912 4

BS 5.5 Water enters a cylindrical tank through two pipes at rates of 250 and 100 gal/min (sce Fig. P5.5). If the level of the water in the tank remains constant, calculate the average velocity of the flow leaving the tank through an 8-in, inside-diameter pipe. econ value F \ ~ es section 2). 3 {0 cumin enn> 3 fi sesh 24% sl tS @ FIGURE P65 For steady and incompressible flow trough ‘the contol veleme shovin Q;=Q,+Q, or ae ! y - £(4*%)- re (42) 4 tz ateas (“ + 250 23/ zy eft tant ie wn) ( gal Né0 + Xi2 in Z min fF Vis Zazo of Yo 228 &aoe 5.6 Water flows out through a set of thin, closely spaced blades as shown in Fig 5.6 with a speed of V = 10 ft/s around the entire cir- ccumference of the outlet. Determine the mass flowrate through the inlet pipe. aFIOURE psc Use the control volume contained witha the broker, lines shown in the sketch above. Frm the, conservation of mass principle ate * odblet Also eA V, cos 60° Montlet = ‘tHep outed = e 3r arn Voutler 2 62 5 (144 8) ar @eFtyo! A (00 tt )oos 60° f? = 3.66 slugs Si b-2$.7 57, The pamp shown in Fig 5.7 produces a seady flow of 10 gals through the nozzle. Determine the nozzle exit diameter, D, : if the exit velocity is to be V, = 100 fr/s. y DFIGURE P57 For steady flow Q,=Q,, where @,-10 92 (23188) Thus, with Ve 1008 3 uaa7 = Ay = For(i0#) or D, = 0.130 ft= 1,57 in. 3 waa ag) = 1 337 5-35.8 5.8. Water flows into a sink as shown in Video V5.1 and Fig. 5.8 at arate of 2 gallons per minute, Determine the average velocity through cach of the three 0.4-in.-diameter overflow holes if the drain is closed and the water level in the sink remains constant, @ FIGURE P58 Q, = Q, for the control volume indicated, where He ; - 9° 2 Bin (Gos ) ee = o.00%4s This, ‘i 2 QF AnM or y= ge = 2.00kHE a+ 17045.9 : i i ia ial 5.9 ‘The wind blows through a 7 ft X 10 ft garage door opening with a speed of 5 ft/s as shown in Fig. P5.9. Determine the average speed, V, ofthe ar through the two 3 ft X 4 ft openings in the win- dows. +} 22n $4 EFIGURE P59 For steady incompressible flow Qanidow * Punidou = VtA. A garage Vaormal to Coes Ae door garage deor : 50 the average speed, V, of the sir through the two winglows is Aggrage Vnormel to gerage door C7tey(toFt)(5$t) sinso" _ 4,99 # ve ee ea cer pg o ENE oleeen ce scenes, et 2Aanidow 2GA)TH) Qa oor” or 5.10 5.10 The human circulatory system consists of a complex branch- ing pipe network ranging in diameter from the aorta (largest) to the capillaries (smallest). The average radii and the number of these vessels is shown in the table below. Does the average blood velocity increase, decrease, or remain constant as it travels from the aorta tothe capillaries? — | Vessel Average Radius, mm Nomber | P7N, mm? ‘Aorta 125 1 156 Arcecies 20 139 $36 Averioles 0.03 14x10 | 12,600 i y | 12, Capillaries 0.006 39x10 | sygsag0 The average bloed velocity, V, is related +o the blood mass few, m1, e ve hey a at aaa hin area (rr) , A is vessel cross section area Lane es A cnean ined ¢ where and Nis number of vessels. So ve renn) and since. the sani product becomes larger, the average velocrty becones Smaller, 5-5saa S.11 Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long, = —> ‘straight section of 0.1-m inside diameter pipe. The static tempera: ‘ure and pressure at cach section are indicated in Fig. P5.11. If the air velocity at section (I) is 205 m/s, determine the a Saien average at is 205 m/s, det average 9p, =77 KPa ated : air velocity at section (2). Tha 268K papel a ¥,=205 ms @ FIGURE Psat This analysis 1s similar to the one oF Example 5.2. For steady tlw befween sections (1) and(z) vy, a Assuming thal under the conditions of this problem, air behwes as an ideal gas we use the ideal gas eguation of state ( Eg. 48) * get % . Pes ee (2) eT, Combining &%s. 1 and 2 and observing that A, =A, we get G- bY, 2 £72 baasy]QtoK) (205 =) a Par, C7 Arges JA6BK) 5 V= St m 2 Epa @ FIGURE Psa2 For steady ‘incompressible flow between sections (1 )and(z) Crear Ost ao UA ZA, Thus Yh = Mh, and A= Vin = (Bef) | Te (G4 #)Wet air th = 156,900 tov 5.13 An evaporative cooling tower (see Fig. P5.13) is used to cool water from 110 to 80°F, Water enters the tower at a rate of oC 250,000 thm /. Dry air (no water vapor) flows into the tower at a. ‘ate of 151-000 lbm/hr. Ifthe rate of wet air low out of the tower |, Warm vater —p- £ is 156,900 Ibm/ht, determine the rate of water evaporation in |" =250,000 time bm ar and the rate of cooled water flow in Ibm/ir. “a a1st 000 bane O 3 water For steady flow of dry air WFIQURE Peas * - a) ms = dy ow For steady flow of water y= Mm +m @) He Cn water + Also a + OM. tes kg Tale 2, waler 7) Combining Eqs. | and 3 we get = = rate of water evaporation 5 waler mn m, rate o: (pO) ec 156,900 tm _ 151.000 |= 2 5900 lem Ma water = '°% ae ’ hr hr From Ey. 2 we get i = m = tate of cooled water flow my * 1 a water or , A 250,000 lin _ 5900 thm _ 244 000 bn 5, 4 4 hr ar eer14 At cruise conditions, air flows into a jet engine at a steady ‘ae of 65 Ibm/s, Fuel enters the engine ata steady rate 00.60 lbm/s. ‘The average velocity of the exhaust gases is 1500 ft/s relative to the engine. If the engine exhaust effective cross-sectional area is 3.5 £0, estimate the density of the exhaust gases in lbm/‘.. For steady tlow TA at 12> or aa : BAG = mem, : h 0.60 Sem . = mem, & outa? ps E Av, (3.5 #4") (1500 £F ) = Lan (eae 9.00/25 a 545/5 Water anc 5.15 Water at 0.1 m'/s and alcohol (SG=0.8) at 0.3 m°/s are mixed alecet mi {na y-duct as shown in Fig, 5.15. What is the average density of the a mixture of alcohol and water? Ly war 02-01% « Abobo! 56 = 0.8) 0-03 m6 BFIGURE PSAs For steady flow m, + Mm, = Mm, or %+ 2% *B% a) Also, since the water and alcoho/ may be considered yi yn compressible Q,+ Q@, =, (2) Combining &gs. 1 amd 2 we get 2G + A= (44%) 4 Qre@, a a + 56, Q,) 2 GaBog sancs 2] v9 2 i iB) eee ON + @, 55G 5.16 Freshwater flows steadily into an open 35-gal drum initially filled with seawater. The freshwater mixes thoroughly with the seawater and the mixture overflows out of the drum, If the freshwater flowrate is 10 gal!min, estimate the time in seconds required to decrease the difference between the density of the mixture and the density of fresh water by 50%. A fixed, non- determing control volume that contains the water mixture tn the 55-ga/ drum js used. Fresh water enters the contol volume with density, 2, and volume flowrate, Q,- The mixture is assumed to be Fomogeneous throughout the conte] yolume and leaves the contol Volume with density, 2, and volume Hlowvrate, Oz. Application of the conservation of mass equation (&. 5.5) f the How through this control volume yields a¥ 2 = a ale * 7@,- ~%=0 Since the fluids wavolved are incompressible, Q,= Q=Q., Also, the Volume of the Control volume js constant Thus &y.1 leads +o % Me), = @ dt 7 or AB) , 4)2 . 9 @) He Aiew Vey The solution of &. 2 is B.cé™ + 10 @ slug AL £20, AZ = Srenme , 47 ee oze Facute, (14 7H)5.16 (Con't ) Then for Cad Mane OG d2) where P= Final mixture density ‘af 4. = Initial mixture density fs we have - e ogee + ‘) = as (102641) « 1013 aa Substituting this value and her Givens tnto Gg. we get 0 94! emin) ¢ 155.97) (6Om) UGS C026 +hoS.1F ‘5.17 A water jt pamp (see Fig. P5.17) involves a jet cross-sectional arca of 0.01 m*, and a jt velocity of 30 m/s. The jetis surrounded by entrained water, The total cross-sectional area associated with the Jet and entrained streams is 0.075 m2. These two fluid streams leave ‘he pump thoroughly mixed with an average velocity of 6 m/s through a cross-sectional area of 0.075 m*, Determine the pumping rate ((e., the entrained fluid flowrate) involved in liters/s, MFIGURE P6az For steady incompressible flow through the contro! Volume Ort n= 10; or GA, +@, = Vi A, Thus a= WA TA, « [egy (aors mt) - Gog acre fansy Q, = 150 fitesa 5.18 Two rivers merge to form a larger river as shown in Fig. P5.18. Ata location downstream from the junction (before the {wo streams completely merge), the nonuniform velocity profile is as shown and the depth is 6 ft. Determine the value of V. @ FIGURE PSie Use the combo! volume shown within broken lines in the sketch abwe. We note That m=pAy andl trom the conservahon of mass principle we get yy ge eRe Moet ey, Thus CA TEAK = A BEY te AY and Va AY TAM _(aoppeanet) +(got G8) Alor)+ A (got XteNo.8)+ (WAG) Og Va oyp Ba “6 BeneBAD 5.19 Various types of attachments can be used with the shop vac shown in Video V5.2, Two Such attachnients are shown in Fig. PS.19 —& nozzle and a brush. The flowrate is 1 ft/s, (a) Determine the average velocity through the nozzle entrance, V,.(b) Assume the ait enters the brush atachment ina radial direction all around the brush @FIGURE Ps.19 we (a) Q, = Q. where Q,=/% Thus, /£ Ah=G w Ye \n- gaye (6) Q, = 0, where Q,= 1 and Q,= V,Ay where Vy = average velocity at 3)=4\, and As =7Dsh; Thys, p 2h [ma Mz A)] <1 For Vy, = 20.48 \ 5-15er 5.20 An appropriate turbulent pipe flow velocity profile is val where u. = conterline velocity, r = local radius, R = pipe radius, andi = unit vector along pipe centerline, Determine the ratio of av. rage velocity, to centerline velocity, ufo (a)n = 4 (b)n = 6, cress, section Profiles. (©) = 8, (@)n = 10. Compare the different velocity For any cross section area m= Au ees Thus for 4g uniformly, distributed density, 2 over ana A hie 4 and = e % 2 SALMO - 2 UX et CL 2n®4 an +l Xu Ue a7 ou 5 S| aca é 0.797 oe ctl aa 8 0.837 10 0. 866 a The different velocity prokles Cineluding tor aminar Flow) ave compared in Fig, 8.18. Since the ‘profile for n= 4 is not Practically significant, it 1s not shown. 5-16$.21 S21 As shown in Fig. 52a the enrance to 3ft hannel the velocity distribution is uniform with velo Further downstream the velocity profile is given by uy 2y*, where w is in ft/s and y is in ft. Determine the value of V. o (2) B FIGURE Pez Use the conta! volume indicated by the broken lines in the skelch abwe- From the conservahion of mass principle aa. - VA, = fuda [Gy-#6 dy ie ae itt a : = 9/t¥_ 2y? 6, 46 4 VabrH)h = ip ca tet Var ee ig th 300.75) =—s S5-i75.22 A water flow situation is described by corners at (x, y, 2) = (0, 0, 2), (5, 0, 2), G, 5, the velocity field equation 2) (0.5.2) (00,0), 6, 0,0), (5.5, 0), and (0, V= Gxt 29+ Qy - 4) - Sek ts 5 Wyassiows in Fig. P5.22b. where x, y, and 2 are in feet. (a) Determine the aan oth ‘leewe mass flow rate through the rectangular area in the oe 7 plane corresponding to z = 2 feet having corners, 7 | Ate at (x. ¥5 2) = 0, 0, 2), (5, 0, 2), (5,5, 2), and J wae AW (G, 5. 2) as shown in Fig. PS.22a(b) Show that f Ze mass is conserved in the contro] volume having ae od 5 + ney, ai 20 (a\The general expression for mass * eM flowrate across area A, is be ae a o ‘ aA RE PS. m= V.AdA ve Since the 2- direction component of velocity, w, ; is uniformly distributed over A,, we can use n= = 7 hea 2 Lt = 9 (u,A,) = (14 #98) (10 HY es #) mn, = 485 pees (b) If few AdA = 0, then mass is conserved. However [pv ian = om and since the component of velocity normal to each plane area of the contr! volume is uniformly distrituted over that area we have Im 2 (-wA, + W,A,-WwA,+ Uy At GAL t GA) Xm =o (-250 fs o &_ 208+ i70ff voft 608") 3m =0 and mass is conserved. 5-185.23} 5.23 An incompressible flow velocity field (water) is given as where ris in meters. (a) Calculate the mass flowrate through the cylindrical surface at r = 1m from z = 0 to z = 1 mas shown in Fig. P5.23a.- (b) Show that mass is conserved in the annular control volume from r = 1m tor = 2m and 2 = 0toz = 1 mas shown in Fig. PS.23b, @ ® FIGURE P5.23 () The general expression fr mass towrale across UALR ara A, is m, = i fp V Aaa Since the radial checton component of velacity, Vv, is uniformly distributed Over A, we can use m, ae ees ra, (b) If [e% AdA = 0, then mass is conserved. aie pv. AdA =m and since the component of velocity normal to each cylindrical and plane areq of the contr! volume js uniformly distributed over that area we have Eh = p(%,4, ~ yA, ~ “a3 4; + Vy 4,) Sm = a ( 2 2. 