Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Wide area backup protection algorithm for transmission lines based

on fault component complex power
Seyed-Sattar Mirhosseini a,⇑, Mahdi Akhbari b
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
b
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Shahed University, Khalij Fars, P.O. Box 33191-18651, Tehran, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this paper a new wide area backup protection algorithm based on the fault component complex power
Received 26 September 2015 is proposed to overcome the problem of maloperation of conventional backup protection in highly
Received in revised form 26 March 2016 stressed conditions of power system operation. Firstly, suspected faulty lines are detected using
Accepted 29 March 2016
measured values of fault component voltages known as faulted area identification (FAI) criteria. Then,
the fault component voltages and currents provided by phasor measurement units (PMUs) are applied
to calculate the injected complex power to both terminals of the suspected faulty lines. The ratio between
Keywords:
sum and difference of injected complex power to the both terminals of the suspected faulty lines is used
Complex power
Fault component
as faulted line identification (FLI) criteria. The simulation studies performed on the IEEE 10 generator
Phasor measurement unit (PMU) 39-bus system verify effectiveness of the proposed algorithm under various conditions and fault types.
Wide area backup protection (WABP) Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Introduction Recent blackouts have attracted attention to the role of zone 3

Power system and its protection system are planned in such a
way that the system can operate through a sequence of credible
contingencies without contributing to widespread outages. How-
ever, it has been observed that maloperations of conventional pro-
tection system in abnormal condition of power system operation
have led to large blackouts [1].
In order to comprehensive understanding of issue it is necessary
to review conventional protection of transmission line. Recom-
mended practice in the National Grid Company is that transmis-
sion line is protected using two main protections including phase
and earth fault differential protection and phase and earth fault
distance protection with time delayed backup [2,3]. Backup protec-
tion includes overreaching zone 2 and zone 3 of distance protec-
tion and earth fault overcurrent protection. If fault had not been
cleared by main busbar protection, zone 2 elements are expected
to detect phase and earth faults on the busbar at theremote end
of the line with a time delay of the order of 15–30 cycles. Zone 3
elements are required to detect phase and earth faults on any
transmission line connected to the remote end of the main pro-
tected line with a typically time delay about 90 cycles. Earth fault
overcurrent elements are required to detect resistive earth faults in
operating time normally about 1–3 s.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +98 21 51212066; fax: +98 21 51213564.
E-mail address: S_Mirhoseini@elec.iust.ac.ir (S.-S. Mirhosseini).
of distance protection schemes. It has been reported that
unwanted trips of zone 3 caused by unexpected loading conditions
such as overload and flow transfer have often contributed to the
cascading outages eventually result in large blackouts [1]. More-
over, setting mistakes due to complex principle of conventional
backup protection setting lead to hidden failures [4,5].
Different solutions have been proposed to deal with this issue
ranged from suggestion to completely eliminating the zone3 from
the protection system to using blocking type distance protection
schemes. With recent developments in computer networks, com-
munication, information technology and advent of synchronised
phasor measurement unit (PMU) and wide area measurement sys-
tem (WAMS), nowadays it is possible and necessary to have a
wider view to the power system in order to eliminate many short-
comings of conventional protection system [6,7]. One of the most
effective solutions under investigation, which is proposed to elim-
inate conventional backup protection, is using WAMS to provide all
backup protection as wide area backup protection (WABP) [8].
Recently, some algorithms have been proposed for WABP. A
protection scheme based on comparing magnitude of positive
sequence voltages and difference between positive sequence cur-
rent phase angles at both terminals of lines is proposed in [9]. This
algorithm is unable to reflect high resistance faults. An algorithm
based on fault component voltage distribution is proposed in
[10]. In this algorithm the measured values of fault component
voltage and current at one terminal of the line are used to estimate

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2016.03.056
0142-0615/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 S.-S. Mirhosseini, M. Akhbari / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6

