ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

SUBJECT : SENSOR & SIGNAL CONDITIONING

NAME : ANKITA
ROLLNO. : 20MEE202
CONTENTS:
➢ (ENCODERS & DECODERS)
• INTRODUCTION
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• WORKING
• IMPORTANCE
• APPLICATION
• MANUFACTURERS
• COST
• VENDORS
• SOURCES

➢ (SMART SENSORS)

• INTRODUCTION
• BLOCK DIAGRAM
• WORKING
• IMPORTANCE
• APPLICATION
• MANUFACTURERS
• COST
• VENDORS
• SOURCES
1. ENCODERS & DECODERS
The encoders and decoders play an essential role in digital electronic projects.
Encoders & Decoders are used to convert data from one form to another form.
These are frequently used in communication system such as telecommunication,
networking, etc. Most decoders accept an input code and produce a HIGH (or
LOW) at one and only one output line. In other words, we can say that a decoder
identifies, recognizes or detects a particular code. The opposite of this decoding
process is called encoding and is performed by a logic circuit called an encoder.
An encoder has a number of input lines, only one of which is activated at a given
time, and produces an N-bit output code, depending on which input is activated.
1.1 DECODER
Decoder is a combinational circuit. A decoder accepts a set of inputs that
represents a binary number and activates only that output corresponding to the
input number and all the other outputs remain inactive.
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DECODER:
The block diagram of the decoder has n inputs and m outputs where m is 2^n.The
decoder is n to m decoder. Apart from this, there is also a single line connected to
the decoder called ENABLE LINE.

FIG: 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DECODER

1.3 TYPES OF DECODER:
➢ 2X4 DECODER
➢ 3X8 DECODER
➢ 4X16 DECODER
➢ BDC TO 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY
1.3.1 2X4 DECODER:

The 2 binary inputs labelled A and B are decoded into one of 4 outputs, hence the
description of 2-to-4 binary decoder. Each output represents one of the minterms
of the 2 input variables, (each output = a minterm).

FIG: 2 2X4 DECODER

1.3.2 3X8 DECODER:

A 3 to 8 decoder has three inputs (A, B, C) and eight outputs (DO to D7).Based
on the 3 inputs one of the eight outputs is selected. The truth table for 3 to 8
decoder is shown in table. From the truth table, it is seen that only one of eight
outputs (DO to D7) is selected based on three select inputs. From the truth table,
the logic expressions for outputs can be written as follows:
 FIG 3 : 3X8 DECODER

1.3.3 4X16 DECODER:

A decoder circuit of the higher combination is obtained by adding two or more
lower combinational circuits. 4 to 16 decoder circuit is obtained from two 3 to 8
decoder circuits or three 2 to 4 decoder circuits.
When two 3 to 8 Decoder circuits are combined the enable pin acts as the input
for both the decoders. When enable pin is high at one 3 to 8 decoder circuits then
it is low at another 3 to 8 decoder circuit.
TRUTH TABLE:
LOGICDIAGRAM:

1.3.4 BCD TO 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY

Seven-segment displays are used to display the digits in digital watches,
calculators, clocks, measuring instruments and digital counters, etc. Generally,
LCD and LED segments provide the display output of numerical numbers and
characters. However to display the characters and numbers (in order to produce
the decimal readout), seven-segment displays are most commonly used. Mostly
these displays are driven by the output stages of digital ICs (to which the visual
indication of the output stages has to be performed) such as latches and decade
counters, etc.
But these outputs are in the form of 4-bit binary coded decimal (BCD), and not
suitable for directly driving the seven-segment displays. A display decoder is
used to convert a BCD or a binary code into a 7 segment code. It generally has 4
input lines and 7 output lines.

FIG 4: 7 SEGMENT LED

1.4 ENCODER:
An encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the inverse operation of a
decoder. It has 2^n input lines and n output lines. Out of 2^n input lines only
one is activated at a given time and produces an n bit output code ,depending on
which input is activated. Like decoder, encoder also does not have any selection
lines.
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ENCODER:
It has 2^n input lines and n output lines. Out of 2^n input lines only one is
activated at a given time and produces an n bit output code, depending on which
input is activated.
 FIG 5:BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ENCODER

1.6 TYPES OF ENCODER:

➢ 4 TO 2 ENCODER
➢ 8 TO 3 ENCODER
➢ PRIORITY ENCODER

1.6.1 4 TO 2 ENCODER: As shown in the block diagram it takes 4 input

lines and generates 2 output lines.