20 om - Om + om) =m = 0 and mass et conserved. 35.24 5.24 — Flow of a viscous fluid over a flat plate surface results in the development of a region of reduced velocity adjacent to the wetted surface as depicted in Fig. P5.24. This region of reduced flow is called a boundary layer. At the leading edge of the plate, the velocity profile may be considered uniformly distributed with a value U. Alll along the outer edge of the boundary layer, the fluid velocity component parallel to the plate surface is also U. If the x direction velocity profile at section (2) is u(y" u \6, develop an expression for the volume flowrate through the edge of the boundary layer from the Teading edge to a location downstream at x where the boundary layer thickness is 6. From the conservation of mass How through the we have for dacompressible, Flow 24%, oe # where Lz width of he plate aud thus = 2ULS aerial contro! volume Secon Sacto «9 Ve “i eundary layer FIGURE P5.24 Principle avplied t the Shown in the figure race = [a vaaa AzGE 525 _Airat standard conditions enters the compressor shown in Fig. 5.25 at a rate of 10 ft/s. It eaves the tank through a 1.2-in-diame. ter pipe with a density of 0.0035 slugs/ft and a uniform speed of 700 ft/s. (a) Determine the rate slugs/s) at which the mass of air in the tank is increasing or decreasing. (b) Determine the average time rate of change of air density within the tank. B FIGURE P6525 use the contol volume withm the broken Iynes. G) Fre the conservation of mass Principle we get M, : i DT ae Mp BB bp Aas Cp tn DE 2 Dn «6, (io £8) aos 2p) C2) (0 #) DE Gail = FO) (in i 5 ft DMys 0.00456 slug fa ereasing bt > Us Te ees. YDS. 0, 09nsy the Cee ” De 5 ae se 149 slag -4 OA aleilaat sn (= COTISE Tralee io <7 be 20 #7 rr 4a Ye 522$.16 5.26 Estimate the time required to fill with water a cone- st—4 shaped container (see Fig. P5.26) 5 ft high and 5 ft across at the cans top if the filling rate is 20 gal/min. fia velome iS = sn BFIGURE P5.26 From application of the Conservation of mass principle to the contre! volume shawn in the figure we have 2 od¥ [pra =O 2[e peace ly fs For incompressible flow av _@ =0 at or 7 t [ow = Q/ de O a 2 2 x a MOA © a Cotes HOS H) Q ZQ — (iz) (20 $8t) (251 te and set5.29 5.29 A hypodermic syringe (see Fig. P5.25) is used to apply a vaccine. If the pluager is moved forward at the steady rate of 20 mm/s and if vaccine leaks pass the plunger at 0.1 of the volume flowrate out the needle opening, calculate the FIGURE P5.29 average velocity of the needle exit flow. The inside diameters of the syringe and the needle are 20 mm and 0.7 mm. deformrig contre! volume Using a eforming control volume and the conservaton of mass principle Cbg. §:17) as outlined th Example 525 we obtain (see Eg.% of Example 5:8) GO “PAY + p& Pia = ? : Since = constant, Qo = ay @, wd GAY Weak We oblain from £9.) ET AAS AT or cA hs 20mm) (20 rms » fe (2.7 mm)” (11) (1200 =—5.30 5.30 The Hoover Dam (see Video V2.4) backs up the Colorado River and creates Lake Mead, which is approximately 115 miles long and has a surface area of approximately 225 square miles. If during flood conditions the Colorado River flows into the lake at arate of 45,000 cfs and the outflow from the dam is 8000 cfs, how many feet per 24-hour day will the lake level rise? For the control volume shown? ~ Min - "out = 34 fe dt a fi ential out B a cV water 2 pant pee CBee contrel surface Qin ~ Guot = HE Auteh) Aste ft This, dh Gun=Gin _ (95.000 — 4,000) 1 EAs F ef 225 mi* (290) ; = 5.90K/0°® (3600g-)(29-4,) = 0.510 ie =< ji = 5.90K/0$.31 5.3] the steady rate of 1 in. of depth per hour. Tte basement floor area is 1500 fe. What capacity (gal/min) pump would you rent ‘0 (a) keep the water accumulated in your basement at a constant Jevel until the storm sewer is blocked off, (b) reduce the water accumulation in your basement at a rate of 3 in./hr even while 7 the backup problem exists? ‘. (a) (b) ‘Storm sewer backup causes your basement to flood at ; flow out fw tin For a deforming conko! vtlume that contains He wakp over the basement floor (see Sketch above), the Conservation of mass principle (Eg. 5-17) leads to 3B 2 fad + [rt 8 aa =O ot cv cS or fer Constant fluid density and area (A) A ra a) yes Qn =O a fer part &@ , ©. 1 leads fo Cay = To evaluat Qj, we use £1 with Quy =O. Thys, Qi, ASAE C500 GL ae) 0) oe # dt Boe zta hr and Zo fe =e ('25 fP)/298 gal\/1 eee / a eee hr For part b, &9.1 yields = Q,-A dA a ee 1 2 3m. 249 gal \/r eee) F 2 Qar = & oy. * is $l be25$,32 420, ie ei ee we 1 ep srg? Siw me ea eats, eho. tank as a function of time, ¢, is as given in the table. The size of the 0 5.70 rectangular tank is 19 in. by 7.5 in. (a) Determine the volume of 0.5 5.33 water used per flush, gpf. (b) Plot the flowrate for 0 = = 68, 10 4.80 2 18 3 us 40 1.50 50 0.75 (@) Volume of water per flush =.70in. (in a75in) = BIZ in? = 812in3(— 4.) = 3,52 gal = (Volume in tank) _ (b) Q = CMe tn Tank! = A, hank dh where gb ts obtained by numerical differentiation of the h vet data-shown below, The resulting G vst results are alco shown below. 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 ts ° a -100 , in-A3is, -150 -200 -250 4) ts5.38 5.38 A 10-mm diameter jet of water is deflected by a homoge: neous rectangular block (15 mm by 200 mm by 100 mm) that weighs 6 N as shown in Video V5.96 and Fig. P5.38, Determine the ‘minimum volume flowrate needed to tip the block, From the free body diagram of the block when if is ready fo tip 2M =0, or M, TD) | Re R Rady, = Why where Ry is Nae 1 Ly the fore that the water pots Or h| | J | on the block. | | ti Ww Thu, See ee ile. 6 (8m) =0.90N 4ro ae surface a Ry, 0.050m For the contre! volume shown the X-component of the momentym equation (up V-4 aa Lk cs becomes YeCWIA,=-Ry or Y= yea Thus, Ves eee = = 3,398 '"¥(499 ) £0 o1m} ? Hence, Q =A N= Foam) (339) 2 2,66n/0° 25.37 5.34 Determine the anchoring force required to hold in place the conical nozzle attached to the énd of the laboratory sink faucet shown in Fig: 5.3 when the water flowrate is 10 gai/min. The nozzle weight is 0.2 1b. The nozzle inlet and exit inside diameters are 0.6 and 0.2 in., respectively. The nozzle axis is vertical and the axial distance Section (1) between sections (1) and (2) is 1.2 in. The pressure at section (1) is 68 psi. Ty FEBS = 02 in @ = 10 eatin FIGURE P5.39 The analysis leadiig to the solution of this problem is Similar to the one outlined in Example §./0. Included th the control volume are the nozzle and the water th the nozzle at an instint. Application of the vertical or B+ diiection component of the linear momentum eguation (&.S.22) to the tw through this control volume leads 4 R= pwth, - pwza,+W, + eA +W-eA, (1) which is Eg. 4 of Example 5.10. The conservation of mass equation yields m a AWA» mA, thus €3. 1 becomes fa The different terms in bq. 2 are Calculated below. = = va —- = a0432 m= pQ = (# el mo Nisg wiy(ée% ) r = (me Wet RA WBA, @ w > 2. 2, © fogs) (agy = ng Bt A ea q wtes ) (148 38 (60) a fee Ot ei (2) eae oz o Aaa 2 in)” (7.48 gal \/b0 3 s zee tt o Crs9 ae ) 3 2 RA = pth espe) maces 2 192 Ib (con't ) $28a (Con't ) % = 9%, = 69 £( or 2)h w, = (im a) hoe #) 1 ts Jf aoa sig Ht Ww, = 0.0059] Ib 1 _ D. aca = BA, = pu ( #) = 0 lb Thus with & Re (0.0432 = “iy Ft yor HY (1 O.2Ib + 11: 00059 Ik - 04 6 Sas t y Na 2 )* il + 19-216 + 200511 Ie ~ Ob Re 5.5 Ik & S-295.40. Water flows through a horizontal, 180° pipe bend as is i- lustrated in Fig. P50. The flow cross secon area is constant at ‘valve of 9000 mm. The flow velocity everywhere in the bend is 15 mys. The pressures atthe entrance and ext of the bend are 210, and 165 kPa, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (randy) com- Ponents of the anchoring force needed to hold the bend in place. 242 2 7sechion(2) ‘ FIGURE PS.49 This analysis is similar fo the one of Example 5.//, A fied, non Oformig contro! volume that contains the wake within the elbdd between sechans (i)and(2)at an instant is used. The horizontal Forces acting on the contents of the contre! velume in the X and y Cdections are shown Application of the x-dirtchion component of the tricar mentum egation (&q.5.22) Keds t ee Application of the y-dwéction component of Phe tvicar mementem eguaten yields et ince) Armee ae nee Ae ep As k, PARCEL) OBA RA hi 00 )* 21 (ona i R= (» hg (4000 mn’) (i89) fry eal x) + G10 K0A)(G000me2)5. ‘S41_ Water enters the horizontal, circular cross-sectional, sudden Contraction nozzle sketched in Fig. PS.41 at section (1) with a uniformly distributed velocity of 25 fi/s and a pressure of 75 psi. The ‘water exits from the nozzle into the atmosphere at section (2) where the uniformly distributed velocity is 100 ft/s. Determine the axial ‘component of the anchoring force required to hold the contraction in place, B FIGURE Ps. For this prblem we include ir the contol volume the nozzle as well as the water at an instant betwen sections (i)and(2\as shdicated th the sketch above. the horizontal forces acting on the contents of the cortrol volunse art shown th the sketch. Note that the. atmospheric. forces cancel out and ave not shown. Application of the horizontal or x- divection component of the linear momentum equation (G.$.22) to the flow through this contyel volume yields “Uy PUuA, + uy pu, A = FA-E- RAL @ From the conservahen of mass eguatin C512) we obtan m= 04,4, = 4, Ae Thus £4.01) may be €xpessed as Yn (ug 4,) = BA, - Fy -RAa or 4 + and Be (1 Win) _ oy. 4 : > > 2 FE = PA-BA + M(H uw) = 7 uP, “BMPS 4, TP, (igus) shift oS sh. in? 109 i IN i= ib | S-315.42. $42 The four devices shown in Fig. PS of each is atmospheric, and the flow is incom less wheels, are rest om friction. COMES OF each device is not known. Whe dl, Which rest on friction- devices will move to the right and which tothe le iain d to move in the x direction only anc fan eae she ary. The pressure atthe inletsand outlets (J) we apply the horizontal p< ' component of the Inear Sees momentum eguation to the contents of the control volume (broken lines) and determie the (1) sense of the anchoring tora. F- Jf 4 is in the direction Shown 1 the sketches, motion will be to the left. If F is sn a divection opposite to that shown, the rmohon is ty the Fight. If &,=0, there is no horizontal motion. For sketch (a) @ FIGURE Ps.42 “Wea, Wey a, * & Since 5 is to the lef, motion js fo the right. Fo sketch (6) -VOYA, + KeKA oF and from conservation of raass CYA, HRPM AL aad thee vy, >v,, then 6, is to the left anol maton is to te iphh, For sKeth Co) (nok: flow is ie CVat C1) “YevA,= & Gnd Ey is to the left 50 motion is te the right. For sketch, (d) “VeU A+ % PKA, = 4 and from conservation of mass G4, = PY Ay and Vv, < %y 50 Fy ist the right and motion is to The Jel. S325.43 5.43 Exhaust (assumed to have the properties of standard ait) leaves the 4-ft-diameter chimney shown in Video V5.4 and Fig. P5.43 with a speed of 6 f¥s. Because of the wind, after a few diameters downstream the exhaust flows in a korizontal direction ‘with the speed of the wind, 15 fvs. Determine the horizontal component of the force that the blowing wind puts on the exhaust gases, m FIGURE P5.43 For the control volume indicated the x-component of the momentum equation (ueV-Add =Zhx becomes cs VYewkA, =R., where Ry is the net horizontal force that the wind puts on the exhaust gases. Thos ee Re mm, Vz WHEE tha = oA Ve= PAM (Le. m= m2) or m, = (0.00238 hey B (wy 6H) = 0.179 Sloss Hence, R, = 0.79 8 (75 By = 2.69 shigit = 2.69 1b a25.44 5.44 Air flows steadily between two cross section ina long, straight section of 12-in-inside diameter pipe. The static temperature and pressure at each section are indicated in Fig PS.44. If the average air velocity at section (2) s 320 mis, detenmine the average air velocity at section (1). Determine the frictional force exerted by the pipe wall on the air flowing between sections (1) and (2). Assame uniform velocity distibutions at each section. = FIGURE P5.44 This analysis is similar to the one oF Example 5.2. For steady tlw between sections (1) and(2) m = mh, or aE AN Thus q- 244 a behaves as an ideal gas we use the (deal gas eguation of stale (Eg. 48) * get f2- BL (2) 7 &h Combining Egs. | and 2 and observing frat A, = Ay we get G- BIG ~ G27 khlrsy] Gok) (20 2) “Pp 7 (640 km Ges (252K) 5 = 70.) m a (cont) 5-34s44 | (con't ) The analysis for this problem is similar to the one of Example 2 for the contro! volume shown in the sketch above application of *~ the axial component af the linear momentum eguation leads Shir aN eR A Kee A. From the conservahon of mass principle m= AY = 2A,i, Also the ideal equation of state is eh Thas Be a> EM (0-1) +Aln-a) « $/ AUD Coa] Tr, ne ca) aoenn) eae x20View NY a Pree i) BRR Me bo A hem é a= 30900 N soa ~ rank) 000 ll = 3eS45 $43 Determine the magnitude and direction of the anchoring force needed to hold the horizontal elbow and nozzle combination shown in Fig. P5.45 in place. