Torsion 31 07.01.2021 PDF

1/7/2021
TORSION
SHAFT
When you ride a bicycle, you transfer power
from your leg to the pedals, and through shaft
and chain to the rear wheel.
In a car, power is transferred from the engine
to the wheel, requiring many shafts that form
the drive train.
Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME,

BUET 1
1
1/7/2021
Shaft…
(a) (b)
Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 2
2
1/7/2021
Shaft…
A shaft also transfer torque to the blades of a helicopter.
Fig.6.2
3
1/7/2021
Shaft…
“ any structural member that transmits
torque from one plane to another is
called a shaft”
A member is said to be in torsion when it
is subjected to twisting moment about its
axis.
4
1/7/2021
Torque
Twisting moments or torques are forces acting
through distance so as to promote rotation.
5
1/7/2021
Torque
Example:
Using a wrench to tighten a nut in a bolt.
If the bolt, wrench and force are all

perpendicular to one another, the twisting
moment is the force (F) times the length (L) of
the wrench.
Simple torque, T = F X L
6
1/7/2021
Torsion
Torsionis the twisting of a straightbar when it is
loaded by twisting moments or torques that tend
to produce rotation about the longitudinal axis of
the bar.
For instance, when we turn a screw driver to

produce torsion, our hand applies torque ‘T’ to
the handle and twists the shank of the screw
driver.
7
1/7/2021
Torsion
8
1/7/2021
Torsion
In engineering problems many members are
subjected to torsion.
Shafts transmitting power from engine to the

rear axle of automobile, from a motor to
machine tool and from a turbine to electric
motors are the common examples of members
in torsion.
A common method of transmitting power is by

means of torque in a rotating shaft.
Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET
9
9
1/7/2021

10
10
1/7/2021
Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft.
Shaft transmits the torque to the generator.

11
1/7/2021
Generator creates an equal and opposite torque T.

12
12
1/7/2021
Bars subjected to Torsion

Let us now consider a straight bar
supported at one end and acted upon by
two pairs of equal and opposite forces
as shown in Fig..
13
1/7/2021
14
1/7/2021
Then each pair of forces form a couple that tend

to twist the bar about is longitudinal axis. Thus
producing surface tractions and moments.
The we can write the moments as

T1 = P1d1 and T2= P2 d2
15
1/7/2021
Definition of Torsion
When a pair of forces of equal magnitude
but opposite directions acting on body, it
tends to twist the body. It is known as
twisting Moment or torsional moment or
simply as torque.
In the case of a circular shaft if the force is
applied tangentially and in the plane of
transverse cross section, the torque may be
calculated by multiplying the force with the
radius of the shaft.
16
1/7/2021
PURE TORSION
A member is said to be in pure torsion

when its cross sections are subjected to
only torsional moments and not
accompanied by axial forces or bending
moment.
17
1/7/2021
SIMPLE TORSION THEORY
When a uniform circular shaft is subjected to

a torque, it can be shown that every section
of the shaft is subjected to a state of pure
shear The moment of resistance developed
by the shear stresses being everywhere equal
to the magnitude, and opposite in sense, to
the applied torque.
18
1/7/2021
Shear System Set Up on an Element in the

Surface of a Shaft Subjected to Torsion
19
1/7/2021

For the purposes of deriving a simple theory to
describe the behaviour of shafts subjected to
torque it is necessary to make the following
basic assumptions:
Assumptions Made in Theory of Torsion
1. The material of the shaft is homogeneous,
perfectly elastic and obeys Hooke’s law.
2. Twist is uniform along the length of the
shaft
3. The shear stress induced does not exceed
the limit of proportionality.
4. Strain and deformations are small.
20
1/7/2021
Assumptions Made in Theory of Torsion

5. The sections which were plane and circular
before twisting remain plane and circular
after twisting . (This is certainly not the case
with the torsion of non-circular sections.)
6. Cross-sections rotate as it rigid, i.e. every
diameter rotates through the same angle. i.e.,
Radial lines remain radial even after applying
torsional moment.
21
1/7/2021
• Practical tests carried out on circular

shafts have shown that the theory
developed below on the basis of these
assumptions shows excellent correlation
with experimental results.
22
1/7/2021
• Derivation of Torsional Equations

• Consider a shaft of length L, radius R fixed at
one end and subjected to a torque T at the
other end as shown in Fig.
23
1/7/2021

Let ‘O’ be the center of the circular section
and B a point on surface.
AB be the line on the shaft parallel to the axis

of the shaft.
Due to torque T applied let B move to ‘B’
If ‘’, shear strain (BAB) and ‘’ is the angle

of twist in length L, then
R=BB=L
24
1/7/2021
25
1/7/2021
26
1/7/2021
27
1/7/2021
28
1/7/2021
Induced shear
29
1/7/2021
Strength of a solid shaft

