1696 M.R.A. Radzuan et al.

/ Materials Today: Proceedings 19 (2019) 1693–1702

by Bridges to Sustainability [8], Green Metrics [9], and the Institution of Chemical Engineers [10]. Here have nine
impact categories of environmental: global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical smog, aquatic
oxygen demand, atmospheric acidification, aquatic acidification, eco-toxicity to aquatic life, eutrophication, and
resource usage. The last impact category in the environmental impact was resource usage. This metric has measured
the efficiency of the resource were use in the chemical reactions. The categories that include in the metrics were
effective mass yield, e-factor, mass intensity, atom economy, reaction mass efficiency, mass productivity, material
intensity, energy intensity or fossil fuel usage and the water consumption.

2.3.3. Social Concerns

Social sustainability is usually unmarked the side of sustainability, as sustainable development discussions
typically specialize in the environmental or economic aspects of sustainability. Wacoss, Western Australia Council
of Social services stated that the social sustainability happens once the formal and informal processes, systems,
structures, and relationships actively support the capability of the current and future generations to make liveable
and healthy communities [11]. This section has two sections, which is the process of safety risks and health risks.
This is the process of safety risks are; the heat of main and side reaction index, flammability index, explosivity
index, corrosive index, toxic exposure index, equipment process safety index, process safety index, temperature,
index, and pressure index

However, health metrics have eleven categories, which are; carcinogenic health risk, development health risk,
reproductive health risk, cardiovascular health risk, endocrine system health risk, liver damage health risk, immune
system damage health risk, kidney damage health risk, skeletal system damage health risk, neurological damage
health risk, and respiratory system health risk.

2.3.4. Health Risks

In health risks, the calculation to calculate in the environmental sustainability evaluator was the same by
multiplying the mass flow rate of each of the components from the waste stream by its score in the scorecard [16].

3. Result and discussion

3.3. Cyclohexane Hydrogenation Process

Cyclohexane was used to create cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, which is, in turn, were used in the main as
precursors for the assembly of adipic acid and caprolactam, respectively. Cyclohexane was used for the various
solvent of the applications and used for the production of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol for the non-precursor
user. As the result of cyclohexane’s intrinsic link to the polymer chain and its use in cars, construction, and textiles.
The world cyclohexane demand remains powerfully influenced by economic conditions. Cyclohexane is basically
consumed for nylon half dozen fibers, resins, and films [13].
Generally, benzene hydrogenation was an exothermic reaction process, so the operation condition for the
conversion reactor that needs to be maintained at the temperature between 165°C to 320°C to initiate the reaction
[14]. Then, the temperature range of the reactor for cyclohexane plant was between 2000 – 3000 kPa [14]. The
following reaction that takes place in the reactor was:

𝐶 𝐻 + 3𝐻 → 𝐶 𝐻

3.3.1. Comparison between Cyclohexane Plant 1 and Plant 2.

Table 1 shows the comparison of the specifications that had been listed in the table for both cyclohexane plants.
In the method of the production of cyclohexane by the hydrogenation of benzene was worked at the inlet pressure
within the mixer at 3823 kPa for both plants. Theoretically, the range of the inlet pressure that often used in the