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. The ‘gage pressure at section (1) is 100 kPa. At section (2), the water exits to the atmosphere. Py = 100 KPa ¥,=2ms BFIGURE P5.45 The control volume shown tn the sketch above js used. Application of the y direction component of the linear momentum cquation yields Application of the x drection linear momentum equation leads te -ueu,A,- 4p4r, = FAL -R, + RA, From the Conservation of mass equation th= pua, = pu, Ay Tans 2 2 2 R= p4A, (4,44) 4 BATRA = pamei('gs Zou) + p20 sO, - , i Ne JES fe =) + prea é ey + G00 ede Tr (300 mm (00 N and © (to wry5.46 5.46 Water flows as two fee jets from the eeatached tothe pipe 2-2" shown in Fig. P5.46, The exit speed is 15 m/s. If viscous effens and gravity are negligible, determine the x and y components of the —>} a force that the pipe exerts on the tee. eens oo Tee a cM (2) ara 15 ms Pipe BFIGURE Ps.s6 Use the Contre! volume Shown. Foy the x-componert of the force exerted by the pipe on the tee we use the x- component of the linear momentum eguation- HEYA, + oe A, = BA, BAL RyA-A, +E “Oe Fa Ae ba Moo Bad) + meat h a Te get 4 we use conservation of- mass @,= A, + Gs or AV,= AY TAY 50 Vi = Mt Ase . (OMNIS) + (0.8m Y IS) 12mg A Ion To estinake fg. me use Bernoulli's equation thy How behyten (er) Froese ss Rae + i ? z e z a ae ne bon = (8) (mr ORES) pe “ihr - Now usin, 4) we ‘ 2 [Est fog in) «OB NOmE esyion ze) ro (W450 © Nim) + Fy Qs O00 = Som 50 5 = 72,00N <— For he y compenant of the tore exerted by Ie pipe on the te we use fu Y Component of Fee (inter momentum egrahin get 5 Ye 422, sp) 82 Vis 3) (02m) = 63 400nN f =F, 7 Boar$.47 ss Virginian ‘Section ! . 5.47 A converging elbow (see Fig. P5.47) ‘turns water through an angle of 135° in a vertical plane. The flow cross section diameter is 400 mm == —» at the elbow inlet, section (1), and 200 mm at the ‘elbow outlet, section (2). The elbow flow passage volume is 0.2 m? between sections (1) and (2) ‘The water volume flowrate is 0.4 m/s and the . pp clbow inlet and outlct pressures are 150 kPa and Br can 50 kPa. The elbow mas 12 kg. Calculate the fecal horizontal (x direction) and vertical (z direction) Saas anchoring forces required to hold the elbow in place. A conlrol volume that contains the elbow and the water withir the eloaw between sections (1)4nd(2) as shown in the sketch above is used. Application of the hovizental ov x divechon component of the linear momentum epalion yields - 4 Pa A,- eos yA = pa — fe + BA oss” From conservation of mass = 744, = PKA, = 2Q a IS" + PAtEA Os Ys", pe" 1B op Beta! 70) bc" nip flee). weeisil»_) 7) (00mm + (bam) € (0% | 50 44 )(400 mm)" +(40#ta) arma] F = 25700N Ax Ss Aeplication of the verhical or # diection Component of the licar momentum equation leads te =, Sin U5 2UA, = BA sins’ F WW, Which when combined with Eg.s gives Bg = OL sn Beg Asits* W,- W. = etones’ AT sats ‘ateng az me (con't ) 5-38S.47_| (con't) | hehe ye oom ia 5) Maa ee fe ctbfegy on i 00% au} - (7 8582) en a terns’) cs = 8910 N5.48 5.48 The hydraulic dredge shown in Fig, P5.48 is used to dredge sand from a river bottom. Estimate the thrust needed from the propeller to hold the boat stationary. Assume the specific gravity of the sand/water mixture is SG = 1.2. BFIGURE Ps.48 Using the conte! volume shown by the brofen line in the sketch, above we use the horizentad or x compment of the linear momentum, eguation fe ger 2 FOAM Mx= 6,059) Tide y. yeas 30° Where section / is here Fires enters fhe. contre/ volume verbally and section 2 is where Flw leaws te contro! Velume at an angie of 30° From the horrzenta) direction, Note that there is no horizmtal direction hinean monentim Flow at section ;. i fare tat gatt ie E 2 (nai in) aoe B78) are lug) f= 50 2 S70S49 5.49 _ A static thrust stand is to be designed for testing a specific jet engine. Knowing the following conditions for a typical test, intake air velocity = 700 ft/s ‘exhaust gas velocity = 1640 ft/s intake cross section area = 10 ft? intake static pressure = 114 psia intake static temperature = 48) °R exhaust gas pressure = 0 psi estimate a nominal thrust to design for. The analysis for this problem is similar to the one of Example 5.14. A control volume that contains the entire engine and the Fluid in the engine as indicated im the sketch is used. Application of the horistntal or x direction component of the linear momentum equation kads to “UP UA + Bua, = PA HE Ee = 4, pu At, 2uA,— PA, The conservation of mass principle Yields AU4A, = AuA, or Thus Fe? 44, (4-4) - BA, or since O° & ae = 44, (um) 8A ax = » 4 e yf pe ian By(709 #4) 104 iegott root fue MN: ) ax lug. Hf Ss ia (™ #416) (480°R) wag R, - ete (a4 te _ 14. 76. a ) tad int mh fe F = /7%00% A,X 5-H$.50 A horizontal circular crossseetion jet of sir having a diameter of 6 in. strikes conical deflector as shown in Fig. P5.50. A horizontal anchoring force of 5 Ib is required to hold the cone in place. Estimate the nozzle flow rate in fs. The magnitude of the velocity of the air remains constant FIGURE PS5.50 The control volume shown th the sketch is used. Application of the axial or x-direction component of the linear momentum equation yields 4 PGA + ou, =~ F With the conservation of mass Princigle we can conclude for this thcompressible tla that 4A, = wh =Q Also a, = Vcos 60° and Oh eee) Thus 2 -VpQ + Veos bo" pQ = peatle See een or a i [ett 78 CuSO cri ra casey Thus Gh (Cr) (6m fe fe WE) end Q = 27 | fe 5secienQ2) lar cross-sectional jet of ar strikes a con- icated in Fig. PS.5I. A vertical anchoring force of 0.1 N is required to hold the deflector in place. Deter- mine the mass (kg) of the deflector. The magnitude of velocity of the air remains constant. FIGURE P5.51 To determine the mass of the conical deflector we use the Stationary , nan- détorrring Céntro/ volume shown in the sketch above. Application of the verhica! dikechin component of the linear momentum eguation CEg.5.22) to the conknts of this Control volume yields th (- 4 + ¥ cos t0°) ee a Woane = Plane = CGV, c0530)) ~F = ehule-rass)-£ Oy) However yr% and 4 = Bh % Thus €3.1 can be exyressecl as ce (aly (-Y ws30)- cone. 2 or ce m= (23 hy) % Grim) (30 Hl ue(ae Neos z0']- tw Bs ‘cone , G8 &) (88 a and = 0.108 & rs =— 9paee 5.52 Water flows from a large tank into a dish as shown in Fig. P5.5_ (a) If at the instant shown the tank and the water in it weigh W, Ib, what is the tension, 7,, in the cable supporting the tank? (b) If at the instant shown the dish and the water in it weigh Ws Ib, what is the force, F,, needed to support the dish? Fn prt Gwe apply the verhcal component of the linear momentum egnaton 4y the tmkutt of control volume A, CY, , % get a Cataract), (7 To get value of Vy we epply Bernoulli's esnation fo the flow from the tree surhu of She Waler in [he tank +o the tank outlet Jo get Vout = V29% = G22 Ho) = 25.9 ft @FIGURE Ps.s2 Then (i) we get “es gin as fos fra h) los ft) 7m, pattie LY AC mele eg 1 Stas ft b Bi 5* ar T= Wit bb Br pot) ee ape verbal companent- of fhe Ineo mome nhem eguation to the comkents of Cy, te get Vise ae @ oN, ee a he To get Yi we use Bernovllj's eguation between pee surlace of water in Tank to ee Surfan of water 4 dish Ye get = [29 hythe) = [22-2 # (wt 1/24) = x76 For po we use from tonsertaher of mass, Pte? oat of pV As eg "e Le ank So frm €q (2) we get (37-6 Eyer anes ee) (ost ant Fy = Ww, + 14.718 tes* Shey. FE, =B-my Sart5.53 5.53 Two water jets of equal size and speed strike each other as shown in Fig. P5.53. Determine the spee¢, V, and direction, 6, Of the resulting combined jet. Gravity is negligible, v=o ns = FIGURE P5.53 For the control wlume shown in the sketch above the linear momentum equation for the x and y difections ave , for the x direction “VaQvzh, +WVcsedeVA = 0 and for the y direchon ~V,eV,A, + (v sine) VA =O @) Also for conservation of mass we have ON, A, + Pah. - PVA =O From Eqs. 1 and 2 we get Gk 2 wse WA, SHO a) = of 6 a 30 12 a + (Out o = cot Vibe = cot fle #)r Z| yee (10 fy ay (OA) Now, combining Eqs. 2 and 3 we get -VrA,+Vsine (AFZAL) = O ey) ste i0 gic a sine WO 4 NeAa) Ve (oft) 2 eae a (Sinus? [fe Ht) rout 4 (10) (0148) | and 4 Ls Vez 07 ft — 5sSrcip 5.54 Assuming frictionless, incompressible, one-dimensional ‘low of water through the horizontal tee connection sketched in > Fig. P5.54, estimate values of the x and y components of the 10 force exerted by the tee on the water. Each pipe has an inside diameter of 1 m. Section (3), Section (2) Vi- sme ASN OPT icles FIGURE PS. 54 We can use the x and y components of the linear momentum eguation ( &. 5.22) fo determine the x and y components of the veaction force exerted by the water on the tte. For the comtrol volume contaming water in the tee, Ey. 5.22 leads to 2 RFA OR = ROD + Vo, @ and Bo Ree BD + upQ, 4a, (2) The yeaction eae in ie Jamd2 ave actvally exerted by the tee on the water in the contre! volume. The reaction of fhe water on the tee is equal tn magnitude but opposite tn direction Conservation of mass (64. 5.4) leads to y= 5° @, = = 4 100? 6m) Flim) w S200 a? Also id a, = 470 = (6 2) Remy 3 4 4712 Further IP < > g hs Cae = S733 5S54 J (ont) Because the How is incompressible. and frictionless we assume that Bernoullis equation (by. 5:74) is valid nan The conpral volyme. Thus Beet Ey) 208k «BY n)' One te a) £= (37 koe Also ” = ty) Gea 2 rasa (ie 0 te er “ly 200th + tes) [6 P)- (6.733%) (aie & oe R= 195.3 RP With a = (200,00 4) Tbm)'> (6 ae B (mn 2( ae SAN and : x-divtcton Compment of force exerfed ty aes. on The eee WS enki With &- 2 Ry = (198,300 ya Gm) — (8x00 AEC ee os +6755 21)(aaq By fan Vs a2) = 45 800) =~ 95.2RN and ae y-direction component of force exerted by the meee on the fee is + 45.9 AN.5.55 5.55 Determine the magnitude ofthe horizontal component of the anchoring force required to hold in place the siuice gate shown in Fig, 5.55. Compare this result withthe size of the horizontal component of the anchoring force required to hold in place the sluice ate when it is closed and the depth of water upstream is 10 ft BS FIGURE P85 This analysis is similar to the one of Example 5.15. The contra! volumes of Fig. € 515 are appropriate tor use in solung this problem. When the sluice gate is clsed Gee Figs. ES-IS@ and E5.15¢) application of the x direction component of the linear momentum equation leads to " = Pa 42) (0H) = 3120 fe R= fete Llez4 BC 4H) = 3120 # When the sluice gate is open (ste Figs. € 5.156 and ESSA) application of the x directin component of the linear momentum Eeguation leads to 2 Lr Lyf aie ar ie irh fthe Brey pith The exit velocity 4, may be expressed in terms of the inlet velocity u, With the conservation af mass equation as follads % 48 Thus 2 2 7 2 . i= 2A Re4tH £tn-€ + P4H- PY, Zz Assuming Fz 1s negligibly small, we cbtain = 1 (62.46 \ottS_ 1 fer te \Os D Reader Mer) 4(a4 isn) : Loy slugs Vy bt YG0 tt YU yy sey(z0rs) (hb +4 SBN Bytes a) (re fy ty (10) (fe ) F FOP FLG5H) ‘slug 2 + Thus it takes Considerably less force fo bold tn place the. sluice gate when i+ is opened as compared fo when it /s cased. 