Nomenclature

FAI faulted area identification z line impedance

PMU phasor measurement unit zf ground fault impedance
FLI faulted line identification zi network equivalent impedance at bus i
WABP wide area backup protection zj network equivalent impedance at bus j
WAMS wide area measurement system a percentage of line length from bus i at which fault has
PCR protection correlation region occurred
FCF fault correlation factor Si injected complex power to bus i
U1 positive sequence bus voltage Sj injected complex power to bus j
U2 negative sequence bus voltage k faulted line identification criteria
U0 zero sequence bus voltage k0 zero sequence faulted line identification criteria
DU fault component bus voltage k1 positive sequence faulted line identification criteria
Duf fault component voltage source k2 negative sequence faulted line identification criteria

the fault component voltage at the other terminal. Then the faulted the sequence voltages distribution along the faulted line and
element is identified by using the ratio between the measured and equivalent sources of other elements of the power system is shown
estimated voltages. Moreover, the faulted element identification in Fig. 1. The fault is a resistive fault.
algorithm is accelerated by applying a faulted area detection According to Fig. 1, it can be concluded that: (1) The positive
scheme. This algorithm is able to identify faulted line in complex sequence voltage amplitude is minimum at the fault point and it
conditions such as high resistance fault and flow transfer. It needs is maximum at the source points. (2) The zero and negative
to line impedance to estimate voltage at the other terminal of line. sequence voltages amplitudes are maximum at the fault point
An algorithm based on fault steady state component is proposed in and it is minimum at the equivalent source points and (3) among
[11] to identify faulted branch. In this algorithm in normal condi- the voltages of all buses of a power system, the positive sequence
tion of power system operation, on the basis of the network topol- voltage amplitudes of the two terminals of the faulted line are min-
ogy and PMUs placement, buses are classified into subsets named imum, and the zero and negative sequence voltage amplitudes of
protection correlation regions (PCRs). When a fault occurs, the fault the two terminals are maximum.
correlation region is determined by analysing the fault steady state Considering above points, the positive sequence voltage ampli-
component of differential current injected into each PCR. Then a tudes of two buses at both terminals of the faulted line are mini-
fault correlation factor (FCF), using prefault and fault component mum and the zero and negative sequence voltages amplitudes of
currents and voltages, is calculated to identify the faulted branch. these two buses are maximum among the voltages of the other
Unlike the two above-mentioned algorithms, this algorithm does buses of power system.
not require to install PMU at all buses. The algorithm identifies On the basis of aforementioned explanation, the bus with min-
high resistance fault correctly but it uses line impedance and bus imum positive sequence voltage or maximum zero and negative
impedance matrix of each PCR in its calculation. An analytical
approach using dispersed PMUs and bus impedance matrix is pro-
posed in [12]. In this approach, fault zone is first detected by local
PMUs, then the suspected faulty lines are diagnosed and finally the
fault line is identified and the fault point is located. This approach
is successful even in case of the fault line, which is not equipped
with PMU on either side.
This paper proposes a new wide area backup protection algo-
rithm based on fault component sequence voltages distribution
and fault component complex power. The algorithm comprises
two parts including faulted area identification (FAI) and faulted
line identification (FLI). Phasor of sequence currents and voltages
of all buses of power system, provided by PMUs, are monitored
in the centre of WABP. In order to reduce the calculations some
lines are selected as suspected faulty lines using FAI criteria, which
are based on fault component sequence voltages distribution in the
power system. Then, FLI criteria, which are defined based on
injected complex power to both terminals of line, are deployed
to identify faulted line. The algorithm uses only measured voltages
and currents to calculate the criteria and it does not need to system
parameters such as line impedance and bus impedance matrix. It
also identifies faulted line in different conditions such as high
resistance fault and flow transfer.

Faulted area identification

When a fault occurs on a transmission line, the sequence

currents in power system are calculated using symmetrical compo-
nents method. Considering the sequence currents and impedances, Fig. 1. Distribution of sequence voltages in a faulted power system.
 S.-S. Mirhosseini, M. Akhbari / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6 3

sequence voltages can be considered as the nearest bus to the Sum and difference of injected complex power to terminals of
faulted line. Using only the positive sequence voltage it is possible the line are obtained as:
to detect the occurrence of all types of fault in power system. How-
zjzi j2
ever, some factors like short-term existence of the positive Si þ Sj ¼ jDuf j2 ð6Þ
sequence fault component voltage in comparison with the zero zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ zi ðz þ zj Þ
and negative sequence voltages [13] and effect of measurement
ðz þ 2zj Þjzi j2
errors, require that positive, negative and zero sequence voltages Si  Sj ¼ jDuf j2 ð7Þ
to be simultaneously deployed for determination of suspected zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ zi ðz þ zj Þ
faulty lines. The synchronised phasors U 1 , U 2 and U 0 are provided Considering (6) and (7) it can be concluded that in an unfaulted
by PMUs installed at each bus. In order to identify faulted area U 1 is line, absolute sum of injected complex power to terminals of the
ranked in increasing order and U 2 and U 0 are ranked in decreasing line is smaller than absolute difference of injected complex
order. To overcome measurement errors and increasing reliability powers.
of algorithm, the three buses corresponding to top three values  2
of U 1 , U 2 and U 0 are selected as the nearest buses to the faulted jSi þ Sj j  z 
¼ <1 ð8Þ
line. After selection of the nearest buses to the faulted line, the jSi  Sj j z þ 2zj 
lines connected to the selected buses constitute faulted area. Then,
In case of an internal fault, considering the equivalent network,
the faulted line identification criteria are calculated for each line in
voltages and currents at two terminals of the faulted line are calcu-
the faulted area and the faulted line is identified.
lated as follows:

