#Textanddi

scour
sear
etwot
ermst
hatar
ecommonl
yusedi
nli
ngui
sti
cs,
li
ter
atur
e,and
l
anguagest
udi
es.

Textcanrefertoanywr
it
tenmat
eri
alt
hatcanber
ead.Di
scour
sei
stheuseofl
anguagei
na
soci
alcontext.

Textr
efer
stoanyobj
ectt
hatcanber
ead.

Di
scour
sehasdi
ff
erentdef
ini
ti
onsdependi
ngonthecont
ext
.Inabroadandgener
alsense,
di
scour
sei
sconsi
deredtobetheuseofspokenandwri
tt
enl
anguageinasoci
alcont
ext.

#1.Di
scour
seAnal
ysi
sist
hest
udyofhowst
ret
chesofl
anguageusei
ncomuni
cat
ionassume
meani
ng,
pur
poseanduni
tyf
ort
hei
ruser
s:t
hequal
i
tyofcoher
ence.

(Ency
clopedi
cDi
cti
onar
yofAppl
i
edLi
ngui
sti
csbykei
thj
ohnsonandHel
enj
ohnson,
1998)

2.a.theli
ngui
sti
canal
ysi
sofnatural
lyoccur
ri
ngconnect
edspokenorwr
it
tendi
scour
se
connect
edspokenorwrit
tendi
scourse

b.att
empt st
ost
udyt
heor gani
zati
onoflangguageabov
et hesent
enceorabovetheclause,
andtherefor
etost
udyl
argerli
ngui
sti
cuni
ts,suchasconversat
ional
exchangesorwri
tt
ent ext
s
writ
tentexts

c.Thest
udyoflanguagei
nusei
nsoci
alcont
ext
s,andi
npar
ti
cul
arwi
thi
nter
act
ionordi
alogue
bet
weenspeaker
s

St
ubbs(
1989:
1)

3.Di
scour seanalysi
sissomet imesdef i
nedastheanal y
sisoflanguage'beyondt hesentence'
.
Thiscont r
astswithtypesofanal ysi
smor et
ypicalofmodernlinguisti
cs,whichar echi
efl
y
concernedwi ththestudyofgr ammar :t
hestudyofsmal l
erbit
sofl anguage, suchassounds
(phoneticsandphonol ogy),
par t
sofwor ds(
mor phology)
,meaning( semantics),andtheorderof
wordsi nsentences(sy nt
ax).Discour
seanalyst
sst udyl
argerchunksofl anguageast heyflow
together.

www.
li
ngui
sti
csoci
ety
.or
g

4.Carter(1993),
defi
nesdi
scourseanal
ysi
sasawayof examini
ngtheuseoflanguagefunct
ions
i
ndifferentspeechcommunit
iesandtodiscov
erpat
ter
nseit
herinspokenorwrit
tenfor
msas
wellastheircorr
elat
ionwi
tht
hesocieti
es.

5.Theter
m discourseanal
ysi
swasf i
rstint
roducedbyZelli
gHar r
is(1952)asawayof
analy
singconnectedspeechandwrit
ing.Harri
shadtwomai nint
erest
s:t
heexami nat
ionof
l
anguagebey ondthelevel
ofthesentenceandt her
elat
ionshipbetweenl
ingui
sti
candnon-
l
i
ngui
s-t
icbehav
iour
.

6.Onestart
ingpointisthefol
lowingquotat
ionfrom M.Stubbs' t
ext
book(St
ubbs1983:1)
,in
whichdiscourseanalysi
sisdefinedas(1)concernedwithlanguageusebeyondtheboundari
es
ofasentence/ ut
ter
ance,(2)concernedwit
hthei nt
err
elat
ionshipsbet
weenlanguageand
societ
yand( 3)asconcernedwi ththei
nter
acti
veordialogicproper
ti
esofevery
day
communi cati
on.

7.Br
ownandYul
e(1983)

Di
scour
seAnal
ysi
sist
hisbookwet
akeapr
imar
il
yli
ngui
sti
csappr
oacht
otheAnal
ysi
sof
di
scour
se.

8.St
ubbs.
M(1983)

Di
scour
seAnalysisi
salsoconcer
nedwi thl
anguageuseinsoci
alcont
ext
sandi
nparti
cularor
i
nter
act
ionordial
oguebeetwenspeakers.Di
scourseAnal
ysi
sissometi
mesdef
inedasthe
Anal
ysi
soflanguage'
beyondthesentence'
.

9.Wi
ki
pedi
a

Di
scour
seAnalysi
sisgener
alter
mf oranumberofappr
oachest
oanal
yzi
ngwr
it
ten,
spoken,
and
si
gnedl
anguageuseoranysigni
fi
cantsemiot
icev
ent.

#-
Semi
oti
csi
sthest
udyofsi
gns,
thei
rfor
msofexpr
essi
onandcont
ent
s.

Sowhati sasign?istheonet hatjustst

atest
hatsi
gnsi
nthenon-
metaphor
ical
senseare
phenomenapr oducedint
enti
onallybyhumansandtakenbyhumanst
oshowt heint
ent
ionof
theproducer
,anditscontent

speaker -
signershowstot
helist
ener-
obser
verbyperfor
mi ngi
t,namelybyhisgrammat i
call
y
organizedwor dsandhi
saccompany i
ngmov ement
soff inger
s,hand,arm,t
runc,andface
(especial
lyhiseyemovements),
thathewantstodi
recthisaddressee’
satt
enti
ont oanitem
presenttohismi nd.

-Michael
Foucaultdef
inesdiscourseas“systemsofthoughtscomposedofideas,at
ti
tudes,
coursesofacti
on,bel
iefs,
andpr act
icesthatsyst
emati
call
yconstr
uctthesubj
ectsandthe
wor l
dsofwhichtheyspeak.”

Inl
inguist
ics,di
scour
sei
sgener
all
yconsi
der
edt
obet
heuseofwr
it
tenorspokenl
anguagei
na
social
cont ext
.

-t
endi
ngtocontr
ast
;cont
rasti
ng.cont
rasti
vecol
ors.st
udyi
ngorexhibi
ti
ngthecongr
uencesand
dif
fer
encesbet
weentwolanguagesordial
ect
swithoutref
erencet
otheiror
igi
ns:
contr
asti
ve
l
i
ngui
sti
cs.