5-483.56 5.56 The rocket shown in Fig. P5.56. is held stationary by the hor- ‘zontal force, F,, and the vertical force, F The velocity and pressure of the exhatst gas are 5000 ft/s and 20 psia at the nozzle exit, ‘which has a cross section area of 60 in2, The exhaust mass flowrate is constant at 21 Ibm/s Determine the value of the restraining force Assume the exhaust flow is essentially horizontal. @ FIGURE Ps.s6 The control volume contains the vocket and the fluid within the rocket as tndicated in the sketch. Application of the x direction component of the linear momentum equation yields © because the rocket is slationary og Z ued + veya, > & ara Cv a Sooo £#\ (2 lbp) 1 Re (20 ty-Ha the \Go i) + 2) Pata e i ies os ae Fo = 3580 Ibe3.57 5.57 A horizontal circular jet of air strikes a stationary flat plate as indicated in Fi. 5.57. The jet velocity is 40 m/s and the jet diameter is 30 mm. Ifthe air velocity magnitade remains constant as the air flows over the plate surface in the directions shown, determine: (a) the magnitude of F, the anchoring force required to hold the plate stationary; (b) the fraction of mass flow along the plate surface in each of the two directions shown; (e) the magnitude of F, the anchoring force required to allow the plate to move to the right at a constant speed of 10 m/s. @ FIGURE Ps.57 contro! yolume s @) Nee The von - de forming control volume Shown tn the sketch above is ud, (@) To determine the magnitude of Fy we 4pply the component of the linear momentum eguation ( &y. §.22) along the ditection of fy. Tus, SW OVAAA = EF, , on a : Be B= MV. sin 30° = pA;Y.V, nn 70° = are Yi Sin 30° or 4g) C0.t30m) (40 2) sin 30°) [1 =o, Be (23) 2 ee.nom) OF) es 0.696 N &) Ta determine the traction of mass How along the plate surface in each of tye 2 directions shown th the sketth abole, We ‘apply the Component of the linear momentum eguation paralle! to he surlace of the plate, {UpUAdA=LEy, to obtain Ktug plate = nV Miglg ~ ry Ve cas 20° ae Surface (cont) 5-505.57] cont) Since ine air velocity magnitude remains constant, the value of R soe is sero Thus from Eg./ we obfain es mr, \, =m, Ve Vi, Cs 30° @ Since wowed, , Eg.2 becomes My ta my; cos 30° @) Prom conservation of mass we conclude that m= mz, thr; wo Coa ecesey ese Bandy we get mz > my i »( R ) ie Section of R where V = local velocity vector, w. = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe radius, and, = radius from pipe axis. Develop an expression for the fluid pressure drop that occurs between sections (1) and (2). Water flows vertically upward in a ci- w, h FIGURE PS. 61 The analysis for this problem is similar Yo the one of Example 5.17, The control volume contains the fluid only bebween sections (/)and(2) as indicated tin the sketch. Application of the vertical or 2 component of the Iinear momentum equator leads 40 R -w, pw, A, + [eeu anrar = pA - Rapa, -W, lo R te z P-p = Re _pw> + az | fe Eo) rar +. (i) ey. a & ae The weight of the water in the contro! volume may be expressed as W, = gphh The value of wy may be oblamed from the conservation of raass equation as Follows, Pu, = Jew. (f+ noes Thas or (aC rine mi (2) ar [eal $ To evaluate the integral [ees rdr we substitute ae a (3) then = -dr a R 4) (con't) 5-55$61 | (con't) and Cu : i Laer ea fate ecyniaee = Bk (5) Combining Es. 2 and F we obtain a = 0, Thus trom gq. 1 (2 ) (60) R-P)" rd) h (6) fon = ene ae eo To evaluate the integral J ‘ey rdr we use Egs. Fand# Thus 2 ° : [lira = f(a dae = 2 RY ° 1 and &%.6 becomes macs ap = © - pulse pliora> tgeh oan ae peal +9P p-p = Be + oo2pey + goh TR* Note that in contrast t the result of Example 5:13, only a very small portion of the pressure Crop is clue Yo @ change jn the momentum flow between sections | and 2in this case,5 62 5.62. Ina laminar pipe flow that is fully d average velocity, 7, with the axial direction mo- veloped, the axial velocity profile is parabo! ‘mentum flowrate calculated with the nonuniform that is, velocity distribution taken into account. Meee [ 7" (7) SS | as is illustrated in Fig. PS. . Compare the axial Ss direction momentum flowrate calculated with the. FIGURE PS.62 The axial direction momentum fowrate based on a uniform velocity protile with u-& is ae 2 =a = X, uniform, gard aaa The axial direction momentum flowrate based on the non— unifornn parabelic, velocity profile is We oS pu pert fi es 4) “uniform ie 2 pu TR x non ~ ae uniform 5 To obtain a relationship between G and Ug ve use the conservation of mass eSueen as follows pare = pares [Filey Ie) ae Thus a= 4e Zz and Fe IIS 5 G0R - TA eee Moe oO item Uniform 5-575.64 5.64 A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal, circular ah pani ia contol cross-sectional jet of water symmetrically as indicated in Fig. L voime 457. i choring force required to (a) hold the vane stationary, (b) con- ) ides fine the speed of the vane to a value of 10 ft/s to the right. Quamea= 5.64 and Vidéo V5.6. The jet leaves the nozzle with a veloc ity of 100 ft/s. Determine the x direction component of an- ‘The Avid speed magnitude remains constant along the vane _{ , surface. @) ® FIGURE P5.64 (To determne He x- diecton component of anchoring farce reguived fo Aeld the vane stationary we use phe stabomory control volume Shown above ahd the x- divectin compenen’ of tht linear momentum equation (Eg. 5-22). Thus, Boe m(yr yeas 4st) =pAv Gres) = 0 BL (Grecsis) 4 a a te 11 fg > 0 tage Coin? Coa $1) [0 Fe axes] (te Olra and ice = 18 pene @) To determme the ¥- direction component of anchoring toce ryusled 7 confine the vane to a constant speed of 10 fr The right we use 4 contra! volume moving to the right with a speed of 0 € and the x- divection component of the linear momentim equation tr a translating contol volume (Eg. 5-29), Thus, B= eAW, (W + Woes tee) ep Tew, (Wt Wase) — () We note that = loaf. ott = 90 ft W = Vi-wtt = roe oF ge Thus, Eg.1 leads to ay i & us ]fi_te = (1-44 slugs) Tet Go tye fy Go fest‘) ) fe OT aE? Ge =" (ae = 146 lb ‘ 5-58565 5.65 How much power is transferred t the moving vane of Problem 5.65? Power = EY. where from Problem 5.86 Fy =/¥8 Thos, (16 16)(10 ) Fower = “____-" | 2.65 hp (G22 Stl ss S-hp5.66 For the contral volume indicated the x- component o the momentym ” equation Ree = fu vn dA = ZF becomes és we leet ki control z ()— (Ycos30"eCV)A,+Ve p(M) A, = Rx surface where we have assumed that {1-0 on the entire central surtace and that the exiting water jet is horizontal. With m= AM, =pAaV. &.()) becomes Ry = 1h (Va ~ Vy cos 8) = PY A, (Va- V, cos 30") a Also, AM = AV, so.that AM eine a =a ” Zissnp = 2.60 V, (2) By combining Eys.(0) and (2) R= eV, (2,60 -cos30") a 1b i i 300 > f Me rR eve ca = 2n7$ Thos, QAM = Cag tt) (2278) -3. 90 S-605.67 5.67 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Where the plume goes,” Section 5.2.2.) Air flows into the jet engine shown in Fig. 5.67 ata rate of 9 slugs/s and a speed of 300 ft/s. Upon landing, the engine exhaust exits through the reverse thrust mechanism with a speed of 900 ft/s in the direction indicated. Determine the reverse thrust applied by the engine to the airplane, Assume the inlet and exit pressures are atmospheric and that the mass flowrate of fuel is negligible compared to the air flowrate through the engine. The momentum equation (x-component), SupVAda = Fy, for the control volume Shown can be wntfen as VeCVWA, +-Khc0s30) pV, A HV cos30) 0 Ay = ~ Fe F-(eUAy +(eVaAL) Ve coe30" #(pVaAs) Vy cose" But from conservation of mass CVA =CUM t0GA, =m = Islvgs /s Also, Vi=\s, so that Eq, (1) becomes Fee (VY +h cae30") = 9 $48 (gop dt +900 cac30" Ht) 29710 Mf = 9170 Ib Note direction of on engine and engine on airplane. “y on engine on airplane a)5.68 5.68 (Sec Fluids in the News article tiled “Motorized surt- board,” Section 5.2.2.) The thrust to propel the powered surfboard shown in Fig. P5.68 isa result of water pumped through the board that exits as a high-speed 2.75-in.-diameter jet. Determine the flowrate and the velocity of the exiting jet if the thrust is to be 300 Ib. Neglect the momentum of the water entering the pump. The x-component of the momentom "Tae! 8 3 equation, SupVndA Bh, tar aa, 3 the control volume shown i's CV 6080) 0CVW)A, (“oh =~ or Fe = CUA- VA, caso = EVA if the momentum of the entering water is neglected» Thus, 3.00 Ib =(1,94 MEN, *( E (2:25 +)) or Ve b.2£ and QAM F(A 25H) (6r2H) - 2.52 # 5-625.69 5:69 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Bow thrusters," Sec- tion 5.2.2) The bow thruster on the boat shown in Fig. P5.69 is used {o tur the boat. The thruster produces a I-m-diameter jet of water with a velocity of 10 m/s. Determine the force produced by the thruster. Assume that the inlet and outlet pressures are zero and that the momentum of the water entering the thruster is negligible, SB FIGURE P5.69 yy The y- component of the momentum egvation, “shrew £ w pV lest fy, for the contro! volume s ies Shown is, — frevAan the =5, If the momentum of the entering water is negligible the egvation becomes Fy -@WA, = 799.8 (102) (E (Im?) = 79500 ke: - 79,5 kw S-&5.70 $.70 A snowplow mounted on a truck clears path 12 ft through hheavy wet snow, as shown in Figure PS.70. The snow is'8 in, deep and its density is 10 Jbma/fP. The truck travels at 30 mph. The snow is discharged from the plow at an angle of 45° from the direction of travel and 45° above the horizontal, as shown in Figure P5,70. Esti- ‘mate the force required to push the plow. on ase (in plane of blade) ooo | a a d=8in, B FIGURE P5.70 To estimak the Forw required to push the srowplow we use the contre! volume chown in the Sketth aboveand Eg. 5.29. We neglect the frichon farce between te plow and the road Surface. we alco neglect any fwce associated with the Plow deflecting air We aly consider how much twce is vegaireel fo turn een 195%. For the wet snow “to” we get tom by 529 Fam (Ww, +w, ws #5°) Since. m= pAw, we assume W, =W, anol get F= pAw? (it ws ¥5°) 0 ft wee (0 tex (25 ine yew re pe | (waz E Ae ee a Ml (32.174 Ib: s* + 5-6475 5.75 Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of 16 gal/min . - ee as shown in Fig. P5.75., The exit cross section area i ‘area = 0.04in2 of each of the two nozzles is 0.04 in.* and the flow leaving each nozzle is tangential. The radius from the axis of rotation to the centerline of each noz~ ale is 8 in. (a) Determine the resisting torque required to hold the sprinkler head stationary. (b) Determine the resisting torque associated with the sprinkler rotating with a constant speed of 00 rev/min. (¢) Determine the angular velocity of the sprinkler if no resisting torque is applied. Rslationary Contre! Volume FIGURE P5.75 This is sumifar to Example 5.17. (a) To determine the resisting torgue reguiied to hold the srinkler head stationary we use the mement- of -momentum forgue equation ( &y. £50). Thus, eps Heeger Z 4, nate = MG, = QBN, ) For Vg, we use = yee @: ae Ae eit or = if ye, = 6417 Ef With 4 swe hie Te fe =) = 2.96 ft-lb anc Taate (b)To delermine the resisting torgue asséciaked with a sprinkler speed of $00 rev we use €3./ agath. However, with rofahim we have Ee Ngaio (2) For W, we use ie wee B= Bt e) aed ZArenk (270 0 O78 con't ). 