Faulted line identification zj þ ð1  aÞz

DI i ¼  Duf ð9Þ
zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ ðzi þ azÞðzj þ ð1  aÞzÞ
In the presence of a fault in the power system, superposition
ðzi þ azÞ
theorem [14] allows that the voltages and currents can be consid- DI j ¼  Duf ð10Þ
ered as prefault and fault components. The fault equivalent zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ ðzi þ azÞðzj þ ð1  aÞzÞ
network of a two terminal power system is shown in Fig. 2. In this
DU i ¼ zi DIi ð11Þ
figure DUs, Duf show the fault component bus voltages and the
fault component voltage source, respectively. zi and zj are the DU j ¼ zj DIj ð12Þ
equivalent impedances at buses i and j, z is the line impedance,
zf is the ground fault impedance and a 2 ½0; 1 shows the percent-
 
zj þ ð1  aÞz2
age of the line length from bus i at which the fault has occurred. Si ¼ zi   jDuf j2
 ð13Þ
M
In case of an external fault, considering the equivalent network,
z þ az2
voltages and currents at two terminals of the unfaulted line are  i  2
calculated as follows:
Sj ¼ zj   jDuf j ð14Þ
M
zi
DIi ¼ DIj ¼ Duf ð1Þ M ¼ zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ ðzi þ azÞðzj þ ð1  aÞzÞ ð15Þ
zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ zi ðz þ zj Þ
DU i ¼ ðz þ zj ÞDIi ð2Þ Sum and difference of injected complex power to terminals of
the faulted line are calculated as:
DU j ¼ zj DIj ¼ zj DIi ð3Þ
zi jzj þ ð1  aÞzj2 þ zj jzi þ azj2
Using calculated voltages and currents in (1)–(3), injected com- Si þ Sj ¼  jDuf j2 ð16Þ
plex powers to terminals of the line are calculated as follows: jMj2
zj jzi þ azj2
ðz þ zj Þjzi j2 Si  Sj ¼  jDuf j2 ð17Þ
Si ¼ DU i DIi ¼ jDuf j2 ð4Þ jMj2
zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ zi ðz þ zj Þ
zj jzi j2 It can be also seen from (16) and (17) that in a faulted line, abso-
Sj ¼ DU j DIj ¼ jDuf j2 ð5Þ lute sum of injected complex power to terminals of the line is
zf ðzi þ zj þ zÞ þ zi ðz þ zj Þ
greater than absolute difference of injected complex powers.
jSi þ Sj j jzi jzj þ ð1  aÞzj2 þ zj jzi þ azj2 j
¼ >1 ð18Þ
jSi  Sj j jzj jzi þ azj2 j
Similar equations will be obtained for the positive and zero
sequence networks. According to aforementioned explanations it
can be concluded that when a fault occurs on a line in power
system:

(1) In case of an unfaulted line:

jSi þ Sj j
k¼ <1 ð19Þ
jSi  Sj j
(2) In case of a faulted line:
jSi þ Sj j
k¼ >1 ð20Þ
jSi  Sj j
Eqs. (19) and (20) are deployed to define the faulted line iden-
tification criteria using the positive, negative and zero sequence
Fig. 2. Fault component equivalent system. fault components as follows:
4 S.-S. Mirhosseini, M. Akhbari / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6

jSi1 þ Sj1 j
k1 ¼ ð21Þ
jSi1  Sj1 j
jSi2 þ Sj2 j
k2 ¼ ð22Þ
jSi2  Sj2 j
jSi0 þ Sj0 j
k0 ¼ ð23Þ
jSi0  Sj0 j
When a fault occurs depending on the fault type some or all of
k1; k2; k0 take a value greater than 1 for the faulted line and a value
less than 1 for all the other lines. These factors are introduced as
faulted line identification criteria. It should be noted that there is
no zero sequence fault component during phase to phase fault.
Therefore, k0 is not defined for phase to phase fault. Because of
similar reason k0 and k2 are not defined for three phase fault.
There will be no concern about this issue because it is possible to
detect the faulty line using only k1 as it is shown in simulation
study. However, simultaneous using of k1; k2; k0 enhance the reli-
ability of the algorithm for asymmetrical faults.

