foliar area, in the third treatment both the humic and
inorganic substances present the same results, as for the inositol compound
it helps support and overcome the nutritional pressure of salinity
(metabolic activator), humic substances present compounds with
synergistic effect on plant metabolism these substances are Pseudo auxins
and Pseudo cytokinins.
The research work developed, achieved to show the positive effect of foliar
applications of humic substances on the yield of sorghum, is to consider for
future research aspects of the physiological, ecological and agronomic
order that allow to obtain good results even in the presence of nutritional
pressures.
Author of the RAE Narváez B., Ramírez L., Alcántar G., Ortega M., Escalante A., Soto M.
& Sánchez P.
Title Spatial distribution of the potential risk for avocado wilting disease, caused
by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the subregion of Montes de Maria, Colombia

Author Lorena Osorio-Almanza ,Oscar Burbano-Figueroa , Ángela María Arcila C.,

Ana Milena Vásquez B.,Francisco Carrascal-Pérez, Jorge Romero F.

Edition rev. colomb. cienc. hortic. vol.11 no.2 Bogotá July/Dec. 2017

Date of preparation  
of RAE September 30, 2017

Keywords root rot; Maxent; Colombian Caribbean; Bioclim; shoot dieback.

Description Avocado wilting or root rot, caused by the oomycete Phytophthora
cinnamomi Rands, is the most limiting disease of avocado crops around the
world. Montes de Maria (MM) is the main producer region of avocado in the
Colombian Caribbean. Avocado producing areas in MM are decreasing in an
inverse trend compared with the increasing hectarage world and nation-wide.
Decreasing hectarage in MM is associated with phytosanitary problems,
specifically the avocado wilting caused by P. cinnamomi.

Sources Turipaná Research Center, The Plant Interactions Laboratory, Colombian

Agricultural Research Corporation (Corpoica), Cereté (Colombia).

Contents Withering or root rot of the avocado is caused by the oomycete P. cinnamomi
Rands. It is the most limiting disease of the avocado worldwide. The infected
trees exhibit chlorosis, small leaf production, defoliation and in the more
advanced stages of the disease; wilt of buds and death one or two years, after
the infection started. These symptoms are more noticeable and able to stop the
growth of the tree under conditions of stress, especially the one caused by the
scarcity of water. Soils with poor drainage, high clay content, or areas where
water accumulates after irrigation or rainfall have historically been associated
with high levels of root rot caused by P. cinnamomi. P. cinnamomi is a soil
pathogen capable of parasitizing multiple hosts in agricultural, horticultural
and forest ecosystems and surviving in soil as a saprophyte.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Incidence, disease levels and severity

Significant correlations were found between the incidence, severity and

specific levels of the disease (P≤0.01). Yolk wilt, a readily discernible
symptom in the field and clearly associated with root rot caused by P.
cinnamomi, exhibited a significant correlation with the INC and SEV
variables.
 Estimation of the model in Maxent for wilting

According to the estimated model, the avocado crops in MM are distributed

mainly at altitudes higher than 233 meters above sea level, presenting their
highest concentration in the highest altitude areas, those that exceed 335
meters above sea level. The probabilities of presence of avocado individuals in
the lower altitude zones are scarce (≤0.5). Root rot in the region manifests
itself in an approximate area of 97.63 km2.

Potential distribution of avocado root rot

This study evaluated the risk of the presence of root rot in the populations of
avocado trees in Montes de María, the main producing region in the
Colombian Caribbean. This estimation has been developed based on the data
of the presence of the symptom of wilt of buds. This symptom showed a high
correlation with the incidence and severity of the disease. The general purpose
of disease assessments is to provide reliable estimates of the increase of these
in an area and is based on the evaluation of specific symptoms and signs
characteristic of a pathogen, at the lowest possible cost and with a known
confidence.
Methodology In the current MM scenario, understanding the factors associated with the risk
of establishing avocado crops in areas prone to radicular rot wilt is urgent to
develop adequate management strategies that facilitate the establishment of
new avocado crops and effective control of the disease. in already established
crops. Climate is one of the most important abiotic factors that determine the
spatial distribution of a species and, in the case of pathogens, regulates the
colonization of a host. The correlative ecological niche models based on the
relationships between environmental variables and species occurrence are
used to predict possible areas of pathogen introduction, establishment and
dispersion of these. In this scenario, the purpose of this work is to estimate the
spatial distribution of avocado wilt risk in the Montes de María sub-region,
Colombia, and to determine the MM areas that exhibit the greatest risk for the
development of the disease.
Conclusions The results of this study should be interpreted with caution. In this study we
have used Maxent for its ease of handling, robustness in the models produced
and the relative size of the area over which the prediction was developed.
However, other modeling techniques can be used and in the future, a greater
amount of data can be incorporated to increase the accuracy of predictions.
Beyond these technical appreciations, models like these are useful in the
design of rational strategies to avoid the introduction and dispersion of pests
and diseases, and develop efficient management plans.
Author of the RAE Vidal, Brigith Katerine
E-mail Katerinevidal.95@hotmail.com cel.: 3122340308
Título.  FERTILIZACION NITROGENADA MINERAL Y ORGANICA EN EL
CULTIVO DE STEVIA (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni)