• consider the torsional resistance developed by
an elemental area ‘da' at a distance ‘r’ from
centre (Ref. Fig.).
(a) (b)
30
1/7/2021
31
1/7/2021
32
1/7/2021
33
1/7/2021
34
1/7/2021
35
1/7/2021
36
1/7/2021
37
1/7/2021
38
1/7/2021
39
1/7/2021
Unit for Power

• If T is taken in N-m, then unit of power is in N-
m/sec i.e. Watt.
• Since Watt is a small quantity in practice, it is
expressed in kilo watts (kW).
• Old practice was to express power in Horse
Power unit. It may be noted that
• One Horse Power(HP) = 0.746kW
= 746 Watts
= 746 N m/sec.
40
1/7/2021
41
1/7/2021
42
1/7/2021
43
1/7/2021
44
1/7/2021
45
1/7/2021
46
1/7/2021
47
1/7/2021
48
1/7/2021
49
1/7/2021
50
1/7/2021
51
1/7/2021
52
1/7/2021
53
1/7/2021
54
1/7/2021

55
55
1/7/2021
56
1/7/2021
57
1/7/2021
58
1/7/2021
59
1/7/2021
60
1/7/2021
61
1/7/2021
62
1/7/2021
63
1/7/2021
64
1/7/2021
65
1/7/2021
66
1/7/2021
 Ex. 43 Compare the weight of a solid shaft

with that of a hollow one having same length
to transmit a given power at a given speed, if
the material used for the shafts is the same.
Take the inside diameter of the hollow shaft
as 0.6 times the outer diameter.
• soln
Let d be the diameter of solid shaft
d1 the outer diameter of hollow shaft
... Inner diameter of hollow shaft = 0.6 d 1
Let P =Power to be transmitted
N = r.p.m.
and T = the corresponding torque.
67
1/7/2021
68
1/7/2021
69
1/7/2021
70
1/7/2021
71
1/7/2021
72
1/7/2021
73
1/7/2021
• Ex. 44. Prove that a hollow shaft is stronger

and stiffer than the solid shaft of the same
material, length and weight.
• Solution
• Let d be the diameter of solid shaft
• d1 be the outer diameter of hollow shaft and
d2 inner diameter of hollow shaft.
• The two shafts have equal weight and
length and are of same material.
• Hence, equating the weight of solid shaft to
that of hollow shaft, we get,
74
1/7/2021
75
1/7/2021
76
1/7/2021
77
1/7/2021
78
1/7/2021
79
1/7/2021
80
1/7/2021
81
1/7/2021
• Ex: 45. A solid shaft transmits 350 kW at

120 rpm. If the shear stress is not to
exceed 70N/mm2, what should be the
diameter of the shaft? If this shaft is to be
replaced by a hollow one whose internal
diameter = 0.6 times outer diameter,
determine the size and the percentage
saving in weight, the maximum shearing
stress being the same.
82
1/7/2021
83
1/7/2021
84
1/7/2021
85
1/7/2021
86
1/7/2021
87
1/7/2021
Ex. 46. What percentage of strength of a solid

circular steel shaft 100 mm diameter is lost by
boring 50 mm axial hole in it? Compare the
strength and weight ratio of the two cases.
•Solution Diameter of
solid shaft d= 100mm
Diameter of hollow shaft:
outer, d1 = 100mm
inner, d2 = 50 mm
88
1/7/2021
89
1/7/2021
90
1/7/2021
91
1/7/2021
Ex:47. A solid shaft of mild steel 200mm in

diameter is to be replaced by hollow shaft of
alloy steel for which the allowable shear
stress is 22percent greater. If the power to
be transmitted is to be increased by 20
percent and the speed of rotation increased
by 6 percent. Determine the maximum
internal diameter of the hollow shaft. The
external diameter of the hollow shaft is to be
200mm.
92
1/7/2021
solution
93
1/7/2021
94
1/7/2021
95
1/7/2021
96
1/7/2021
97
1/7/2021
98
1/7/2021
COMPOUND SHAFTS
 Compound shafts are shafts made up of a number of

small shafts of different cross-sections or of different
materials connected to form a composite shaft to
transmit or resist the torque applied.
 Types
Shafts in series
Shafts in parallel
99
1/7/2021
Shafts in series:
In order to form a composite shaft sometimes
number of small shafts of different cross-sections
or of different materials shafts are connected in
series.
To analyze these shafts, first torque resisted by

