ω

!
ω = + + & =

% ω = + +

$ =# " +# "
# " & ' ( ) &
τ * $+ ,
τ=

# " - . - " ,
" $ & ' /
$ #0
! , & 1
-) $ 2
$ = $ω + ϕ

3 4 5 )

# $ = $ω + ϕ $4 #
ω $> ' $ ω < ',
π
= , υ=
ω
$> ' - , ϕ . - ,
ω +ϕ . -

) =− $ &
& -
 ϕ
6 2 ) $ 7 = + × = × & = ≥'
ϕ= ∈ ['8 π [ $
:
) 9

= ϕ = +
= ϕ ϕ=

ϕ= >'
ϕ= ⇔
ϕ= +π <'

× = 8 =

$ × = + 8 =−

) -

$ = $ω + ϕ ,
$ω +ϕ
) $4 $ =
/
$ω +ϕ
: $ =
= $ω + ϕ + $ω + ϕ
π
= $ω + ϕ + ω$ − +ϕ
ω
π
= $ + × $ −
ω
: $ = $ω + ϕ
= $ $
!- $ $
$ω +ϕ ϕ ω ω
$ = = =
) , - -
. - ϕ $

3 )
!

, . ω,
α,β ,
α +β =α +β
 %
α +β =α $ω + ϕ + β $ω + ϕ -
. ω / )
π
α + β = $α + β $ + $α + β $ −
ω
π π
=α $ + $ − +β $ + $ −
ω ω
=α +β

% &

# $ = $ω + ϕ ! )
$ω +ϕ
$ =
/
π π
=− ω $ω + ϕ = − ω $ω + ϕ − = ω $ω + ϕ +
-
/ )
π π
$ω +ϕ +
= ω =ω $ω +ϕ
= ω

# $ = $ω + ϕ / - .
- & $ -

π
$; ;= $ω + ϕ = $ω + ϕ −
'
ω ω
π π
$ ω +ϕ − −
$ω +ϕ
% $; ;= = =
'
ω ω ω

%- " , ω = + +
 # $ = $ω + ϕ
/
ω
= $ ω + ω +

ω
= × − ω + ω+

ω $ω +ϕ
= × − ω + ω+

ω ω ϕ
= × − ω + ω+ & =

= × − ω + ω+

=
− ω + ω+
# >'
= =
− ω + +$ ω

ϕ= = − $− ω + + ω

ω
− − ω + >'
− ω +
=
ω
π− − ω + <'
− ω +

/ $ = $ω + ϕ

+ ) - *

,
. 1 ω
6 * &
+∞ +∞
= $ + $ =
=' ='
. - * , $ ='

<
% , & ) ,
+∞ +∞
$ ω $ = $ + $ ω $
=' ='
+∞
$ ω
# $ = $ × ='
+∞
$ ω
='
) $ω
*

% , $ω
!- -
ω ω
= , & = =
$

- )
ϕ
=
= * $ Ω
ψ
= $ω + ψ % =
$ψ −ϕ
% = =

% $ = $ω + ψ − ϕ

ω +ψ = π

ϕ ?ω
$ ) ⇔ ω +ψ − ϕ = π
π ψ ϕ
⇔ = − +
ω ω ω
$ ) ⇔ ω +ψ = π
π ψ
⇔ = −
ω ω
ϕ
% = ) +
ω
)

% $ ) " $ $ ϕ >'
ϕ ϕ
= = ×
ω π
ϕ -& 8 = × ϕ

>
 = +
= $ *
=+ $ *

= ⇔ = =

= ) *
− ϕ
=

= * $ #

= +
= $ *
=+ $ *

3 + ) *

∀, $ = × $
. ω,
% = ×
= ) $∈
= =
ϕ ='
$ = 8 ='8 ='

3 2

∀, $ = × % = ω×

@
 = ω ) 2 2
=ω
π
ϕ= $ &

ω +∞
+∞ = '

$ & . &

2 ω '
' = × '
$ & .

∀, $ = ×

% = ω× ⇔ =
ω
= )
ω
=ω
π
ϕ=− $

ω +∞
'
$ & .

2 ω '
+∞
$ & . &

A
 ω

! C

% - - " , ='
=
. ω,
ω
% ∀, $ + $ + + $ ='⇔ + + + =' $ = =

# ='
=

%- " D ∀, $ + $ + + $ ='
. ω
∀, $ + $ + + $ ='

# ='
=

3 -

%- "
= = =
= = =

/ * - ) =
=

B
 "

/ * - ) =
=

- ) = $ - " D
=

%&

= ×
+

= ×
+

F " G

E
 %- " D , ='
=

∀ ∈ [ 8 ], = = − = ×

− =
% ='⇔ − ='⇔ = = =

= = =

= =

H &
−
! D ='⇔ + ='⇔ + ='
= = =

+
=
⇔ + − ='⇔ =
= =

% 4
4

$ = $ = $ω + ψ , $
$
$ω +ψ ω ψ
= = = & =
- )

$ = $ =! $ω + ψ , $
$ I

'
 ψ ω ω
= =! =!
! - ) I

" = −

G $ F &

−" "
" = − ⇔ = = −
!