Autor  CLEMENTELLI , A.2 , Zevallos, R.3

Edición UCEBOL
Fecha  Febrero 28 de 2018.
Palabras Claves.  Fertilización. Stevia. Nitrógeno. Fósforo.
Keywords Fertilization. Stevia Nitrogen. Match.
Descripción.  El objetivo de la siguiente investigación es evaluar la respuesta del cultivo de la
stevia (stevia rebaudiana) a la fertilización mineral nitrogenada y orgánicos,
aplicados al suelo y por vía foliar.
Description The objective of the following investigation is to evaluate the response of stevia
(stevia rebaudiana) cultivation to nitrogen and organic mineral fertilization,
applied to the soil and foliar route.
Fuentes.  Ing. Agrónomo docente de la universidad UCEBOL
Estudiante de ingeniería Agronómica universidad UCEBOL
TERRANOVA Enciclopedia. Tomo 3. 1995. Producción agrícola 2, Impresora
Panamericana Formas e impresos S.A. Santa Fé de Bogotá D.C. Colombia
CASACCIA Javier y Alvarez Edgar. 2006. Recomendaciones técnicas para una
producción sustentable del ka’a he’e (stevia rebaudiana (bertoni) bertoni) en el
Paraguay. Manual Técnico Nº 8. Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería.
Subsecretaria de Estado de Agricultura. Dirección de Investigación Agrícola.
Instituto Agronómico Nacional Programa de Investigación de ka’a he’e
MUSLERA, E y Ratera C. 1991. Praderas y forrajes. Producción y
aprovechamiento. Ediciones Mundi – Prensa. Madrid-España
Resumen El documento presenta la investigación que se realiza para evaluar la respuesta
del cultivo de la Stevia (stevia rebaudiana) a la fertilización mineral nitrogenada
y orgánica, aplicados al suelo y por vía foliar. En esta investigación se da a
conocer los tratamientos aplicados, el rendimiento obtenido según los testigos ,
y el análisis de los resultados obtenidos por cada testigo y los análisis de los
resultados obtenidos en la investigación
Abstract The document presents the research that is carried out to evaluate the response
of Stevia cultivation (stevia rebaudiana) to nitrogen and organic mineral
fertilization, applied to the soil and foliar way. In this research, the treatments
applied, the yield obtained according to the controls, and the analysis of the
results obtained by each witness and the analysis of the results obtained in the
investigation are disclosed.
Investigación participativa y de campo
Metodología.
Conclusiones. Los autores buscan la respuesta del cultivo de stevia a un tipo de fertilización
mineral nitrogenada y orgánica a través de una investigación participativa y de
campo por medio de la implementación de testigos diferentes con los cuales se
presentan diferentes resultados, así mismo se concluye que hay diferentes
respuesta de la fertilización obteniendo diferencias poco significativas entre un
testigo y otro la investigación logro ser una herramienta de comprensión en la
 búsqueda de datos e información
CONCLUSIONS The authors seek the response of stevia cultivation to a type of nitrogenous and
organic mineral fertilization through participatory and field research through the
implementation of different witnesses with which different results are
presented, likewise it is concluded that there are different response of
fertilization obtaining insignificant differences between one witness and another
the research achievement being a tool of comprehension in the search of data
and information
Autor del RAE.  Mariela I.