FIG 6: 4 TO 2 ENCODER
1.6.2 8 TO 3 ENCODER:
let’s consider Octal to Binary encoder. As shown in the following figure, an
octal-to-binary encoder takes 8 input lines and generates 3 output lines.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TRUTH TABLE:

LOGIC DIAGRAM:

FIG 7: 8X3 ENCODER

One limitation of this encoder is that only one input can be active at any given time. If more
than one inputs are active, then the output is undefined. For example, if D6 and D3 are both
active, then, our output would be 111 which is the output for D7. To overcome this, we use
Priority Encoders.
Another ambiguity arises when all inputs are 0. In this case, encoder outputs 000
which actually is the output for D0 active. In order to avoid this, an extra bit can
be added to the output, called the valid bit which is 0 when all inputs are 0 and 1
otherwise.

1.7 PRIORITY ENCODER:

A priority encoder is an encoder circuit in which inputs are given priorities. When
more than one inputs are active at the same time, the input with higher priority
takes precedence and the output corresponding to that is generated.
Let us consider the 4 to 2 priority encoder as an example.
From the truth table, we see that when all inputs are 0, our V bit or the valid bit is
zero and outputs are not used. The x’s in the table show the don’t care condition,
i.e, it may either be 0 or 1. Here, D3 has highest priority, therefore, whatever be
the other inputs, when D3 is high, output has to be 11. And D0 has the lowest
priority, therefore the output would be 00 only when D0 is high and the other input
lines are low. Similarly, D2 has higher priority over D1 and D0 but lower than D3
therefore the output would be 010 only when D2 is high and D3 are low (D0 & D1
are don’t care).

TRUTH TABLE:
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

FIG 8: PRIORITY ENCODER

1.8 IMPORTANCE OF ENCODER AND DECODERS:
It is used to convert the data from one form to another form. Generally, these are
frequently used in:
1. The communication systems like telecommunication
2. Networking
3. Transfer the data from one end to the other end
DECODERS:
Decoders are used whenever an output or group of outputs is to be activated only
on the occurrence of a specific combination of input levels. These input levels are
often provided by the outputs of a counter or register.

Decoders can be used as timing or sequencing signals to turn devices on or off at

specific times,
Decoders are widely used in memory systems of computers where they respond
to the address code from the central processor to activate the memory storage
location specified by the address code.
Decoder is designed to be used in high-performance memory-decoding or data-
routing applications requiring very short propagation delay times.
When used with high-speed memories using a fast enable circuit, the delay times
of these decoders and the enable time of the memory usually are less than the
typical access time of the memory. This means that the effective system delay
introduced by the decoder is negligible.
ENCODERS:
Encoder are therefore used for storing more data in a given space.
Encoder makes it possible to send more data from source to destination.
Encoder due to all this are used in error detection.

1.9 APPLICATION OF ENCODER & DECODER:

1) Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries

This system is used to synchronize motor speed by using RF technology. This

project is applicable to many industries like steel plants, paper plants and textile
mills, where the motors are used to design simultaneously. All these motors used
on conveyer are designed to be synchronized.

FIG 9: Speed Synchronization of Multiple Motors in Industries

In this system, one motor output is given as the reference speed for the other
motors to follow same speed. The proposed system consists of two blocks:
transmitter and receiver blocks, which are built with encoder and decoder. A
particular speed is sent by the transmitter with the help of the decoder. The
receiver receives the data and converts the digital format to send the receiver
system, and maintains same speed as it has received. Thus, if a particular speed
is set by the transmitter, then other motors run with the same speed by utilizing
radio-frequency communication.

2) War- Field -Flying Robot with a Night Vision Flying Camera

This system with a wireless camera can wirelessly transmit a real-time video with
night vision capabilities using RF technology, which is for remote operation. This
kind of robot can be helpful for spying in War fields.