! " "

$ = $ω 8 $ = $ω + ψ
 ω
$ = $ =
$ω +ψ ψ ω ω
$ = = =
%- "

= = + + = + ω × + = + ω +
ω ω
% = >'
+ ω −
ω
= = = $ω
+ ω −
ω
ψ = $ &

= $ − + ω −
ω

ω −
='− ω

−ω
= ω

• $ω

$ω ) + ω − , ; I.I ω − ='
ω ω

ω= = ω' $ , ,

) = $ω ' = , - - 2 2
-
2 $ω ' $ω ' $.
$ω +∞ $ω ' $. 2 2
$ω

ω' ω
/ - ω = ω'
• .I 3
/ ) $ω = )

/
$ω = )
⇔ =
+ ω −
ω

⇔ ω − =
ω
⇔ω − =ε & ε =±
ω
⇔ ω − ωε − ='

∆= ε +< = +< >'

ε± +<
% ω=
ω>' %
− + +< + +<
ω = ω =
/ ω ω = ω'
ω' K ω ω $

3 = ω , $ω > )
= [ω , ω ]

! 2 = ∆ω = ω − ω =

ω' ∆ω
0 ∆ω = = ω' = % =
ω' ω'
! - ? $ >

• ψ $ω
−ω
ψ $ω = ω

π π
2 ψ = $ .
ω '

$/ + << +∞ , -
 π π
, ψ =− $ .
ω +∞

$+ 2 2
, ψ $ω ' = $' = ' % !-
* .
−ε π
ψ $ω = = $# = $
<
−ε π
ψ $ω = =− $# =
<
ϕ $ω
π

π
<
ω' ω

ω ω
π
−
<
π
−

ϕ $ω
π

π
<
ω' ω
ω ω
π
−
<
π
−

$ω

$ >'
$ = $ω + ϕ
ω ϕ
= & =

<
%&
×
ω
= = =
+ +
+ ω + − ω + ω
ω
ω ω'
/ ω' = 8 = 8 =
ω'
= =
$ − ω + ω
ω ω
ω = = 8 ω = × ω' = × = ×
ω' ω' ω%
% =
$ − +

ω
− ω < ω'
ϕ= =− $ − ω + ω = − ω
ω
π− ω > ω'
− ω

• $ω
$' = $ = =' =
$+∞ = '
ω
/ = × = ×
ω ω ω'

ω ='
% ='⇔
ω
='

/ ='

× $− × $− $ − +
= ?

$ − + >' ≥'

='⇔− $ − + ='⇔ = −

− ≥'⇔ ≥

# < , - / ) ω ='

>
 ω
<

# > , = −

ω = ω' − < ω'

ω
$ω = & =
ω'
$ − +

= =
−
<

# >> )
≈

>>

ω ω' ω

ω = ω' − ≈ ω'

L ?

• .I 3
ω
$ = & =
ω'
$ − +

)
= $ =
−
<

/ $ = )
$ >

@
/

$ = )
⇔$ − + = $ −
<

⇔ +$ − +$ − + ='
<
<
∆=$ − − <$ − + = − <
= $< − >' >
<

− ± $< −
% , =

/ , >' $ 7
ω = ω' 8 ω = ω' $ω < ω

3 = [ω , ω ]
ω −ω
! 2 = ∆ω = ω − ω =
ω +ω
# >> ≈ ≈ $ ; I.I ω ≈ ω' ≈ ω
ω −ω ω ω'
∆ω ≈ ≈ ' $ − ≈ ∆
ω' ω'

∆= $< − = <− ≈

∆ω
% ≈
ω'

>>
ω'
∆ω ≈

ω ≈ ω' ω

• ϕ $ω
ϕ $ω = $ $ & . $
ω
ϕ $ω = − $+π ω ≥ ω '
− ω
ϕ $ω = ' 8 ϕ $ω = ' + π Nπ M
ω ' ω +∞

π π π
ϕ $ω = − 8 ϕ $ω = =− N πM
ω ω'− ω ω'+

A
 ϕ $ω
ω'
ω

π
−

−π

$
4
/ " $ , $ K
2

/
'+

= $ = $
'

% -
π
$ = $ω + ϕ =
ω
= $ω + ϕ = $ $ ω + ϕ +
' '

= × =

% =

) %0 'H
% = '" = '"

3 0

/ " * . ω

& $ = $ω & = $ω − ϕ $ ϕ -&

'$ = & $ × & $ = $ω × $ω − ϕ = × $ $ ω −ϕ + ϕ

B
% '$ = ϕ+ $ ω −ϕ

π
;= =
ω

/ '( K ? & *
' = '$ ;
= ϕ= ϕ
ϕ *
'
= + ϕ 2
ϕ
O

=
ϕ
= 8 ϕ= $ , &
= +
= ϕ+ ϕ
' = ϕ = , = ×

% ' = × ϕ= × ϕ= ×

/ ' = × ϕ= × = ×

− ϕ
$ = = = ϕ− ϕ= +

' = ×
3 2 ' ='$ =' =

E
% )

% ) '= × :

= $ω + ψ 8 = $ω +ψ

− $ ω +ϕ −ϕ
= $ω + ψ − ϕ 8 : =
ϕ ψ $ −ψ +ϕ
% '= × × = × = × :

/ '=' + ' =
' & $
' & $

'=' + ' = ϕ+ ϕ
%
' = ϕ
' = ϕ
' . *

* ) -
'= × := × × := × =

/ , 1 '= :
%
' = × = ×
' = × =− ×

)
' = × ' ='
3 2 ! ' =' ' = ω× = ×
ω
−
' =' ' = × = − ω×
ω
' P * $ H &
"

F " 3

'= × := × := := '
= = =

'
 " *

:
'= × := = := '
= = =

& 2 -
' $ = '*
=

'$ = ')
=

0 -

' = ϕ & ϕ= $ & 2 ,

& ϕ 2
J &

' =' $ +' $ = ' +' = '

' = ; ϕ;
' $ ; ; $ ;
% ϕ;= = = $ = + -
; ; ;

ω
/ ;= = $ &
+
+ ω
ω
& = + , 2
$ − ω + ω+ $ $ − ω − ω + $ − ω$ +
;= =
$ − ω + ω $ − ω + ω
, ϕ; = ϕ; = ,
+$ − ω$ +

= +$ − ω$ + , =
ω$ +
, ; < 8 O