Title.  Postharvest quality of mango cultivars of early, middle and late seasons
Author:  Jorge Siller-Cepeda1*, Dolores Muy-Rangel1, Manuel Báez-Sañudo1, Evelia
Araiza-Lizarde1 y Adolfo Ireta-Ojeda2
Edition versión impresa ISSN 0187-7380
Date  Rev. fitotec. mex vol.32 no.1 Chapingo ene./mar. 2009
Key words  Mangifera indica, quality, postharvest, varieties
Description.  Postharvest behavior of 12 mango (Mangifera indica L.) culti-vars, five of early
('Edward', 'Diplomático', 'Ah-Ping', 'Van Dyke', 'Haden'), three of middle
('Manila Rosa', 'Tommy Atkins', 'Kent') and four of late season ('Osteen',
'Palmer', 'Fabián', 'Keitt') was evaluated. Cvs. 'Haden', 'Tommy Atkins', 'Kent'
'Keitt' were con-sidered as commercial controls. The fruits were stored
simulating marketing conditions at 20 °C and 87 % RH during 12 d, and physi-
cal, chemical and physiological evaluations were conducted during this period.
Fruit size and weight varied from 586 g ('Osteen') to almost 250 g
('Diplomático', 'Van Dyke' and 'Manila Rosa'). The lowest weight loss (< 4 %)
was presented by all late season cultivars except 'Kent'. At the end of the
storage, fruit firmness was higher in 'Ah-Ping' and 'Kent' with 2.3 and 2.6 kgf
respectively. 'Ah-Ping', 'Kent' and 'Fabián' developed an attractive flesh color
(°Hue=78) and a soluble solids content up to 12.5 °Brix. 'Edward', 'Ah-Ping',
'Fabián' and 'Palmer' were the cultivars with competitive quality fruits compared
to the controls.
Sources.  The text is not the result of specific research; This is a theoretical chapter,
however, it is developed based on extensive research experience of the two
authors conducted from their perspective of theory based or founded.
Content.  MATERIALS AND METHODS

Germplasm evaluated
12 mango cultivars from three ripening groups were studied: early ('Edward',
'Diplomatic', 'Ah-Ping', 'Van Dyke', 'Haden', where 'Haden' is commercial
mango) that mature from May to July (in a thermal range of 15.3-35.4 ° C
during the period), intermediate ('Manila Rosa', 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Kent',
where 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Kent', are commercial mangoes) from July to
August (24.5-34.7 ° C), and late ('Osteen', 'Palmer', 'Fabián' and 'Keitt' where
'Keitt' is commercial mango) from August to September (23.8-33.5 ° C), all
 located in the germplasm bank of the National Institute of Forestry, Agriculture
and Livestock Research (INIFAP), in Aguaruto, Sinaloa, Mexico. From each
cultivar, 150 fruits were harvested at physiological maturity, which were
reduced to 123 fruits by selecting them by weight, color, absence of damage
and diseases; the fruits were washed with an aqueous solution of chlorine 200
μL L-1, prior to storage.

Storage and variable measures

The fruits were stored under marketing simulation for 12 d at 20 ° C and 87%
RH. Weight loss and respiration were determined daily; every 3 d firmness
(kgf), internal and external colors (luminosity, chromaticity and hue angle), pH,
titratable acidity (% citric acid), total soluble solids (° Brix) and the sugar / acid
ratio (RAA) were evaluated . The percentage of pulp, husk and seed was
calculated in mature fruits of the last evaluation date.
Quantification of biomass.
To quantify the content of pulp, husk and seed of the fruits was manually
separated and each part was weighed individually, in 10 fruits of each cultivar,
with a digital balance Sartorius BP 4100. The proportion of each part was
calculated based on the total weight of the fruit.

Weightloss. The weight of 10 fruits was recorded daily from the beginning and
until the end of 12 d of storage, to calculate the percentage of cumulative
weight loss (Muy et al., 2004).

Firmness. The effort required to penetrate the pulp of 10 mangoes without peel
of each cultivar was determined, with a strut of 8 mm in diameter on both sides
of the fruit and in three sections (apex, center and base) (Bourne, 1980). A
Chatillon Model DFIS-50 penetrometer was used, and the results were
expressed in kgf (1 kgf = 9.8 N).

Methodology  By its nature, the writing is not based on a specific methodology.

Conclusions  The mango fruits of varieties with different maturation stages developed
excellent quality characteristics for the consumer, reflected in good firmness,
color, acidity and total soluble solids, with the exception of 'Diplomático' and
'Fabián'. The respiration rate was moderate, which allows the fruits to have a
shelf life between 8 and 12 d. In general, 'Palmer', 'Edward' and 'Ah-Ping' are
varieties with characteristics of competitive quality, when compared to the
handles 'Kent', 'Keitt', 'Tommy Atkins' and 'Haden' that are destined to export
market, while 'Diplomat' could compete with small fruits such as 'Manila'.

Author of the RAE.  Jesús Homero Navia Escobar

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