Professional Documents
Culture Documents
5 (54) - 2012
Series 1: Special Issue No. 1
1
Dept. of Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
282 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 5 (54) - 2012 • Series 1
that the bond strength of reebars in SCC is but in most of the studies [3], [4] SCC
larger than that in NVC. show a better behaviour than NVC.
As we can see in Figure 1, the
2. The influence of bar diameter differences in the normalized bond for
NVC and SCC are largest for bar
Generally we can say that when the bar diameters of 12 mm and the difference
diameter increases, the medium and become smaller for higher diameters.
ultimate bond strength decrease. This Especially for self-compacting concrete the
decrease of the bond is not a linear differences in the ultimate bond strength
variation in comparison with the bar area, between these two concretes is largest for
being more accentuated for small small diameters and became smaller for
diameters and smaller for big diameters. higher bar diameters.
The SCC presents the same behaviour
In his study, Desnerck [4] observed that related to the shear component of the interface
by increasing the bar diameter, the slip at forces.
maximum bond stress is increasing in all Bond performances depend on both
cases and no significant difference can be concrete multi-axial behaviour in compression
noticed between the results for SCC and and on concrete tensile strength fct. fc and fct
the results for NVC. play a major role in pull-out and splitting
failures respectively.
3. The influence of concrete quality The dependence, however, is less then
linear and the position of bar during
Bond action results from the localized concreting is even more important than
pressure underneath the ribs and is directly concrete strength as is shown in Figure 2.
M. SABĂU et al.: Bond between self-compacting concrete and reinforcement 283
Fig. 2. Bond stress versus concrete strength for different slip values and casting directions [5]
The bars positioned at the bottom of the reduction becomes progressively greater as
formwork and vertical bars loaded in cover is decreased.
opposite direction of the casting direction The lower bond strength of top-cast bars
have higher bond strengths. may be explained as follows: rising bleed
For vertical reinforcing bars parallel to water can be trapped under the bars, and
the casting direction, the combined effect any settling of the concrete can leave air
of bleeding in and settlement of the fresh voids under the bars which will compound
concrete leads to void formation the effect. The amount of bleeding
underneath the ribs of the bar and the bond increases with concrete depth below the
behaviour of the rebar is affected by the bar, resulting in lower bond strength in the
direction in which it is loaded during the upper parts of a deep section.
experiments [6]. All studies performed to determine the
top-bar effect in SCC are using pull-out
4. Top-bar effect test method. Domone [9] presents in his
paper results of two programs.
Top-cast bars have lower bond strengths Figure 3 shows the results of tests on a
than bars cast lower in a member. This set of five wall elements, each 1.5 m high,
behaviour is recognized in ACI318 [7] and with deformed bars at four levels. Four of
EC2 [8]. Top reinforcement, horizontal the elements were cast with SCC of
reinforcement with more than 300 mm in different compositions and one with NVC.
ACI318 and 250 mm in EC2 of fresh The in situ strength for the NVC was
concrete cast in the member below the approximately 50 MPa, and the in situ
development length or splice, requires a SCC strengths varied from 35 to 43 MPa.
30% increase in development length. Most All mixes showed a reduction in bond
research, however, indicates that while an strength with increasing height in the wall.
increased depth of concrete below a bar Three of the SCC mixes behaved similarly
reduces bond strength, the effect of to the NVC mix and one somehow better at
shallow top cover is of greater all heights. The NVC and two of the SCC
significance. The impact of shallow top mixes also showed a reduction greater than
cover on the top-cast bar effect is the EC2 [8] top-bar factor at the top of the
emphasized by the fact that the strength section.
284 Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 5 (54) - 2012 • Series 1
Fig. 3. Variation of bond strength in wall slab and column elements [9]
More extreme behaviour was obtained anchored bars. Accumulation of bleed water
from tests on round bars in 2 m high under the reinforcement and separation of
columns, as can be seen in Figure 3. Each fresh paste from the reinforcement due to
data point is the average from bars at three segregation and settlement can significantly
closely spaced levels. Columns with three reduce the bond. A total of 25 specimens
NVC and two SCC mixes with varying were prepared by Khayat [11] to evaluate
strength levels were tested, and the effect of specimen height (500, 700 and
considerable reductions in bond strength (of 1100 mm) and bar anchored length (2.5 and
up to 80%) were obtained with the two 5 times bar diameter) on external bleeding,
lower strength NVC mixes. The two SCC surface settlement, segregation and relative
mixes and the highest strength NVC mix bond strength (from pull-out tests) of
showed broadly similar behaviour, with horizontally embedded bars. The findings
reductions in bond strength similar to that indicated that the use of VMA reduced
recommended in EC2 [8]. surface settlement (that is related to
In Figures 4 and 5 are presented results bleeding and segregation) and significantly
from a recent study made by Chan et al. reduced the top-bar factor.
[10] dealing with pull-out tests. They have Sonebi et al. [12] performed bond tests
reported that, as compared to NVC, SCC (pull-out tests) with 12 and 20 mm
exhibits higher bond to reinforcing bars and deformed bars placed in concrete specimens
lower reduction in bond strength due to top- of 100x100x150 mm to study the
bar effect at all ages. performance of SCC compared to NVC.
Khayat [11] studied the bond strength of The test results showed 10–40% higher
SCC with special focus on the effect of normalized bond strength in SCC compared
VMA to reduce the top-bar effect of to NVC.
M. SABĂU et al.: Bond between self-compacting concrete and reinforcement 285
Fig. 4. Bond strength in NVC [10] Fig. 5. Bond strength in SCC [10]