FIG 10: War- Field -Flying Robot with a Night Vision Flying Camera

In the transmitting end push buttons are used; commands are sent to the controller
for controlling the movement of the robot either in forward, backward, left, right,
directions. The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage
of adequate range (up to 200 meters) with proper antenna, while the receiver
decodes before feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via
motor-driver IC for necessary work. A wireless camera is mounted on the robot
body for spying purposes, even in complete darkness by using infrared lighting.
The basic schematic diagram is shown above.

3) Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector

The project is designed to develop a robotic vehicle that can sense metals ahead
of it on its path similar to sensing land mines. The robot is controlled by a remote
using RF technology. At the transmitting end, using push buttons, commands are
sent to the receiver to control the movement of the robot either in forward,
backward and left or right directions. At the receiving end, two motors are
interfaced to the microcontroller where they are used for the movement of the
vehicle.

The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage of adequate
range (up to 200 meters) with proper antenna, while the receiver decodes before
feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via motor-driver IC for
necessary work.

FIG 11: Robotic Vehicle with Metal Detector

The RF transmitter acts as a RF remote control that has the advantage of adequate
range (up to 200 meters) with proper antenna, while the receiver decodes before
feeding it to another microcontroller to drive DC motors via motor driver IC for
necessary work.

4) RF based Home Automation System

The main goal of this project is to develop a home automation system with an
RF- controlled remote. As technology is advancing so houses are also getting
smarter. Modern houses are gradually shifting from conventional switches to a
centralized control system, involving RF controlled switches.
 FIG 12: RF based Home Automation System

Presently, conventional wall switches located in different parts of the house make
it difficult for the user to approach them for operations. Furthermore, it becomes
more & more difficult for the elderly or physically handicapped people to do so.
Remote controlled home automation system provides a simpler solution with RF
technology.

5) Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patients

In this project, a wireless communication system is designed and developed for

remote patient monitoring. The primary function of this system is to monitor the
temperature of a patient’s body, and display the same to the doctor through RF
communication. It is a very tedious method. In this proposed system, a
transmitting module continuously reads patient’s body temperature through a
digital temperature sensor; displays it on the LCD screen and sends it to the
microcontroller, which then transmits the encoded serial data over the air by RF
(radio frequency) through an RF module.
 FIG 13: Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System in Hospitals for Patients Block Diagram

6) Secret Code Enabled Secure Communication using RF Technology

The project is designed to send secure message by using a secret code from a
computer keyboard connected to the transmitting unit via RF technology. The
message is retrieved at the receiver end only upon entering the secret code used
by the transmitter. Thus, complete secrecy is maintained in this communication
process. This project has a unique feature of tagging the message with a secret
code as selected by the sender. The message is then transmitted through the RF
transmitting module. At the receiver end, the signal is received by the RF receiver
module. The message is then retrieved only if the secret code is known to the
receiving personnel. In this project, the encoders and decoders are used to
transmit and receive the information. Once the secret code is entered, then
message is displayed on the receiving unit on the LCD display.
 FIG 14: Secret Code Enabled Secure Communication using RF Technology

1.10 VENDORS AND PRICE OF ENCODERS & DECODERS:

1. MARS EDPAL INSTRUMENTS PVT LTD – Rs.1000

2. ROBO INDIA -Rs.299

3. INVENTO-Rs.450

4. OLATUS-Rs.499

5. ACE ELECTRONICS-Rs.249
2. SMART SENSORS:
Smart sensors are sensors with integrated electronics that can perform one or
more of the following function:
• logic functions
• two-way communication
• make decisions
A smart sensor is simply one that acquires physical, biological or chemical input,
converts the measured value into a digital format in the units of the measured
attribute and transmits that measured information via the Ethernet to a computer
monitoring point.
2.1 COMPONENTS OF SMART SENSORS:
There are two main components of a functional smart sensor:
Components of Smart sensors:
Transducer interface module (TIM)
Network capable application processor (NCAP)