FLI criteria analysis

For analysing characteristics of the FLI criteria, factors which Fig. 3. Effect of line and network impedances on k.

may affect the criteria should be considered. These factors are

ground fault impedance, fault position, faulted line impedance
and equivalent network impedances of both terminals of the
faulted line.

Effect of ground fault impedance

As it is obvious from (18); the ground fault impedance zf has no

effect on the criteria. The simulation results shown in Table 4 in
part 4 approve this subject.

Effect of network impedances and fault position

In order to analyse the effect of fault point position, the line

impedance and the equivalent network impedances, suppose that
¼ zz , y ¼ zz . Substituting x, y in (18), the FLI criteria can be expressed
i j

as:

yj1 þ ð1  aÞyj2 þ yj yx þ ayj2

k¼
xj yx þ ayj2
Neglecting the system resistances and attributing typical real
values to x and y, the distribution of k along the faulted line is
shown in Fig. 3. It can be seen that, if the ratio between the line
impedance and the equivalent network impedances at both termi-
nals of the faulted line are equal, k is independent of the parameter
‘‘a” and has a constant value, i.e. 2. In case of x > 1 and for all y, k
decreases by increasing in parameter ‘‘a”. In case of x < 1 and for
all y, k increases by increasing in parameter ‘‘a”. However, in all
cases k factor is greater than 1. To evaluate the effect of impe-
dances, the parameter ‘‘a” is set as 0.5 and k is plotted versus x, y
in Fig. 4. As it is obvious, k increases by increasing in x and
decreases by increasing in y. But, its value is greater than 1 for
all values of x, y. In actual high voltage and extra high voltage sys-
tems z is generally greater than zi and zj . Therefore, in practice
there will be no condition in which k is close to 1.
Simulation studies
The IEEE 10 generator 39 bus test system [15], as shown in
Fig. 5, is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algo-
rithm using DigSilent Power Factory and Matlab softwares. Since
the PMU data communication delay is much less than time delay
ð24Þ
Fig. 4. Distribution of k along the faulted line.
in backup protection (about 150 ms in comparison with 90 cycle
in case of using fibre optic link) [16,17], communication time delay
is ignored in simulations.
FAI and FLI test
In order to test the FAI and FLI parts of the proposed WABP algo-
rithm, different types of fault at different locations are incepted on
lines L(4-14), L(17-18), L(8-9). As mentioned before there is no zero
sequence fault component during phase to phase fault therefore,
k0 is not defined for this type of fault. Similarly k0 and k2 are
not defined for three phase fault. The values of k1, k2 and k0 of sus-
pected faulty lines identified by FAI in case of a single phase to
ground fault on L(4-14) at a = 0.5 is shown in Fig. 6. It is obvious
that FLI criteria are greater than 1 for faulted line and are much
smaller than 1 for all the other lines. The results are shown in
Tables 1–3. The results show that the FAI properly detects the
nearest buses to the fault and suspected faulty lines. The positive,
negative and zero sequence FLI criteria are also greater than 1 for
all types of fault at different locations.
 S.-S. Mirhosseini, M. Akhbari / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6 5

Table 2
Faults on L(17-18).

a (%) Fault type FAI K1 K2 K0

20 AG B3, B17, B18 23.070 13.543 19.181
BC B3, B17, B18 23.071 13.543 –
BCG B3, B17, B18 23.071 13.543 19.181
ABC B3, B17, B18 22.155 – –
50 AG B17, B18, B27 4.2758 4.0695 8.457
BC B17, B18, B27 4.2759 4.0695 –
BCG B3, B17, B18 4.2759 4.0695 8.457
ABC B3, B17, B18 4.2769 – –
80 AG B17, B18, B27 2.3923 2.4286 3.8119
BC B17, B18, B27 2.3924 2.4286 –
BCG B17, B18, B27 2.3924 2.4286 3.8119
ABC B17, B18, B27 2.3973 – –

Table 3
Faults on L(8-9).

