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07 - Notional Loading PDF
07 - Notional Loading PDF
Technical TheStructuralEngineer 25
Technical Guidance Note March 2012
Notional
loading
Introduction Icon • Design principles
This Technical Guidance Note concerns the concept of notional loading, Legend
which the Eurocodes classifies as Equivalent Horizontal Forces. These are • Applied practice
loads that exist due to inaccuracies and imperfections introduced into the
structure during its construction. The following text explains how notional
• Worked example
lateral loads are incorporated into the design process.
All of the guides in this series have an icon based navigation system, designed • Further reading
to aid the reader.
• Web resources
Material Sensitivity to Notional Load �h is the factor that is related to the height of
Notional loads represent forces that come vertical elements within the structure.
about due to imperfections in the structure. 2
Some materials are more sensitive to this This is defined as �h = ,
�h
phenomena than others and it is for this Figure 1 Extent of columns that influence the value
reason that notional loads are linked directly to where ‘h’ is the height of the structure. of �m
the material a structure is constructed from.
This factor can only be within the range Clause 5.3.2(4)B in Eurocode 3-1 states that
The Eurocodes for steel and concrete of 0.66 < �h <1.0. If the calculated value where the overall applied lateral load is more
structures have sections within them that lies outside of this bracket, then the closer than 15% of the vertical load in a member then
are dedicated to deriving notional horizontal extreme is taken. the notional horizontal load can be ignored. This
loads within structures. The following sections is expressed as H�d ≥ 0.15 V�d in the above
explain how each material addresses notional �m is the factor that takes into account the referenced clause.
loading. number of vertical elements in a row.
›
Note 6 Level 1
26 TheStructuralEngineer Technical
March 2012 Technical Guidance Note
Notional Loads in Concrete Frames ei = Ѳl0/2 in the case of concrete frames. the primary action. See the UK National
The Eurocode’s approach to imperfections of Annex to Eurocode 0, Table NA.A1.1 for the
elements within concrete structures is very Where: applicable factors.
similar to the one adopted for steel framed ei is the eccentricity
structures. The only key difference is that
there is some provision for horizontally aligned ф/Ѳ is the angle of rotation due to the Applied
elements as well as those that are vertical. application of the notional load as per steel practice
and concrete framed structures
Eurocode 2-1-1 Clause 5.2(5) defines the The applicable codes of practice for the
notional load coefficient (Ѳ)in a similar way l0 is the length of the element derivation of notional loads are as follows:
to Eurocode 3-1-1 in that it is a function of the
vertical load the structure is supporting. There When considering a wall or an isolated column BS EN 1991-1-6 Eurocode 1: Actions on
is however a slight difference to the derivation within a braced structure, ei can be estimated structures — Part 1-6: General actions —
of (Ѳ) to take into account the length of to be l0/400. Actions during execution
elements as well as their height:
Once the value of ei is determined, it is BS EN 1991-1-6 UK National Annex to
Ѳ = Ѳ0 �h �m (Equation 5.1, Eurocode 2-1) multiplied by the maximum axial load of the Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part
member being considered. 1-6: General actions — Actions during
Where: execution
Ѳ0 is defined as the sway angle of the Method (b) imposes a lateral force, Hi onto
structure, in a similar fashion to Eurocode the element at a point along the element that BS EN 1992-1-1 Eurocode 2: Design of
3-1-1, described above. generates the maximum bending moment reinforced concrete structures —Part 1-1:
from this load. Typically this is at the mid- General rules and rules for buildings
�h is the factor that is related to the height or span position.
length of vertical elements within the structure. BS EN 1992-1-1 UK National Annex to
2 For members that are not within a braced Eurocode 2: Design of reinforced concrete
This is defined as �h = � l frame, the force Hi is defined as фN or ѲN, structures —Part 1-1: General rules and rules
where N is the total axial force and ф/Ѳ for buildings
where ‘l’ is the length or height of members. is defined above. For elements within the
braced frame the value of Hi is 2фN or 2ѲN, BS EN 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Design of steel
This factor can only be within the range of depending on the structure’s material. structures —Part 1-1: General rules and rules
0.66 < �h <1.0. If the calculated value lies for buildings
outside of this range, then the closer extreme Partial Factors for Notional Loads
is taken. Notional loads are considered in combination BS EN 1993-1-1 UK National Annex to
with applied lateral loads, such as wind. The Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
1 partial factors applied to them reflect that —Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
�m = � 0.5 �1+ �
they exist within the structure prior to any buildings
m
load being applied to it. They are treated in the
as per steelwork structures - with the value same way as a wind load and are classified as
of m varying in accordance with the extent a variable static action within the Eurocodes.
to which the structure is being analysed. For Glossary and
isolated members, the value of m is 1, while When notional loads are combined with only further reading
for braced frames m is the number of vertical the dead and imposed loads, they typically
elements contributing to a braced frame. If a adopt the ψ0 combination factor, which is Action – An applied load, both due to a
floor slab is being assessed, the value of m is 0.5. When used in combination with the wind direct application or as a consequence of an
the number of vertical members contributing load, the combination factor ψ1 is applied indirect effect such as thermal expansion of
to the horizontal force that is exerted onto the (typically 0.2). the structure.
floor slab.
Here is an example of how notional Accidental Action – A loading condition
Notional Loads in Isolated Elements horizontal loads would be combined into that is unlikely to occur. As such partial
within Concrete and Steel Frames a single load case when the imposed load factors are not applied to it during ULS
It is possible to assess the impact that (Qk,1) is the leading variable action for a analysis.
notional loading has on isolated elements commercial office building:
within structures. Clause 5.2(7) in Eurocode Characteristic load – A base load that
2-1-1 describes two different methods of 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk,1 + (0.7ψ0)1.5Qk,2 + has not had any partial factors applied to it.
assessing the impact of imperfections on (0.2ψ1)1.5Qk,3 National Annex – A part of the Eurocode
individual elements within a structure. Either that has been written specifically for a
can be employed, but once a method has Where Gk is the dead load, Qk,1 is the imposed particular region.
been selected, it should be used exclusively load, Qk,2 is the wind load, and Qk,3 is the
throughout the project. notional load. The combination factor for the Notional load – A load that exists within
wind load is ψ0 and the combination factor for the structure due to imperfections that
Method (a) considers the eccentricity of the notional load is ψ1. Combination factors cause a lack-of-fit.
elements as they are constructed. This is can vary depending upon the type of use of
defined as: ei = фl0/2 for steel frames or the building when the wind load is taken as
www.thestructuralengineer.org
27
Initially the need to include notional loading within the analysis of the
Worked example structure is checked. This is done by comparing the applied wind load on a
vertical element against 15% of the axial load, thus:
A 5 storey commercial property is to be
constructed from a steel frame structure.
It has a 10m by 8m grid layout and the wind
load upon it is 1 kN/m2. The internal columns
have an axial load of 2.5 MN and all edge
columns have 1.25MN. Corner columns
have an axial load of 0.75MN. The structure
is braced via a pair of concrete lift shaft
and stair cores. Figure 2 shows the overall
dimensions of the structure.
Determine whether or not notional loads Now that the need for the inclusion of notional loading has been proven to be
should be applied to this structure and if positive, factor (ф) needs to be calculated.
so, what their magnitude is. This should be
carried out for all orthogonal directions in
accordance with good practice.
With the value of (ф) calculated, the magnitude of the notional horizontal load
can be calculated:
Further Reading
Manual for the design of steelwork building
structures to Eurocode 3 – Institution of
Structural Engineers – October 2010