5-6575 “can't ) For Uz we use Yr hw 4 v ta = Bin) Geos) OF ee) = 34.9 12. tr. a Ce OS Thus with &y.2 we have : Feat Ye. oai7 tt - 90 & = 2926 FF and with &./ we obfarn - rn (94 tag y(i6 Za! YB mw )GL26 FU # ) Sheff (78 LOO 3 ) (le 2) 4e? aud ee | EE RAE he GlTo dekrmine the angela velocity of the sprinkler if no vesstiag is applied we use the combination of ys. / and 2 torgue 10 obfath as o we Ms ie Cin) The rotor speed, W, iz thus NW = (46.? tad) Geni) 2 920 rev * (20 wy rev 5665.76 Nozze it area noma 5.76 Five liters/s of water enter the rotor shown in Video V5.10 relative velocity = 18 men and Fig. P5.76 along the axis of rotation. The cross-sectional area of each of the three nozzle exits normal to the relative velocity is 18 mm®. How large is the resisting torque required to hold the rotor stationary? How fast will the rotor spin steadily if the resisting torque is reduced to zero and (a) 6 = 0°, (b) @ = 30°, (c) 6 = 60°? @FIGURE P5876 To determine the togue required te hed the roby stationary we use the moment of- momentum torgue Lguatio (&4. 5.50) yo obtain Tshate a my Ye me ua We note that m 2p (2) ahd a Vour * @) = FAaezle Crit Combining Egs. 1,2 and 3 we get ro a LR tig, 005 0 &® shate 3 Anyi exit To determine the voter angular velocity associated with sero shaft torgue we again use the moment— of -smomentum tbryue Cguation CE. 5.50) to obtain, this time with rotation, Tratp OH aag Mg AO = Thay.) @ We note that Cet = "our @) and w ane e on) . 7 Anaya ext (con't)576 (con't) Comb/ning 435.256 and 7 we get Eat = # Cbg Coen ia) @ nee Q@) For 2 0° ue use ay Ye get Tety = OE Bee ey (oemy(as 0) CO 2S) we ) (000 tte) (s}f 18mm) or From £g.8 we obtain fr Ty aw = B50 FecAu @ a) (oee *)( 1000 ony FA, - — ad erates JC lemm)(s000 (its \lo.5m) aa BWlor @> 30° we use & pt GH 49 (5 LENG om ° an Tae 2 (05m) (tos 30°) (1000 =) ee - (BY CHiram) oe From Eg-@ we absain for wea =O fo G4) ae ea she, ea 3018 mm™)C 1000 LEV AS m) a () For 62 60° we use &4 Yo get + 7 RB )G Hes) Cosm)Ceas sar) (000 Oy 0 «k ) Shatp me. a < a ye (1000 litey (3) (1¢mm*) Tats = U6 Nm or ay ° 2 CF HE) (co: 60") (1000 my = 925 rad QD smonrfi oe ey)Beal 27 eg ny nee moet can tte oon essay rt te Dae prods As the ar #lauing radially out through each propeller blade turns to tlow out through He nozzle at the blade tip, i# exerts a tangential force to the inside surtace oF the blade. Further, te velecity mnevease of the arr fiowing . B FIGURE P67 out of each nozzle results in additional force in the oposite direction. These. to forces move the blades Counter clockwise as shown, The rotating blades experience a lifting force tom the air Flowing over the blades because of the downward turning of the air. 5-69578 Q = 30 mis 5.78 A simplified sketch of a hydraulic turbine runner is shown in Fig. P5.78. Relative to the rotating runner, water enters at section (1) (cylindrical cross section area A, at r, = 1.5 m) at an angle of 100° from the tangential direction and leaves at section (2) (cylindrical cross section area A; at r, = 0.85 m) at an angle of 50° from the tangential direction. The blade height at sections (1) and (2) is 0.45 mand the volume flowrate through the turbine is 30 m’/s. The runner speed is 130 rpm in the direction shown. Determine the shaft power developed. bi A ae oon The stationary and non - deforming Contre! volume shown in the sketch is used. Equation 553 can be used to dekrmpe fo determine the shat? power. Thus We ee a) shaty With ao geeaselvations of mass eguation we can conclude that = 72 = (97 ty eee) 30 000 ko The bled: elocities are eat ity esiained at tolls. > U= re = (sm) (130 BEG" RE) 204 m i 60 5. a Prin Ina egw =(a.g5m (080 7S GT for) WGm (60,5. S| The tangential velocit ies, Vg, and Vg, may be obtained with the help of the velocity triangles skeked below.5.78 (cont) With the velocity triangle for section (1) we see that i met W, 5% 10° G@) Also W, Gos 0° = VY, and Py = 2.2 aon = 107% a A, 2my,h, 21 (I.5m)(0.45m) ees Thas Wem e COCs s 5 10° COS for si and with Eq. 2 Ae 20.4 2 + (118 & ) sin 10° = 262 with the velocity triangle tor section(2) we conclude that Vee aU Rei eee fe (3) (con't ) 715.78. Con") Also B . 3o m W. cos $0" = Vy, Ci tee CrB) = ygieen ‘ A, 2arh, — 2% (0.35 mYa45m) a and ees be ate = 63 2 C05 40° Thus fom &3. 3 = “2 WIZ Va, =e @ - (4.3) sin to 2 Fihally , with Eg. | we obtain “ = F Cage #9 )(204 2206 2) bom ayfiepyins ‘ w = -/2exj0 Nim . ~12¢x10° W =-12.¢ MW shatt s eet oe The minus sign means power out of the contol volume 5-72,baa? 5.79 A water turbine with radial flow has the dimensions shown in Fig.P5.79.The absolute entering velocity is 5) fs, and it makes an ee of 30” with be tangent fo he rotor. The absolute ext veloc ity is directed radially inward. The angular speed of the otoris 120 ‘pm. Find the power delivered to the shaft ofthe turbine, Section (1) Section (2) OD FIGURE P5.79 The stationary and non-detorming control volume shewn in the sketch above is used. We use £g. 5.53 to dekrmmie the shaft power involved. Thus * 2 a zs om UY, “att ee The mass flowrate may be obtemed trom (2) m, = (PAL = p%, ear h, where V,, = radial component of velocity at sectin()) The blade velocity at section (I) és Uo» pws@ ft) (120 2 rev ay )(2 7 aD The values of V, %, and yy, may be Ge with the help of a velocity triangle for te How at section(1) as skekhed balou (con't ) 5-73oa (con't) With the velocity triangle we conclude that Yi, = Y sin 30° = Y cose0” = Go #1 YGin 30°) = 2g Then trom &g.2 = (194 Sle ft (Gty(if) - stus m = (i gr )(25 t) 27 MIA) = 610 cts Also with the triangle we se that Yy, = Yas = ¥ sinsa® =(50 ff ) tos 30° = 43.3% Then, With &- 1 we obtain - (60 slags y(25.1 £ 1 # (78 3 ft Pas z) Wonate ~ : = - 6Gx0" ft le Wepale axe In horse paver we have s LU =-/200 hy ‘i + hax £4) a =1200 hp orate 5) 7 Gree) Shp 5-7480 5.80 Shown in Fig. P5.@@are front and side views of a centrifugal pump rotor or impeller. If ‘the pump delivers 200 liters/s of water and the blade exit angle is 35° from the tangential direction, determine the power requirement associated with flow leaving at the blade angle. The flow entering the rotor blade row is essentially radial as viewed from a stationary frame. FIGURE P5.80 To determpne the power, Wenafe » we use the moment-of- momentum power eguaton (BE'2 65) to obtain Wyre = UY, = pau, o net th We obtain U, from ee Un uno Gsem )C3000 rom ) (2m Fad = 9212 Gee) Ce) To determine Ve we use the Velocity Wiangle sketched below. 4 we fo get Vystar oa toe (3) For Vi, we use v2 Ay 2rnh (f000 titers E) 2% (en) gem) ” (Cont ) =(on'# ) From €g.2 we obtain 7074 & Von = errZie J = 37.02 + e tan 35° G Thus with 3. / we get ee neki or ¢ BHEKIO Mm + Wrnath = net tin Gana Ure e ee a net in 76[5.87 J ee Stationary e control % 5.81 The velocity triangles for water flow through a radial pump rotor are as indicated in Fig. PS. 1. (a) Determine the energy added to each unit mass (kg) of water as it flows through the rotor. (b) Sketch an appropriate blade section. FIGURE PS. 1 (0) To determne the energy per unit mass added 10 the water Flowing through the rotor we use the moment. of momentum work eguation (Eg. 554) 70 get Ua = UY, *UY, () wet We vote frm He section (2) velocity triangle that Van * Y, To ascertam Wy, we note tam the sechon()) velocity triangle thet Vg, = V,, tan 50° C2) From conservation of mass behween sectons () and (2) we Contd. that WA eA A or = A. A u Vou ym eee = HOS ecas) 4 With Eq 2) Vor = (22 (0.577) = 18.48 me and with &%.1 Wwe bln Hauge > (C2) B) + te ay ie ) net ry (con't) #775.61 | €on't) (b) An appropriate blade section would be opprximalely tangent to the section (1) and section (2) velahve velocities, W, and W.. The relative flow angle from the radial duecton af Section (1) is B= ton fa etee) - tent [Oe +1898 #)]. 396° 4, 32m The relative flow angle frm the vadjial direction at secho(2) js 0°. Thus, the blade sechan js as sketched below. 785. 8 1W,| = (W,) 5.82 An axial flow turbomachine rotor involves the upstream (1), e ‘and downstream (2) velocity triangles shown in Fig.P5.82. Is this f |or=s00 2 |u,=30 1» turbomachine a turbine or a fan? Sketch an appropriate blade scc- tion and determine energy transferred per unit mass of fluid. s as Noo Ty, = 208 ony @ FIGURE Ps.s2 We can determne whether the axial flow furberrachie involved is a turbine or a fan by comparing the direction of the Jift force on the voter blade secon with the divecton of the blade velocity U. If the litt fore and the blade velocity are tn the same divection a turbine is imolved . If the lift farce and blade velocity ave in opposite directions, a fan is mvelved. the divecton of the Lift force can be mferred from the shape of the rofr blade section sketched +o be tangent the relative tows entering and leaving the voto raw. The entermg relative How angle, £ , Box tn Vis tax COE) gy” 4 y (20) Thus, the voter blade sections sketched belr.) are apprpriak (con't ) =F562 | (con't) Since the lift force acting on each roby blade sechon is in the same divechon as the blade velocity we conclude that this turbomachine is a turbine The energy tranrhyed per unit mass /s the shaft Work wer anit mass , oy Pa whith we can dekrmne with Eq. 5.5% Thus “hate = ~ ULVe, a From the velocity triangles we obtain et 5 W 9h bo SACs and WoFW = Mate Thus Win cee ft , ee 6 I tb ‘Shaft = (30 terse singo* — 30 #1 ie 7) oS @w = — 368 F416 Shaft cae ce or wo = - 96.8 F4ole - in FA Shaft aes —— es sug (32-2 ea) + 05.83 ‘5.83 An axial flow gasoline pump (see Fig P5.83) consists of a r0- tating row of blades (rotor) followed downsteam by a stationary row of blades (stator). The gasoline enters the rotar axially (without any an- ‘gular momentum) with an absolute velocity of 3 m/s. The rotor blade inlet and exit angles are 60° and 45° from the axial direction, The ‘pump annulus passage cross-sectional area is constant. Consider the ‘low as being tangent tothe blades involved. Sketch velocity triangles for flow just upstream and downstream of the rotor and just downstream of the stator where the flow is axid. How much energy is added to each kilogram of gasoline? Is this an actual or ideal amount? The velocity triangle for tow just ypstrtam of the rotor is sketched below tor the arithmetic mean radius. Ve 3m 5 With the triangle we conclude that m Ww, = we .2 (a) Be ie ae cos 60 cos boo 3 and A U = W sin 60° = (6 m) singe = 5.2 : 5 ont) é = al5.83 @on't) The velocity triangle for flow just dwnsteam of the rotor is sketched below for the arithmetic mean vaduis . Foy tneompressible flaw Ve, = V,. For mean vaduis tlw UY. Thus tor relative flow tapgent fo the blade we obtam the velocity triangle sketched below. With the triangle we conclude that Yon = Ui - Wi = UV, tan tb" = 5.2 01 Gime) ts2 2.2 en Alo A c en ° Ca (#2) = tan! (22 2)] © 353 Yau wi. we. ” jp mea a cos 45° ss v, = Mee mm 0s 6, cos 36.2" a Ustig the stationary and non-detorming Corkd! volume shown above tr the first sketch of this solution and Eg, 554 we can calculate the energy added 1 each kg of gasolrie. . i a YM NN “page = UE Yon Pare Se = et This ig the acheal areuint of energy defisered 45h gasobne Aawever, nat all of it is absorbed by the gasoline , some. “is lost. S- 825. oY S8'f Sketch the velocity triangles for the fows entering and leaving the rotor of the turbine-type flow meter shown in Fig. P5284. Show how rotor angular velocity is proportional to average fluid velocity FIGURE P58 (Courtesy of E ores (Courtesy of EGG Flow Tech For a section of the turbine blade at radius r, the blade moves tangentially with a velocity Us r@. The velocity Plangles may be sketched @s4 Shon. Wi (oa eet vy, aC U Be Wr uy Ve iw) Ven Using &%. 