each portion is found and then individual effects
are clubbed.
100
1/7/2021
Shafts in series:
At fixed end torque of required magnitude

develops to keep the shaft in equilibrium.
The torques developed at the ends of any

portion are equal and opposite.
The angle of twist is the sum of the angle

of twist of the shafts connected in series.
101
1/7/2021
102
1/7/2021
Shafts in Parallel:
The shafts are said to be in parallel when
the driving torque is applied at the junction of the
shafts and the resisting torque is at the other
ends of the shafts .
Here, the angle of twist is same for each shaft,
but the applied torque is shared between the two
shafts.
103
1/7/2021
104
1/7/2021
• Ex :48. A solid stepped shaft, ABC, is fixed

at A, and is subjected to torques TB = 880
N·m and TC = 275 N·m as shown in Fig..
Segment AB has a length of 1.5 m and
diameter 50 mm. Segment BC has a
length 1.0 m and diameter 30 mm. The
material is steel with a shear modulus of G
= 77 GPa. Determine (a) the maximum
shear stress in AB, (b) the maximum shear
stress in BC, and (c) the total angle of twist
of shaft ABC, θAC .
105
1/7/2021
• Fig. (a) A stepped-shaft subjected to torques TB

and TC . (b) FBD of entire system.
106
1/7/2021
107
1/7/2021
108
1/7/2021
109
1/7/2021
110
1/7/2021
111
1/7/2021
112
1/7/2021
Ex:49. A stepped shaft is subjected to torque as

shown in Fig. Determine the angle of twist at
the free end. Take G = 80 kN/mm2 . Also find
the maximum shear stress in any Step.
113
1/7/2021
Fig. (b) shows the free body diagram of the

portions of shaft
Fig
114
1/7/2021
115
1/7/2021
116
1/7/2021
117
1/7/2021
118
1/7/2021
119
1/7/2021
• Ex:50. A brass tube of external diameter 80

mm and internal diameter 50 mm is closely
fitted to a steel rod of 50 mm diameter to
form a composite shaft. If a torque of 10
kNm is to be resisted by this shaft, find the
maximum stresses developed in each
material and the angle of twist in 2 m length.
Take Gb = 40 x 103 N/mm 2

Gs = 80x 103N/mm2
120
1/7/2021
121
1/7/2021
122
1/7/2021
----- (2)
123
1/7/2021
124
1/7/2021
125
1/7/2021
126
1/7/2021
127
1/7/2021
• Ex:51. A bar of length 1000 mm and diameter 60

mm is centrally bored for 400 mm, the bore
diameter being 30 mm as shown in Fig. (a). If the
two ends are fixed and is subjected to a torque of
2 kNm as shown in figure, find the maximum
stresses developed in the two portions.
128
1/7/2021
Fig 7.6(b)
129
1/7/2021
130
1/7/2021
131
1/7/2021
132
1/7/2021
133
1/7/2021
134
1/7/2021
Fig 7.7
135
1/7/2021
136
1/7/2021
137
1/7/2021
138
1/7/2021
139
1/7/2021
140
1/7/2021
Fig 7.8
141
1/7/2021
142
1/7/2021
143
1/7/2021
144
1/7/2021
145
1/7/2021
Fig 7.9
146
1/7/2021
147

Torsion 31 07.01.2021 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Torsion 31 07.01.2021 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1/7/2021

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME,

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 2

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 3

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 4

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 5

If the bolt, wrench and force are all

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 6

For instance, when we turn a screw driver to

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 7

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 8

Shafts transmitting power from engine to the

A common method of transmitting power is by

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET

Turbine exerts torque T on the shaft.

Shaft transmits the torque to the generator.

Generator creates an equal and opposite torque T.

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET

Bars subjected to Torsion

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 13

Bars subjected to Torsion

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 14

Bars subjected to Torsion

Then each pair of forces form a couple that tend

The we can write the moments as

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 15

A member is said to be in pure torsion

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 17

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

When a uniform circular shaft is subjected to

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 18

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

Shear System Set Up on an Element in the

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

Assumptions Made in Theory of Torsion

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 21

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

• Practical tests carried out on circular

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 22

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

• Derivation of Torsional Equations

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 23

SIMPLE TORSION THEORY

AB be the line on the shaft parallel to the axis

Due to torque T applied let B move to ‘B’

If ‘’, shear strain (BAB) and ‘’ is the angle

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 25

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 26

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 27

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 28

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 29

Strength of a solid shaft

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 30

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 31

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 32

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 33

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 34

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 35

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 36

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 37

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 38

Prof. Dr. Goutam Kumar Saha, NAME, BUET 39