a (%) Fault type FAI K1 K2 K0

20 AG B7, B8, B9 1.6471 1.8578 1.6806
BC B7, B8, B9 1.6475 1.8578 –
BCG B7, B8, B9 1.6475 1.8578 1.6806
Fig. 5. The IEEE 10 generator 39 bus test system. ABC B7, B8, B9 1.6751 – –
50 AG B5, B7, B8 4.4207 17.893 9.0526
BC B5, B7, B8 4.4155 17.893 –
10 BCG B5, B7, B8 4.4152 17.893 9.0526
ABC B5, B7, B8 4.3923 – –
80 AG B5, B7, B8 1.3207 1.889 1.6071
BC B5, B7, B8 1.3207 1.889 –
5 k1 BCG B5, B7, B8 1.3207 1.889 1.6071
ABC B5, B7, B8 1.3159 – –
k2

0 k0
Table 4
Effect of ground fault impedance.

a (%) Fault resistance ðXÞ K1 K2 K0

Fig. 6. FLI criteria of suspected faulty lines in single phase to ground fault.
20 0 3.3924 3.816 8.8647
50 3.3924 3.816 8.8647
300 3.3924 3.815 8.8646
Table 1
Faults on L(4-14). 50 0 19.635 15.589 9.3942
50 19.635 15.589 9.3942
a (%) Fault type FAI K1 K2 K0 300 19.635 15.589 9.3941
20 AG B4, B13, B14 3.3924 3.816 8.8647 80 0 2.7579 2.8933 3.3068
BC B4, B13, B14 3.3923 3.816 – 50 2.7579 2.8933 3.3068
BCG B4, B13, B14 3.3923 3.816 8.8647 300 2.7579 2.8933 3.3066
ABC B4, B13, B14 3.4242 – –
50 AG B4, B12, B14 19.635 15.589 9.3942
BC B4, B12, B14 19.635 15.589 –
BCG B4, B12, B14 19.635 15.589 9.3942 from internal fault. For analysing the effectiveness of the FLI crite-
ABC B4, B12, B14 16.425 – – ria in flow transfer condition, two heavily loaded lines are selected
80 AG B4, B13, B14 2.7579 2.8933 3.3068 in such a way that fault occurrence on one line results in a large
BC B4, B13, B14 2.758 2.8933 – flow transfer to the other. Implementing load flow calculations, L
BCG B4, B13, B14 2.758 2.8933 3.3068 (23-24) and L(21-22) are selected as two heavily loaded lines. A
ABC B4, B13, B14 2.7435 – –
three phase fault is occurred on L(21-22) at t = 0.5 s and is cleared
at t = 0.6 s. The positive sequence currents carried by the two lines
Effect of ground fault impedance are shown in Fig. 7. As it is shown, a large part of carried power by L
(21-22) is transferred on L(23-24). The criteria values of the two
For analysing the effect of ground fault impedance on the crite- lines during the flow transfer condition are shown in Fig. 8. The cri-
ria, different single phase to ground faults have been incepted on teria of L(23-24) is less than 1 before fault occurrence on the other
line L(4-14) and the criteria are calculated. The simulation results line, at the fault clearing time k1 violates than 1 for a time about
are shown in Table 4. As results show, the ground fault impedance three cycles then decreases rapidly to a very small value. This is
has no effect on the FLI criteria. due to an error in phasor computation created by switching tran-
sient occurred by opening the breakers. Since the time delay of
Effect of flow transfer backup protection is much greater than three cycles, this subject
has no effects on performance of the algorithm. This subject can
In order to prevent maloperation of the protection algorithm it also be solved by setting a suitable threshold. Therefore, the
is essential that the criteria distinguish flow transfer condition algorithm can be blocked successfully in flow transfer condition.
6 S.-S. Mirhosseini, M. Akhbari / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 83 (2016) 1–6
Fig. 7. Positive sequence currents of L(21-22), L(23-24).
Fig. 8. k1 of L(23-24) under flow transfer condition.
Conclusion
A new wide area backup protection algorithm based on the fault
component complex power is proposed. The algorithm comprises
two parts including the faulted area identification (FAI) and the
faulted line identification (FLI). Phasor of the sequence currents
and voltages of all buses of the power system, provided by phasor
measurement units, are monitored in the centre of WABP. In order
to reduce the calculations some lines are selected as suspected
faulty lines using FAI criteria, which are based on the fault compo-
nent sequence voltages distribution in the power system. Then, FLI
criteria, which are calculated using sum and difference of injected
complex power to both terminals of the suspected faulty lines, are
defined to identify the faulted line. The algorithm uses only volt-
ages and currents phasor and it is independent from system
parameters such as line impedance and bus impedance matrix.
The simulation results on IEEE 39 bus test power system validate
the proposed algorithm and show the effectiveness of the algo-
rithm to identify faulted line in different conditions such as high
resistance fault and flow transfer.
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