5.50 We get Ge en ea Few nearly 3010 Trhafe 0 =%PMA-U = Vy tanh — ro So w= an,585 | 5.95 By using velocity triangles for flow upstream (1) and downstream (2) of a turbomachine rotor, prove that the shaft work in per unit mass flowing through the rotor is _Vi-Vi+u}-u}+wi-w =e 2 where V = absolute flow velocity magnitude, W = relative flow velocity magnitude, and U = blade speed. Any set of velocity triangle tor flew through a turbomachire role row would give the same tesult. we use the triangles of Fig. PS.77, % ‘ea i ¥ . a8 I From the iniet flow velocity triangle we get 2 aes: Vi ae Van a) and 2 : : = W-(eAU) «Wave -2uy-y (2) Xo 1 Combsning Egs. 1 and 2 we obtem aad: epee 2 CV a Meise: (@) Moy = From the outlet Flow velocity Wiangle we get Valente ( me = 4%, » and f 2 2 2 2 2 Vee (Cale Waar 2Vels (5) (con't) 5-4S91 5.91 A 1000-m-high waterfall involves steady flow from one large body to another. Detemine the temperature rise associated with this flow. This is like Example 5.22. To determine the temperahwe change we use the relationship ean a eae G) We use the energy e where the specific heat , ¢ = equation (&g. 5.70) te obtain t-&% = 9 C%,~®) @) Combining & gs. ( and 2 yelds or oe Gar 2 \(0% a) (0.1% & \ (0556 K wa) C1 Bag) 0 22) Peete ee ihe and 5- 87aes] (con't) Combining &%s. ¥ and § we obtam iy 6 eWay (e) 2 Or zZ For the set of Velocity wWangles Obey. Se UA te CLlin a Net in Combining &5. 3,6 ana 7 we obtain as Se aU re Veet NG res ‘shat t enero reentrant ae net im 25,90 5.90 Is a necessary condition associated with application of the Bernoulli equation zero heat transfer? Explain. From ©. 5.79 , we conclude that for application of the Berneull’ eguation (1055 = 0) b ¥ Detea| ae ie "7 Thus the heat” transtr, J yep, with application of the Bernoulli equation js rot necessarily z0r0. No. S-865.97 5.92. A 100-ft-wide river with a flowrate of 2400 ft/s flows over a tock pile as shown in Fig. P5.92. Determine the direction of flow and the head loss associated with the flow across the rock pile, To determine the dircten of flav we will assune a Arechin, Use the energy epratan (6g. $84) and caleulak the head (oss. If the head loss is positive, our assumed dirtohp, | of flow 75 wowed. If the head toss is nopative which is not Physically possible, cur assumed dyrechorn “of How js wrong — So, assuming the fw is tum right b let) o tam parnt(i) to Pent (a) in The sketch above, we get using Eg. SPY ee 4 0,78 shalt vid, ie yz +B pies Be Mee hon CM zor eee eae eae aa 2 See a ae git | TA (#4) (100 Ft) | a Ay and |e a Gee OLB # - Co HY i00 4) od ™ - - = Ve i eine = Ce) | CD) ug an bl 29, 29 eaeae 2(22#) 2ffe2#t) fH h, = 0.32 Ft and since h, is positive, cur assumed t =— right tf lett flow js comect 5-88ores. ‘5.93 Air steadily expands adiabatically and without friction from stagnation conditions of 690 kpa (abs) and 290 K to a static pres- ‘sure of 101 kpa (abs). Determine the velocity of the expanded air assuming: (a) incompressible flow; (b) compressible flow. This is similar to Example §.27. (a) For theompressible Flaw, the Bernou/|j equation lq. $104) applied to adiabatic and trichonless How fam the stagnation stile # the static state leads to Vanes 2 -P) a) where the ideal (ea equation of stake yields eee lg Rr @) Combining Gs. (and2 resus in We, ‘2 B-P)RT. z and se y= 3n oly b) For compressible tlw, &%. 5.3 applitd te adiabatic and trictientess Flow trom the stagnation state to the static state leads +o Sek qisw2 @) v= MSZ a However fr this process F, = constant a (Con't ) = 895.93] (Con't) Thus rae) w) and combining £9 J and ¢ feads fo * Mer [4 fat With the ideal equation of state C&q. 2) by. 5 becomes or V = eee posse) 4-1) 7 Ea) [ee] and Vi = 590 m pe (1 rp S- 90.Fuh. 5.94 — Ahorizontal Venturi flow meter consists of a converging-diverging conduit as indicated in Fig. PS.9%. The diameters of cross sections (1) and (2) are 6 and 4 in, The velocity and static Pressure are uniformly distributed at cross sections (1) and (2). Determine the volume flowrate (f'/s) through the meter if p, — p: = 3 psi, the flowing fluid is oil (p = 56 Ibm/ft’), and the loss per unit mass from (1) to (2) is negligibly small, FIGURE P5.94+ Section (2) the control volume shown in the sketch above is used. Application of the conservation of mass equation 0&4. 5.13) fe the vacompressible sadly How through this conto! vilume leads fo QaAV =z AY a Application of the energy eguation CEg. 5.79) 10 the Haw throgh this contol volume “yields 2 4 pies Vie G) ae 2 7. ‘ Combining ys. | and 2 we dblamn Rapeee tees tap ia eR? | Aaa et + i Pa geal Mek u “PA ee Vg Bae } are Cy 7 Q= 26% frieze rd 1 i (% ES) oD) (aan Oe ae = 217 tO Q = 217 & HU595 5.95 Oil (SG = 0.9) flows downward through a vertical pipe contraction as shown in Fig. P5.%. If the mercury manometer reading, f, is 100 mm, determine the volume flowrate for frictionless flow. Is the actual flowrate more or less than the frictionless value? Explain, oe The volume. flowrate’ may be obfuned with FIGURE P5.95 Q=AY=AY = ey wel w a | 2 determine cither V, or V, we. apply the energy aa (582) 1c flow between sections (1) and (2). Thus, thi 2 ee eI + Fo = of et in % D2 a (3) 4 [i ae J] - he G(2,-2) To determme F.-P. we use the manometer eguation fam | Section 2.6 to obtain | Ao = 9h ($e - 1) - 9(2,-2,) @) conn E95. 2 and # ve = v 2gh CEH - = T= ey ve QIAB BICOT m)CZ a Sapien Tree Heois 2a ] ~ (gem 5 | 500 mm | and trom &./ we have a- nlo1my 6.292 ) - 2.042 mm Actral flowrate wonld be fess than the trichonless value because the loss would be sreakr than the 300 amount ased above. 5-92.536 5.96 An incompressible liquid flows steadily along the pi f shown in Fig. P56, Delemine the diecto of flow ad the head 075 m loss over the 6-m length of pipe, @| SFIGURE Ps5.06 Assume Hors from (1) to (2) and use the energ Cpuation (Ep. 5.84) to get for the contents of the control volume Shown: Bese EE z, 2 1 At a + oe s a or mee Bm = hOm— 15m = 0.5m Gad Smee 4 >0, the assumed divecton of Flow is correct. The Flow is uphill.5,97 5.97 Water flows through a vertical pipe, as is indicated in Fig. P5.97. Is the flow up or down in the pipe? Explain, FIGURE P5.97 The contro! yolume shown in the sketch qbove is used. For steady, sncompressible flow downward from (A) 42 (8) we obtain tram gy, 57 From conservation of mass we conclude that Vaneite Thus tram Eq. 1 5, = GH & Inale However the manometer eguation (se Section 2.6) yields Bae ahh) and (055g = Gh Ge 564g) which 1s a negative quantity since SG, = 13-6 . A negative Joss js not Physically possible so the Flo must be “pward from 8 t A. For upward Flew the abeve andysis leads to ne 0 = 2 alt 55, = gh (s6,, ) which is positive and there tire physically yeasonable 5-94$98 Flow: 5.98 A circular disk can be lifted up by blow- nh ing on it with the device shown in Fig. 5.98. = Explain why this happens. a atacned To tube FIGURE P5.98 Applying the energy eguation (&g.5-82) fo the flow tom section (1) anywhere within the space between the two circular disks to section (2) at the exit of the flow between the two disks we obtain Be Ve aaa ee ae Cee CU ESS re eae Ae We note that the exit pressure, PR, is Pan 45, Ey-/ becomes 2 ies eras eile (ila) oss a) With conservahon of mass* we Conclude that Eye , yoni uk Whith When Combined with 4.1 yields BP, t Oe [1 ap] te @ We Conclude with &.2 that the pressures Within the How behwen the 2 disks are waastly less thar p= py Siace Dek and loss 1s gmall. An exttyhion is the stgnahlm pressure where lhe ube flow rnpacts on Fhe loner clisk. The less than atnayhenec Pressure Value of p vesult tn the ik being lifted yp 5-953.97 5.99 A siphon is used to draw water at 20 °C from a large container as indicated in Fig. P5.99. Does changing the elevation, f, of the siphon centerline above the water level in the tank vary the flowrate through the siphon? Explain. What is the maximum allowable value of h? FIGURE P5.99 The volume flewrale through the siphon is related tv velacity by the eguation gQ=VA where A js the constant cross sechon area of the siphon. Thus Vis Constant throughout the sijzhor. Assuming Steady, compressible flow without Fiction allons us te use the Bernoulli equation between any two points along & path line. Thus io or 2 Vg Omy and i+ appears as TF Yard ug Qe 5 constant and independent of the vale of A. However, if the Bernoall: eguaton is wrilten tor flaw beéween ports 2 and 3 we thtasn fee Bates 2 and we conclude Wot since BB 98 1 becanes lager, z betemés smaller. The maximum vwilve of tr is astocited with the minimum value B whichis the vapor pressure of water. Thus Tbe 8.2 Ae BAR (l0raid B)—(2.20KW" L) er OF tans (PERNA Ean) = 5-965,100 5.100 A water siphon having a constant inside diameter of 3 in. is arranged as shown in Fig. P5.jol. Ifthe fricion loss between A and B is 0.8V7/2, where Vis the velocity of flow inthe siphon, determine the flowrate involved. FIGURE Ps, 100 % aetermine the Howrake, Q, we use Cent a Q) To obtain V we apply the energy egration (EG.582) behwten Ponts A and @ tA fhe sketch gbhove. Thus, e one ye & a for bea So fb 94+ tp - Vacs 7h in Ts ji Sl maa cates Thus V= [9-4) = 22 fN(e A) ees 07 =a ee 5 and with Eg.] a Ou WB) (164 fas 0,530 ##? 55 GeaS101 5.101 Water flows through a valve (see Fig, PSO) at the rate of 1000 Ibm/s. The pressure just upstream of the valve is 90 psi and the pressure drop across the valve is S psi, The inside diameters of the valve inlet and exit pipes are 12 and 24 in. If the flow through the valve occurs in a horizontal plane, deter- ‘mine the loss in available energy across the valve FIGURE P35.101 The control volume Shown jn the sketch above /s used. We can use ©. §:79 Ye determme the loss iy available enegy associated with the sncompressible , steady How through this carro! velume. Thus 2p Vi ile VA 2 From the conservation of mass principle caren PA pT a” and F 4 ye & 2 TR 7 Thus Pe loss = FR V4,- 4, : ip o ee loss 9) | (lee Ln)\4) (2g) (ain fw) iii "2 (198 8/522 ly (any (anh on fe eh sag’) ie loss = 5600 ft lb Tae thy, 5498.02. 5.102 Compare the volume flowrstes associated with two different vent configurations, a cylindrical hole in the wall having a diameter of 4 ; in. and the same diameter cylindrical hole in the H wall but with a well-rounded entrance (see Fig. i PS.102). The room is held at a constant pressure 1 of 1.5 psi above atmospheric, Both vents exhaust 1 into the atmosphere. The loss in available energy 1 associated with flow through the cylindrical vent 1 from the room to the vent exit is 0.5V3/2, where ' V; is the uniformly distributed exit velocity of air. ee: 1 1 1 a = section(2) The loss in available energy associated with flow through the rounded entrance vent from the room to the vent exit is 0.05V3/2, where V; is the uniformly distributed exit velocity of air. This is like Example 5.23. The volume flowrate for each vent conkguration is obteiied with BAK = MAY a ana the exit velocity, of Cath vent is oblamed with the energy Guation (6%. $82). Tass, Lo FIGURE ——— oO fae Ifa.) loss z or teas Z and y= [2B-A) @) POItTE, ) For the cylindvicel Vent with an abrupt Cutrance, Ey 2 leads fo Q)US psi) 44 ey 59) % oem ae te fy) eae are and with Gt we obtain ’ Gn ft) = Fi @ cp aes aftr) Gr79 #) 30-4 40 For the cylindrical vent itt @ reunded ae 3.2 beads * v= 205 pi) CH 2 is Spee (230x107 Byres ey 4) and wilh G1 we bblacy = 45.9 f F ? Q = Tltiny Cs t) oe if eearapees aC” eae5.103 5.103 A gas expands through a nozzle from a pressure of 300 psia to a pressure of 5 psia. ‘The enthalpy change involved, A, — A;, is 150 Btu/lbm. If the expansion is adiabatic but with frictional effects and the inlet gas speed is negligibly small, determine the exit gas velocity. Because of the appreciable pressure drop involved in this gas tow we consider this problem fo involve compressivle How. From yg. 5:21 we obtany yn f2(h-%) or a 2 [150 4918 fe Ib \/32 " eee v= 2740 ff 2 s 5-1005.104 ‘5.104 For the 180° elbow and nozzle flow shown in Fig. P5104 tol determine the loss in available energy from section (1) to section ‘Sh a Massive (@) How much additional available energy is lost from section (2) to where the water comes to rest? Section (2y 12in, P= 15 psi Vi = 5 fs ‘Section (1) FIGURE PS, /04 for soliing the tist part of this problem the control vohme shown in the sketch above is used. To determine the loos accompany ing flow tom sechim ¢ to Sechon 2 &4. §.79 can be used as follows. es floss geal ean Cael gO Len) ? z Sice x-y Coordinates are specitiedl we assume that the How & horizntal and #,-2, > 0. Also, gop, Fron the conservation of mass principale we conclude that ye ae “(2) ffs 3 Beif. a) loss, = (NOE) 5 ie nn “(198 sags) 9 slugs Sets) ee 1tos8, = 926 Fhib om EP isicg For the second part of th's problem we consider the How of a fluid porticle trom section 2 to a stak of rest,a.