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Wireless and Mobile Networks: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
Wireless and Mobile Networks: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
Wireless and
Mobile Networks
network
infrastructure
450 802.11n
1 802.15
no base station, no
connection to larger
no no base station, no
Internet. May have to
infrastructure connection to larger
relay to reach other
Internet (Bluetooth,
a given wireless node
ad hoc nets)
MANET,VANET
BER
10-4
• given physical layer: increase
power -> increase SNR- 10-5
>decrease BER
10-6
• given SNR: choose physical layer
that meets BER requirement, 10-7
giving highest thruput 10 20 30 40
SNR(dB)
• SNR may change with
mobility: dynamically adapt QAM256 (8 Mbps)
physical layer (modulation QAM16 (4 Mbps)
technique, rate)
BPSK (1 Mbps)
A B C
C
M
Di = S Zi,m.cm
m=1
M
received 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
d0 = 1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
input d1 = -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 slot 1 slot 0
code channel channel
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Sender 2
BSS 2
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-21
802.11: Channels, association
802.11b: 2.4GHz-2.485GHz spectrum divided into 11
channels at different frequencies
• AP admin chooses frequency for AP
• interference possible: channel can be same as that
chosen by neighboring AP!
host: must associate with an AP
• scans channels, listening for beacon frames containing
AP’s name (SSID) and MAC address
• selects AP to associate with
• may perform authentication [Chapter 8]
• will typically run DHCP to get IP address in AP’s
subnet
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-22
802.11: passive/active scanning
BBS 1 BBS 2 BBS 1 BBS 2
1
1 1 2 2 AP 2
AP 1 AP 2 AP 1
2 3
3 4
H1 H1
A B C
C
space
reservation collision
DATA (A)
defer
time
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
Internet
H1 R1 router
802.3 frame
802.11 frame
2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0 - 2312 4
frame address address address seq address
duration payload CRC
control 1 2 3 control 4
2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Rsvd
version AP AP frag mgt data
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
BER
transmission rate 10-4
wired network
Legend
Mobile subscribers
G Public
SGSN
Key insight: new cellular data Internet
G Public
SGSN Internet
GGSN
radio interface
(WCDMA, HSPA)
radio access network core network public
Universal Terrestrial Radio General Packet Radio Service Internet
Access Network (UTRAN) (GPRS) Core Network
G
Public
SGSN Internet
GGSN
HSS
4G-LTE MME
G G
Public
Internet
S-GW P-GW
radio access network Evolved Packet Core
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) (EPC)
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-41
4G: differences from 3G
all IP core: IP packets tunneled (through core IP network)
from base station to gateway
no separation between voice and data – all traffic carried
over IP core to gateway
G G
Public
data Internet
S-GW P-GW
radio access network Evolved Packet Core
Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network (UTRAN) (EPC)
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-42
Functional split of major LTE components
G G
U S-GW
eNodeB P-GW
E
tunnel
link-layer radio net
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-44
Quality of Service in LTE
wide area
network
permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
wide area
network
1
2
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent contacts home foreign agent on
agent home: “this mobile is entering visited
resident in my network” network
end result:
foreign agent knows about mobile
home agent knows location of mobile
foreign agent
receives packets,
correspondent forwards forwards to mobile
to foreign agent visited
network
home
network
3
1 2
4
mobile replies
correspondent
directly to
requests, receives
correspondent
foreign address of
mobile
3
1 2
4
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
dest: 128.119.40.186
packet sent by
correspondent
R bit: registration
required type = 16 length sequence #
RBHFMGV
registration lifetime reserved
bits mobility agent
advertisement
0 or more care-of- extension
addresses
Wireless and Mobile Networks 7-63
Mobile IP: registration example
visited network: 79.129.13/24
home agent foreign agent
HA: 128.119.40.7 COA: 79.129.13.2
mobile agent
MA: 128.119.40.186
ICMP agent adv.
COA:
79.129.13.2
….
registration req.
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
COA: 79.129.13.2 HA: 128.119.40.7
HA: 128.119.40.7 MA: 128.119.40.186
MA: 128.119.40.186 Lifetime: 9999
Lifetime: 9999 identification:714
identification: 714 ….
encapsulation format
….
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7 registration reply
MA: 128.119.40.186 HA: 128.119.40.7
Lifetime: 4999 MA: 128.119.40.186
Identification: 714 Lifetime: 4999
encapsulation format Identification: 714
…. ….
time
recall: correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
Home
correspondent • call remains routed
MSC through anchor MSC
anchor MSC
new MSCs add on to end of
PSTN
MSC MSC chain as mobile moves
MSC to new MSC
MSC
optional path minimization
step to shorten multi-MSC
chain
(b) after handoff
preparation phase
execution phase
completion phase
old new
old routing routing new
eNodeB eNodeB