FIG 15: COMPONENTS OF SMART SENSORS

1) Transducer interface module (TIM): A TIM is a module that contains the

interface, signal conditioning, Analog-to-Digital and/or Digital-to-Analog
conversion and in many cases, it also contains the transducer. A TIM can range
in complexity from a single sensor or actuator to a module containing many
transducers including both sensors and actuators.
This TIM provides the following functions-
• Analog Signal Conditioning
• Triggering
• Analog to Digital Conversion
• Command Processing
• TEDS Storage
• Data Transfer Communications
2) Network capable application processor (NCAP): An NCAP is the hardware
and software that provides the gateway function between the TIMs and the user
network or host processor (the transducer channel). The IEEE 1451 standard
defines the communications interface between an NCAP or host processor and
one or more TIMs.
Three types of transducers are recognized by the IEEE 1451 standard; sensors,
event sensors and actuators.
This NCAP provides the following functions-
• Communications
• Interface Control
• Message Routing
• TIM Discovery and Control
• Data Correction Interpretation of TEDS Data
• Message Encoding and Decoding
This TIM & NCAP helps to build the Smart Sensors system.
2.2 GENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF SMART SENSORS

One can easily propose a general architecture of smart sensor from its definition,
functions. From the definition of smart sensor it seems that it is similar to a data
acquisition system, the only difference being the presence of complete system on
a single silicon chip. In addition to this it has on–chip offset and temperature
compensation. A general architecture of smart sensor consists of following
important components:
• Sensing element/transduction element
• Amplifier
• Sample and hold
• Analog multiplexer
• Analog to digital converter (ADC)
• Offset and temperature compensation
• Digital to analog converter (DAC)
• Memory
• Serial communication and Processor
 The generalized architecture of smart sensor is shown below:

FIG 16: ARCHITECTURE OF SMART SENSORS

In the architecture shown A1, A2…An and S/H1,S/H2…S/Hn are the amplifiers
and sample and hold circuit corresponding to different sensing element
respectively. So as to get a digital form of an analog signal the analog signal is
periodically sampled (its instantaneous value is acquired by circuit), and that
constant value is held and is converted into a digital words. Any type of ADC
must contain or proceeded by, a circuit that holds the voltage at the input to the
ADC converter constant during the entire conversion time. Conversion times vary
widely, from nanoseconds (for flash ADCs) to microseconds (successive
approximation ADC) to hundreds of microseconds (for dual slope integrator
ADCs). ADC starts conversion when it receives start of conversion signal (SOC)
from the processor and after conversion is over it gives end of conversion signal
to the processor. Outputs of all the sample and hold circuits are multiplexed
together so that we can use a single ADC, which will reduce the cost of the chip.
Offset compensation and correction comprises of an ADC for measuring a
reference voltage and other for the zero. Dedicating two channels of the
multiplexer and using only one ADC for whole system can avoid the addition of
ADC for this. This is helpful in offset correction and zero compensation of gain
due to temperature drifts of acquisition chain. In addition to this smart sensor also
include internal memory so that we can store the data and program required.

2.3 DIFFERENT TYPE OF SMART SENSORS:

1. Motion Sensors
Motion sensors are the most widespread and versatile type of smart sensor.
Most work by scanning a fixed area with an infrared beam and are triggered
when a change in temperature is detected. Others use ultrasonic waves or
microwaves to identify changes in the position of objects within range. Motion
sensors are an integral part of smart security systems. They’re used as
standalone devices you place on doors & windows or in a part of your home
you wish to monitor. Motion sensors are also built into smart security cameras.

2. Temperature Sensors

Temperature sensors measure the ambient temperature by converting data on

resistance into degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius. There’s a small piece of metal
inside the sensor that electricity flows through when the sensor is active. The
hotter the air around the sensor is, the more resistant the metal becomes. This
resistance is then measured and interpreted by a microchip as a precise
temperature value.

Smart temperature sensors have a wide range of application. They’re found in

smart thermometers, weather stations, and thermostats. Their data can be
gathered passively and viewed either on the spot or in a historical chart.
However, the most practical use for thermal sensors is as a means of controlling
your HVAC system.

3. Light Sensors
Light sensors work on a principle similar to temperature sensors. They contain
photo-sensitive resistors which change their conductivity based on how much
light they receive. Less light means more resistance and vice versa. The
resistors are connected to a circuit and cause changes in voltage. These are
interpreted as changes in light levels and act as the sensor’s trigger.
Light sensors are used in smart security cameras to determine when the camera
should switch to night vision mode. There are also standalone models that act as
triggers for smart lights or security systems. Light sensors are effective burglar
deterrents since you can use them to turn lights on automatically after dusk to
create an illusion of someone being at home.