£y.579 leads to = Opi Thus loss, = 2 1% Note ee we Fave assumed that eee ions te 2,2 Thus og ty ap loss, = Ae “lh e oe Conor e, Pe 4) loss, = Zoo ft. s- JolF105 eae 5.195 An automobile engine will work best when the back pressure at the exhaust manifold, engine block interface is minimized. Show how reduction of losses in the exhaust manifold, piping, and muffier will also reduce the back pres- * sure. How could losses in the exhaust system be reduced? What primarily limits the minimization of exhaust system losses? We apply the energy equation (by. 5-63) 10 the How frm the engine block , exhaust manifold miler tyce fy the exhaust Sys exit to get tlt = ath t pC loss) a) With &%.1 we see that reduction OF loss in the exhaust System results in a& lower value of Ue abs taus The engrise back pressure. Losses in the exhaust "sys ken could be reduced by elimina 9 major loss Component such as the Catalytic converter ana the muffler @s ss ofl done yn race Cars. However, noise and emissions legislation limits the extent to which pris kind of loss reduchon can occur in conventional yehicles. Some loss reduchon can also occur by Contiguring the erhawt systom piping wilh ftw bends and oypropriate avea adistyibuhons. However, requirements offen leads to bends and turns in the pipi and costs timit the extend of optimizing area dish buriens. S1025.107 ‘S:107 (See Fluids in the News article titled “Smart shocks,” Section 53.3.) 200-1b force applied to the end of the piston of thes hock ab- From a force balance on the cylinder B FIGURE P8107 PAM pds =200h or with #29 pA, f= 20010/8, =20018/(E (ref) = 3.67 10 = 25Spsi BA + From the energy equation, eS : 2 2 Hag -h = fitz, +¥, where =s59 4 27%, =O, SH, fy -2sspsi, and p,-2 Assume b= 50. ees V2 _ g.67x10° Hi 4 Ee ho Ga = Joa 0.3001 = 79441 = “GoRy *aGaagy tH cose Dee 5-1035.108 5.108 What is the maximum possible power output of the hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig.P5.108? S FIGURE P5408 for flow tom sechon(i) 40 sechionf2), bg. 582 yields Raw 2g fe Gag ae ne ge to, ~ boss a) et Sea tage Zac te Si ors “a ime P= p= Pp > Weta &.1 can be expressed as caer in net out Wsratt = 9(2,-2,)- % boss z net out The maximunn work or power output i¢ achieved when 05520. Thus \ = mw = mfgle-2,)- % Worete shatt fs vB) z= I net out net out Maximum maximum Now m= uA = rl, an #10 8 and | A710 49 1/o 91m bm Woratt a! 0 oe “fp oe ‘maxinem Woe = 222Kl0 * am = 22240'W 22.22 Sr net on anata fa oe Maximum 5-1045.104 $.109 The pumper truck shown in Fig. P5.109 is to deliver 15 107s to a maximum clevation of 60 ft above the hydrant. The pressure atthe 4-in diameter outlet ofthe hydrantis 10 psi. If head Toses are negligibly small, determine the power thatthe pump Me must add tothe water. HB FIGURE Ps.100 To salve this problem we first use the energy egu ahr (G5) for flow tom the hydrant exit-(1) 40 the maxivwea desired elevation of 60 1+ (2) 4o get h, or in this case, the pump head. With the purp head we Can get the pump power from &B. 5.85S. : ° i ° AER es he on a lh | © 29 eo 39 Ae (ae eit — Me i C9 y= 8. 8 06M) _ ja # "A (edt) 4m f) Ee fi Te =o te Gos \Mw# S) _ (19.2 €) Hd (@-4 #) 2(722&) hy = Fg Ft ‘ af Woes = rah, = (24 (*4 G22 f. oe fe S50 F4.1b Shp = S48 hp ‘chatt net in 5-105SAO 5.1110 The hydroelectric turbine shown in Fig. PS.1/0 passes 8 ‘million gal/min across « head of 600 ft. Whet is the maximum ‘amount pf power output possible? Why will the actual amount be less? From the energy eqvation yt 2 ME : ie th th -heGtz+e Turbine Spa th hg essays where f~=9, f2=9, and V,=0. Tho, h, = (22-4) +h +2 Ard, the power is given by ve Wary = sQh =FQ(z, 2 +h te al The maximum power wold occur if pore were no losses (h,=2) and negligible kinetic energy at the exit (V,%0; large diameter ovilet). Thos, Wy = 10g -z,) = 62.4 fi (oxlot Sa y(n HE goo) - 6.678108 oA Gita) =-L.21x/08 hp The minus Sign ie associated with power out. The actval power will be less by amounts cevveapording to less and exit kinetic energy - 5-106Syl 5.111 A pump is to move water from a lake into a large, pressur- ined tank as shown in Fig. P5.111 ata rate of 1000 gal in 10 min or Jess. Will a pump that adds 3 hp to the water work for this purpose? ‘Support your answer with appropriate calculations. Repeat the prob- Jem ifthe tank were pressurized to 3, rather than 2, atmospheres. i zs #42, f th ha Btn Ee 3p, where $20, 70, V0, and2;=20H Thos, O hahtB ez, Also, ‘i Q 000g!) /emin] ea fab) = 0,223 sorbate = (3 hp)(550 BBE) h, ee (e*Byoa) * Dylane = 19 Ft (a) If p,=2atm = 2471, )(/#4m Ay) = 423018 | then from £9.) eye ft = h, 487,04 he (0) 2oft =h, +87, Ths if *h, -87.8 H = 119-0794 = 31.241 the given pump will work for, | oe =6 3204, | then hh + 5 bed (a4 Hy This, if this pump is to work Hf =, +1224, or h, £3 Since it is net possible to have h, <0, the pump will not work for f= 304m, 5-1075.1L 5.1/2 A hydraulic turbine is provided with 4.25 m/s of water at 415 kPa. A vacuum gage in the turbine discharge 3 m below the turbine inlet centerline reads 250 mm Hg vacuum. If the turbine shaft output power is 1100 kW, calculate the power loss through the turbine. The supply and discharge pipe inside diameters are identically 80 mm, We consider the turbine mlet and discharge to be sections (i) ana). Fy Flow from sections (1) (2) &y. 5.82 yields loss = FAR + 9 le-2.) - Hyg a C het out Since Vilas and “ shaft ~~ “shaft net out net in for power loss throagh the turbine we need 1 multiply y. / by the mass float, m, thus power loss = m (Bf) + tng (a2) - Worse @ ail net out However, is 6K Z = 49/425 a 46 &9 sp (91 4X zy) 4246 Also 2 ,-@. H. 2B 5-(0.25 m 9 Nley 9) = (025m Kael 8 Vt ae 5 o Ree 89 942M With ©. 2 poe bes 2 (tere & (M5 + He eae) _ (a 999 - c ) —(esx10" Mim) power loss = 950,000 un = 930 kW 5-108Py = 60 PH oe Section a 7 180 Fie aa Dim att 5.113 Water is supplied at 150 £?/s and 60 psi to a hydraulic turbine through a 3-t inside diameter inlet pipe as indicated in Fig. P5.113. The turbine discharge pipe has a 4-ft inside diam. eter. The static pressure at section (2), 10 f below the turbine inlet, is 10-in, Hg vacuum, Ifthe turbine develops 2500 hp, determine the power lost between sections (1) and (2). aon FIGURE PS5.113 action (at For How behween sections (1) andl2), 64-582 leads to power loss “re Pen) +904-2,) + O34) “We 1) From ‘given dole nat B= C10 in Hy) (132-6) she i) (32.2 aL 4b )e - 08 Ie CE ay fe * slug, Ff, aH # + Also > Vie eee Cs (y(0 £) er 2)aekee 4 TD; (af) s From conservation of mass (6.5.13) i ye YA = YD, fi 22 ) BH) «94 FF fn is Cl #) § D AL Hy From 4.1 42 bo power loss = (194 sup (80 3) ee aa ) {vs 8) a T9¢ Stu’ Gee ey) _ + (ate f)lo ONG) + [om #) ay a = 2500hp ia a zi or powey loss = 30) hp 5-109SY 5.114 A centrifugal air compressor stage operates between an inlet stagnation pressure of 14.7 psia and an exit stagnation pressure of 60 psia. The inlet stagnation temperature is 80 °F, If the loss of total pressure through the compressor stage associated with irreversible flow phenom- ena is 10 psi, calculate the actual and ideal stagnation temperature rise through the compressor. Calculate the ratio of ideal to actual temperature rise to obtain efficiency. We assume that the air Compressor operates adiabatically An ideal compression process is frictionless and adiabahe and thus according to Eg. 5.101, it is a constant entropy or isentropic process. With &y. ©. 101 we also conclude that an achal adabatic compression mecess with Frichan must thvelie an entapy merase. On temperature - totroyy coordinates, the ideal ard actual Compression Processes appeay as fudicatd th the sketeh bela, Also shown js We consider the air Seing camptesseA to behave as an ideal gas. Then from 8361-8 and §1) we obtain ti the ideal processes er he 7 oth (eae ae tpi, why BAe 97 and Se F M41p5 y=! = (5408/ To “7 = O47 'R Mpsic, Tanna * 5/8.) fa Ce con't ) S00Sue | Clon’é ) Then Bernal sepation temperate rise = 7, an) 7 = B98%- SW 'R = 508°R and ideal stagnation temperature pise 2 eas Teh ae. TR-SY0R = 267K Also . vat ayy efficiency = %3 ideal ~ 141 Sap Gaeta 721 boutSS 5.115 Water is pumped through a 4-in.-diameter pipe as shown a i in Fig. P5.115a. The pump characteristics (pump head versus an TEN nl5 56. flowrate) are given in Fig. P5.115b, Determine the flowrate if v e2l N the head loss in the pipe ish, = 8V3/2g, oe a 4 da a =e 4 see 0 ‘oF aa 0.1 oO w BFIGURE P5115 : hag if the -he “Pine, where fi “f<0, 220, 2.21244, Thus, y, =, and Va determine the amount of shaft power involved. py = 147 pala 1 Seetion 1) Mr asne Alo 30 in? FIGURE P5.120 for the trictionless and adiabatic How through this tluid machine fs 5.64, 5.65 and $.26 Jead to eer tng (B+ 8) (fs B)> (B+) ti) net in Since Uh, = ring = righ (rings tg), raring thn m, (uh -Ut,) a SH, + mn (GU) = 0 =)(' 45 a 3125 Zit ee) = 6.25 slags 5 s At section (3) =A, ee Bees 2 ag 7 2G WY in? At section (1) . = fA Slugs ea eae a é Fe) ree i Fram conservation of mass — n= Mh rag = 6.25 lige — F425 Sept = PIS $ Fae rn With Eg.1 we_ obtain free BNO iB), Oia, seg fom ee ] 899s it) + Ces] HD) ta a in ean + Soe. ov zis ) nm # Wrage 73 hp , the net shaft pover is out (<0) fet fy, a a 5-7S121 Section (2) 5.12| Water is to be moved from one large reservoir to another at a higher elevation as in- Bin-inside dicated in Fig. P5.121. The loss in available en- diame pipe ergy associated with 2.5 ft'/s being pumped from sections (1) to (2) is 61V*/2 where V is the average velocity of water in the 8-in.-inside diam- Section 1) eter piping involved. Determine the amount of shaft power required. FIGURE P5.121 for the flow tom section (i) 40 section (2) 4. 5.82 leads to * - te F v ee pal glecads ls]= pal gteay+ 62) O net in From the volume flowrate we obtarin a 5 v-a- Be - OP). at 2 7 2(s*) Z #( 12 im Thus , from 4.1 at = sh Wee (1-94 ee) (2 s #) [c 2 £t)(504) net in BS Ca = it 7 or vy. & Nees = 28h aie te net th 5-8EArz 5.122 Water is to be pumped from the large tank shown in Fig, Neale area = 0.01 m? 5.122.with an exit velocity of 6 m/s. twas determined that the st Piga mea = 002m? ‘original pump (pump 1) that supplies 1 KW of power tothe wa- a ar] ter did not produce the desired velocity. Hence, itis proposed a) f a that an additional pump (pump 2) be installed as indicated to in- 2m , ‘ease the flowrate to the desited value. How much power must 4 pump 2 add to the water? The head loss for this flow is w +h, = 250Q%, where h, isin m when Q is in m'/s, HFIGURE P5122 Bizik Mo sh, -h = rere oe fh =p.29, =O, 2,0, 272m. Thus, he=h+%+ e , where Ve28m/s so tat Q AV, =0.0/m*(6M/s) = 0,06 Ys Note: h, = Apvme; * yonp Ths, with hy es 2250(0.06) = h,= 090m + 2m+ gEM = 4.73 so that ao W, = 00h, =(1,20:/0°2, (0.08%) (472m) 2 2.76x10° MB = 2.78 kw Theses W, = Weert + Woumps. =2:78 KW, with Woomp = =/ kW 0.90m 14 follows that Hence, Woumps = 2-78 kW - lkW = 1,78kW sH9$4123 5.123. (See Fluids in the News article titled “Curtain of ait,” Sec- tion 5.3.3. The fan shown in Fig. P5.123 produces an air curtain to separate a dock from a cold storage rocm. The sir curtain is jet of air 10 ft wide, 0.5 ft thick moving with speed V = 30 ft/s. The Joss associated with this flow is oss = K,V?/2, where K, = 5. How much power must the fan supply tothe airo produce this flow? fez, ff thy-k® Gate where we PX fn20, B22, 470 , and hy = less 25a a Thus heh, + Ve = ole, Ve 2 3Vi_ 30308 ee Fg Fe (32.2 #) sade Hence, We = 20h, = eBA, Veh, =(0.00238 822.2. (10 H\osen(aodt (33.98) = h7Shp 5-1Z05. 