TRANSPOSE, DETERMINANT AND INVERSE OF MATRIX

BY :
NURUL MUTMAINNAH ARIF
1611042017
MATHEMATICS EDUCATION A1

STUDY PROGRAM OF MATHEMATICS EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2017
 DETERMINANT,TRANSPOSE AND INVERSE OF MATRIX

A. Determinant of Matrix

Every square matrix can always be connected with a number called determinant.
Determinant of a square matrix is notated by :

detA or ǀAǀ

a. Determinant of matrix with dimension of 2 x 2

Let matrix of A is square matrix with dimension of 2 x 2 that written in from of

A= ( ac db). From the matrix can be determined a value called as determinant.

Definition :

“Determinant from matrix of A notated with det (A), ǀAǀ, or |ac db|, is a certain value
with the size is equal (ad-bc)”

ǀAǀ= a b =ad −bc

( )
c d

In order to understand more the definition of determinant a matrix, consider the

following example.

Example:

Determine the determinant of following matrix?

1. A = (−42 −35 )
7 6
B=(
8 1)
2.

Answer :

1. Det (A) = |−42 −35 | = 2.5- (-4.-3) = 10-12 = -2

7 6
ǀAǀ = |
8 1|
2. = 6.8 – 7.1 = 48 – 7 = 41

b. Determinant of matrix with dimension of 3 x 3

Similar with the square matrix with dimension 2 X 2, matrix with dimension,
matrix with dimension of 3 X 3 also has determinant. How to determine of a square
matrix with dimension 3 X 3? Consider the following discussion.
 a11 a12 a 13
Let A is square matrix with dimension written by the form of A = a21 a22 a 23 ,
a31 a32 a 33 ( )
a11 a12 a 13
then determinant of matrix A written by the form of det (A) = a 21 a22 a 23
a31 a32 a 33 | |
The determinant from matrix of A can be find by using the following form

a 22 a23 a a a a
det ( A ) =a11 (−1)
1+1
|
a 32 a33 | | |
+a12 (−1)1+2 21 23 + a13 (−1)1 +3 21 22
a31 a 33 a31 a32 | |
beside using the above method, determinant of matrix 3 X 3 also can be obtained by
using the rules of sarrus as follow.

a 11 a12 a13 a11 a 12

|
det ( A ) = a21 a22 a23 a21 a 22
a31 a32 a33 a31 a 32 |
= (a 11 . a 22 . a33)+(a 11 . a 11 . a 11 ¿ +(a 11 . a 11 . a 11 ¿−¿(
a 11 . a 11 . a 11 ¿−( a11 . a11 . a11 ) −(a 11 .a 11 .a 11)

In order to understand more the way to determine the determinant of squarematrix

with dimension of 3, lest we learn the following example:

−3 0 5
(
Determine the determinant of matrix A ¿ −5 2 13 by using the given two
4 0 −7 )
methods!

Answer :

−3 0 5
a. Det (A)
| |
= −5 2 13 =(−3 ) (−1 )
4 0 −7
1+1 2 13 +0 (−1 )1+2 −5 13
0 −7 | 4 −7 | | |
+5 (−1 )1+3 2 13
| |
0 −7

¿ (−3 ) ( 1 )(−14 ) +0+5 ( 1 ) (−8 )=42+ (−40 )

¿2
 b.
−3 0 5 −3 0
| |
−5 2 13 −5 2= (−3 ) .2 . (−7 ) +0.13 .4+5. (−5 ) .0−( 4.2.5 )−( 0.13 . (−3 ) )− (−7. (−5 ) .0 )
4 0 −7 4 0
¿ 42+ 0+0−40−0−0
¿2

B. Transpose of a Matrix

Let is a matrix with dimension of (m x m). From the matrix of A we can formed a
new matrix that obtained by following method:

 Change the line of i of matrix A to the row of i of new matrix and

 Change the row of j of matrix A to the line of j of new matrix.

The new matrix that resulted is called transpose from matrix of A symbolized
with A’ or AT. From the above changeness, the dimension of A T is (n x m).
2 −3
Based on the above discussion, if A = 4
−5 7
0
( ) 4 0 then transpose

from matrix of A that symbolized with AT is AT = (−32 4 −5

0 7 )
C. Inverse of Matrix

The inverse of a square n × n matrix A, is another n × n matrix denoted by A −1

such that

AA−1 = A−1A = I

where I is the n × n identity matrix. That is, multiplying a matrix by its inverse
produces an identity matrix. Not all square matrices have an inverse matrix. If the
determinant of the matrix is zero, then it will not have an inverse, and the matrix is
said to be singular. Only non-singular matrices have inverses.
 formula for finding the inverse
Given any non-singular matrix A, its inverse can be found from the formula
1
A−1 = adjA
¿ A∨¿ X ¿
where adjA is the adjoint matrix and |A| is the determinant of A. The
procedure for finding the adjoint matrix is given below.
  Finding adjoint of matrix
The adjoint of a matrix A is found in stages:
a. Find the transpose of A, which is denoted by AT . The transpose is found
by interchanging the rows and columns of A.
b. The minor of any element is found by covering up the elements in its
row and column and finding the determinant of the remaining matrix. By
replacing each element of AT by its minor, we can write down a matrix of
minors of AT .
c. The cofactor of any element is found by taking its minor and imposing
a place sign according to the following rule.
This means, for example, that to find the cofactor of an element in the first row,
second column, the sign of the minor is changed. On the other hand to find the
cofactor of an element in the second row, second column, the sign of the minor is
unaltered. This is equivalent to multiplying the minor by ‘+1’ or ‘−1’ depending
upon its position. In this way we can form a matrix of cofactors of AT . This matrix
is called the adjoint of A, denoted adjA.
 Inverse of matrix with dimension 2×2
Suppose that the determinant of the 2×2 matrix

( ac db )
does not equal 0. Then the matrix has an inverse, and it can be found using
the formula
a b −1
1 d −b
( )
c d
= (
a b −c a )
( )
det
c d
Notice that in the above formula we are allowed to divide by the determinant since we are
assuming that it’s not 0.
Example:

Find the inverse to matrix A ¿ 3 5

( )
1 2
Answer :
Det A ¿ ( 3 ×2 )− (1 ×5 )=1
 3 5 −1
1 2 −1
( )
1 2
=
det A −5 3 ( )
1 2 −1
¿ (
1 −5 3 )
¿ 2 −1
( )
−5 3

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Sunardi-Hari Subagya.2010.Student’s Guide to Understanding Mathematics.Bailmu

Copyright : Pearson Education Limited.(2000) “Engineering Maths First Aid Kit (5.5)”
http://www.mash.dept.shef.ac.uk

http://www.math.utah.edu