4. Weather Sensors
Weather sensors gather data on temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and
other indicators which help you gauge the weather and plan ahead. Since they’re
connected to your phone, you receive timely alerts when the weather changes.
Smart weather sensors are also useful in gardening because they connect to smart
irrigation systems and help regulate watering expenses.

5. Air Quality Sensors

Unlike temperature or humidity, air quality is a less concrete metric that’s made
up of multiple measurements. Air quality sensors measure concentrations of
CO2, airborne particles, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) like methane and
ammonia. The air in your home is then given a score. The lower the score, the
less healthy the air is. Air quality sensors often have humidity and temperature
sensors as well to give a complete picture of your home’s atmosphere.

2.4 Advantages:

1. Minimum Interconnecting Cables: The number of cables and cable lengths

dictated by traditional star topologies of interconnecting analog transducers to a
central signal processing equipment has a detrimental impact on all aspects of a
measurement system. These factors decrease the accuracy and reliability of
measurements, decrease system performance, and increase system operating
costs. The multi-drop sensor network architecture of the proposed system allows
drastic reduction of interconnecting cables. The Smart Sensor System
interconnects all of the transducers through a common digital bus cable. The
centralized, bulky electronic boxes typical of traditional measurement systems
are replaced with miniature modules strategically distributed throughout the
setup.
2. High Reliability: Reliability is improved by reducing the total number of
interconnecting cables and including Build-in-Test (BIT) features. Self-test adds
a higher level of confidence that a given measurement channel is alive and
working properly.
3. High Performance: Large numbers of analog transducers result in difficult-
to-manage, large and long bundles of cables carrying analog signals which are
susceptible to being corrupted by EMI/RFI noise. Cables carrying digital signals
are more immune to these problems and are easier to interface than cables
carrying analog signals. Higher measurement accuracy is obtained by digital
correction over the operating temperature range of both the transducers’
sensitivity and the analog signal conditioning instrumentation.

4.Easy to Design, Use and Maintain: The primary concern of users of sensor
information is to accurately measure physical phenomena in engineering units
such as Pascal, meters, m/sec2, g’s, PSI, etc. To achieve this goal, the user needs
to take into account installation issues such as types of transducers to their
measurement system; and selecting the proper analog amplifier settings
(sensitivity-gain normalization, type of filter, excitation voltage-current, etc.) for
each analog transducer.
5. Scalable -Flexible System: The new network measurement system accepts
different types of transducers, including traditional analog types as well as new
smart network sensors. It allows for easy expansion or reduction in the number
of measurement channels. This is possible with the use of Intellibus Interface
Modules (IBIM).
6. Small Rugged Packaging: The proposed measurement system components
are small, lightweight and packaged to operate under demanding environmental
conditions typical of aerospace applications such as high vibration, high
temperature, high pressure, humidity, EMI/RFI, etc.
7. Minimum Cost: Design, operating and maintenance costs are drastically
reduced by implementing a system with all of the above listed attributes. The
initial capital investment may be similar or slightly higher than traditional
systems. However, this marginal additional expense is far outweighed by savings
in other areas. A standard hardware interface for all transducer types will
eventually reduce the capital equipment costs. A standard software interface
(standard data interchange) would greatly reduce ongoing operating and
maintenance costs

2.5 APPLICATION
1. Flood and water level monitoring system.
2. Environmental monitoring
3. Remote system monitoring & equipment fault diagnostics
4. Precision agriculture and animal tracking
5. Monitoring of temperature in electrical equipment.
2.6 MANUFACTURERS:
1. INFINEON TECHNOLOGIES
2. OMRON CORPORATION
3. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS
4. TE CONNECTIVITY
5. NXP SEMICONDUCTORS
6. MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGIES
7. MURATA
8. RENESAS ELECTRONICS
9. ROHM SEMICONDUCTOR
2.7 COST OF SMART SENSORS:
1. MINIMUM – Rs.500

2. MAXIMUM –Rs.30000
2.8 VENDORS:
1. FIBRAD
2. Mr. Beams
3. Walnut innovations

SOURCES:

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/encoders-and-
decoders-in-digital-logic/

https://internetofthingsagenda.techtarget.com/definition/
smart-sensor

https://wisilica.com/company/smart-sensors-its-
applications-benefits-and-working/