2 5/24 — If a}-hp motor is required by a vervilating fan to produce a 24-in, stream of air having a velocity of 40 fs as shown in Fig. P5.t2, estimate (a) the efficiency of the fan and (b) the thrust of the supporting member on the conduit enclosing the fan. @ FIGURE P5.I24 (8) The Solution, to this port of the Problem is tike Examyh 524. We use 7 Wshatt % caleulak the fan efficiency. We use the enorgy eguation(G.532) br Haw Hrowh the contet velume shekhed above fe calculate the loss as Wshate ~ (O58 Pollows 2 Lux 49%, = fa Wege, + Wate — loss Ci Ce ret in But R= amd B= 8, 3 205 ety = He ge ae? iin m Ate ma pA Lady, So a 2 loss = shift — Va = XK net in z Zz RYT * ei Fle ie a ae (of) (42 # 3¥in- 2 (32: 2 Mm Ft RPE (4p) ee, rn fb (520% ) €on# ) b-1205.124 | (con't) ou Fils _ zug Heh 29.2 D4 OSS = te brn Bog Mo, So FEB FA Te mae lam ? +4 fil i Som 9 a For (6) We use the horizonte! component of the trnear Momentum equator evaluate the anchoring tore. reguired % held the fan mm place -o=Vm AX Fran part Cr) i A , (itt in + in) (yo #4 me Late Ve (7 Yoo at) a(sej leg) (593 Li Vien 4 ma = 9.41 thm Mt - Fe (40 £64 *) athe 8 AK (33 Lom F bb. 5. \ S-12%Sues 5.425 _ Air flows past an object in a pipe of 2-m diameter and exits as a free jet as shown in Fig. P5.f26 The velocity and pressure upstream are uniform at 10 m/s and 50 N/m? respectively. At the pipe exit the velocity is nonuniform as indicated. ‘The shear stress along the pipe wal is negligible. (a) Determine u the head loss associated with a particle as it flows from the p=50 Nin’ uniform velocity upstream of the object to a location in the wake at the exit plane of the pipe. (b) Determine the force that the air = I FIGURE P5128 puts on the object. y= 10m (0) To dekrmine the Iss suffered by a fluid particle as it flows from (1) fo a location sy the wake at (2) we apply the OL? eguation (éy. 5.84) to that particle flow fo get: 0 oO vw, Ve oe ae a) eros, y 29 ioe or 2 Sy aan GS ayia, = nl 2 a tj, Cee 4. Wee) SOF). ps (24 2 (242) 2(9.82 ) To determine the head (oss associated with the enhre flew across the object we use the non-uniform How energy Cyuahen (&.5.87) fir flow for, 1) b @) throng h Phe control volume shown rh the sketch fo get: 7 a] 5G 4 g From &. 586 we get: aor” v* om net Sé ev.Rda i) : a + pi.hada e 29 = VA 4. (2) be. ok 4: (2) becomes Pes = pV.nd4 he fr 9? a, eva) + va) Ya OF F (con't ) S-1235125 cane ie fk ee ior rag AL ag Ann and Go), (wey ‘ lash fenptaponrts ae (alin if DN Dae ) ) 5 Oppel s (Xe) /e mot ) + hy = 258m (b) 72 determine the force. that the air puts on the object Be we use the horizontal component of the Ce os roi Loration to get: -p%, = PA - COG teed nt ? and thus on ~ R,, = PA, tol, 4, ~ “Mie ae 42 Eye) “a @ eyebe seoayers glee -123 Ay 4 feos Leste tpt 2) nN ana =710) Ke S-1245126 5.126 Water flows through a 2-ft-diameter pipe arranged horizon tally in a circular arc as shown in Fig. P5.126. Ifthe pipe discharges to the atmosphere (p = 14.7 psia) determine the x and y components of the resultant force exerted by the water on the piping between sections (1) and (2). The steady flowrate is 3000 ft/min. The loss in pressure due to fluid friction between sections (1) and (2) is 60 psi. B FIGURE P5126 To determine the x and y components of the resultant dice exerlod by the water on the piping behween section (i) and@) we use the x and y components of the linear momentum equation (6 S22) For the conto) volume Containing the water 1 the pipe belveen section) and (2), &g- 22 leads to re a) Re -BA- UPR = - ROMY pe and R= BAT KPO (@ The resultant force componente 1 &s. | amd 2 ave exerkd by the pipe on the walter. Ihe résullan} fone of water #n pipe is Cgnal in magni tude byl oppuite in Uiection. To dekrmine p, wt use the Chergy eguatton , Eg. 5.82. Thus, B= plloss) = 6opsi= 74.7 psia. (we need Hv use absalufe. pressures) Abe a _ (Gov tt) TO os, 7 naa 6 ») min = (5.92 ft 5 Ue = FIR ae With a 1 we obkem = (HPS ia) rae (aft) a ins i) -(16.92 Lt (oo pial ‘Teat) or Cok ) R, © -32,200/ and the x dyvechon Component of the force exered hy the Water on the pipe belween sections (1) dnd (2) 15 + 32,200/6. (con't ) 5-1255.126] (con't) With &%-2 we obtain A 1 , Belermantecn ti) (18:92 Ht) (i sigs) (000d? (4 Ye a = 2/90 th and the y- direchon component of te Force exeried by te Waker on the pipe behwen chins Gi) and @) is g190 5-126S127 5.127 Water flows steadily down the inclined pipe as indicated in Fig. P5.127, Determine the following: (a) The difference in pressure p, — p3. (b) The loss per unit mass between sections (1) and (2). (@) The net axial force exerted by the pipe wall on the flowing water between sections (1) and (2). i Meru (a) The difference in pressure, P.- P,, may be obtaried from the manometer (see Section 2-6) with the Fluid stafies equation ton e-%, [erty snm + 768) +4, lea ; 1B ; Cau ae) RoR “ear [orasears este] + O.6)(6x de 05 $4) = 2776 or and ps 23742 1 _ = 165 psi AR #0 (le if (b) the toss per unit pS wetveen Sectens (i) and (2) may be obtained with &%. 5:79. Thus oss = POR + Woy gta-2,)ef7k) ie f al = ff 44 sig or HY eh (22 #t 5H (oina0'j(1_le loss = 203 t44 zlca2 ts) a = si : (c) The net axial toite exerted by the pige wall on the Kowing "5s water may be obtained by Using the axial component of the lineay momentum eguation (Eq. 5.22%). Thus tr the Conkel volume Shown abse R= Wan) TAD sina He pyrvtsirae] or es Gin. oe _& [bins ley (24 Ie R72 Ba ) fears iG gysose] + and 1b opposite 40 Flow direction. R, 7 T2216 = S1275.128 5.12% Water flows steadily in a pipe and exits as a free jet ‘rea = 0.10 12 through an end cap that contains a filter as shown in Fig. PS.128, ‘The flow is in horizontal plane. The axial component, R, of the anchoring force needed to keep the end eap stationary is (60 Ib. Determine the head loss for the flow through the end cap. DS MFIGURE Psit23 The y-component of the momentum eqvatjon, Sor pVndA =5. 5, far the control volume “Shown is Ve eW)A HEV, sin30" 0% As = where V,=10 ft/s and we A BH oot «rt Ths, since PAN, =@AkNs, Eq.(1) gives £14, = Ry ~ OWA, ~ eV sin 0A, = Ry PAMLY +V, sin30t] = 60 1b -(in# 2M) (0.12.42) (10 E)f 0 +12 singe") = 22.015 Hence, Pr = 22.81b/A, = 22.8 1b/ (0124) = 190 1b /t* 4-R, From the energy equation for this flow, He He “he! oo < 2 a 2-4 90 b/l® , OHSS (12Hs)* _ he He 1G" = om aaaaney ~ 26H 5-4285.129 5.129 When fluid flows through an abrupt expansion as indicated in Fig. P5.1 _, the loss in available energy across the ex- wa (sf #2 a ay etree mae ae Section (1) alternate Section @) location of section (1) FIGURE P5.129 Applying the energy equation (Eg. 5.82) to the flow tam secton(!) to section (2) we obtain loss. = A=R , y-v a un aaa aa Applying the axial divechon component of the linear momentum eguation (&g-$-22) to the fluid contamed 1m the conte! volume from section G) 4 Section (2) we obtanr Ry t PAPA, = -UPAY + Kel @ Now, if we consider section (1) as occurring at the end of the smaller ciamelr pipe (the beginning of the larger diameter pipe) as indicated im the shel above , Ey./ shill yields the expansion (oss and &. 2 Cecomes Rt RA, ~ Ba, =~ Vedy +h yedy (3) Note that with section (I) positioned at the end of the smaller diameler pipe, B acts over area A,. Also, because of the Jet flow from the smaller diameter pipe sity the larger diameter pipe, the Value of & will be small Cheugh Compared to the other terms th Eg. ? that we can op Ry» Frm §.3 urvu A (7) Combs ning Gs 1 and 4 we obtary fs = YU YK AL = (con't ) S-129Seo (con'4) From conservation of mass (&-$:13) we have @) 244 eas Combing ae F and 6 we get 2 = USA loss, 4 l55_, Qnd fosa-< Y 2 5-1305.136. $.120 Two water jets collide and form one homogeneous jet 8s shown in Fig. P5.130. (a) Determine the speed, V, and dl- v= 8, of the combined jet. (b) Determine the loss for a Ie flowing from (i) to (3), from (2) to (3). Gravity is negligible, Yndmes | FIGURE P5.130 For the water flowing through the combol volume skekhed above, the alts A- and y-direction Components of the linear momentum eguation are ~V,eV, A, + Vztos GeV, A, = 0 “w and ~VieVA, + Vz sing pV, A= 0 (2) From the conservotion of mass principle we get — VA, pVaAa + PVsba= 0 a) Gormbining £95. 1 and 2 we obtain 2 vA Mr aay Tem) Paglia Sica eC Ata A Eiiaae (Hit ate ane nie Dhig (6x) T (0.12) So 2 = tan! o.3086 = Now, combining £95, | and 3 we get - Vig, Vycos 6 (ev, +eV,A.) =o or : VE Ay vias Mse(VAtVA,) ose (v,d? +V,d> ) Sea (635 (o1amy — 2 Ceos 11.24 2)(o.1m) 4 (6 B)(o.1em\* ] and Vy, = 4,29 m 3 . s Ceon't ) =i{E50 T Ceon’é) To determine the loss of available eres Crem associated with the Flow thidugh this corhol volume we obtain by Spplyting the energy epcnen' Ces S64) “Cae BD, (or Sine Gt ae oe Also, the conservation of nae uation, Eq. preitcns 4 43, tan also be -W ants = (5) Combining Eqs. band 5, we obtain - ¥ é fhe. % vn (ay-4,) + MCs) = ia iets) +m o(u='s) (6) ae The left hand side of Eq. vepiesents the mle of available eneray loss in this fluid Haw, Thus vate of auilale evomy loss 1S Tate of loss = VA (es Vy a) pihe( Wee 9) 2 role ofl « ot [aces i dv(38)] v Tus tq Ns o u z rode of loss = (om male Yi =) (0.lomX4 sit sites) a caer or AG 1am) (6% zee Ga! | 2 and rate of loss = 558 N-m 8-1325.31 5.13] Water flows vertically upward in a circular cross section pipe. At section (1), the ve~ locity profile over the cross section area is uniform. At section (2), the velocity profile is v= (=e where V = local velocity vector, w. = centerline velocity in the axial direction, R = pipe inside radius, and, r = radius from pipe axis. Develop an expression for the loss in available energy between sections (1) and (2) low For determining Joss we use the energy egnaton fy non- Uniform flows ,~ Eg. 5.87. Thus , 2 se oss = Gl Ve 7 + 9-2) (1) 2 Fram comservafon of mass Ce. $13) we have Z =o Ale, with Eg. 586 fr the kinehe energy coethiitn) & we have ‘ « =10 Since the velocity prstle at sechan(1) 1s uniform. At sechanb) we solve €%. 5.86 (see solution ty Pwblem 5.125) anct gbhtin a, = 106 Tras, &g- 1 yields 2 loss = GR - 0.06 + 9(2,-2,) SISI SrIS2$192. 5.132 The velocity profile in a turbulent pipe flow may be approximated with the expression tte) where u = local velocity in the axial di R = pipe inner radius from pipe axis, r = local radius from pipe axis, and n = constant. Determine the kinetic energy coefficient, a, for (a) n = 5; (b) n = 6; (0) n = 7; @) n = 8 (©) n= 9; (n= 10. For the eget energy coetticlent o, we may use Fy, 5h. Tus, ae pu array _ fee) 2llO-z iat) a) Pa TR x G a 2 For the average velocity tH, we may ue £9.5.7. Thus, a “ i. LA. afd mfg © a PIR To facilitate the inkgrations we make the subshtytion Ue ae (3) =-of£) a and me ad becomes = 5 Me & = -2u, fe Mende = et ees £95. 1, 3,4 and § we obten 2 far-ade toe oe @ Tay as | ia a CB rnyatanjll — 2n (G) For n= 5) E46 yields ee Sae(Se tit) Yee NED] h ee aH 2¢5)* (6) For n= 6 @ a Note: — Look at Figs. 8.17 and 2B tor important stormation about: these different velocity 103 Wes) profiles. S1345/33 iar 5.123 A small fan moves air at a mass flowrate of 0.004 Ibm/s. Upstream of the-fan, the pipe diameter is 2.5 in., the flow is laminar, the velocity distribution is parabolic, and the kinetic energy coefficient, @,, is equal to 2.0. Down- stream of the fan, the pipe diameter is 1 in., the flow is turbulent, the velocity profile is quite flat, and the kinetic energy coefficient, as, is equal to 1.08. If the rise in static pressure across the fan is 0.015 psi and the fan shaft draws 0.00024 hp, compare the value of losscalculated: (a) assuming uniform velocity distributions; (b) considering ac= tual velocity distributions. (@) For uniform velocity distributions upstream and clownsheam of the fan, &. 582 is applicable. Thus, eral aa Joss = faa lut , Vy Nap + wets) 1 Webafe a ae 2 net ty Z We obtain the shaft work, weraze trom the given shalt paver, Was with W; fe net in fale act ie Uspagt = abe. Co, cont hp ) (7502 Re a aoa 2.004 Ibm ra 5 For Vin and Vy we use &. Su/1. Thus, er ee 8 Gece ce g) = 153 Can pT, 2.38 X10 hy) /72.2 Ibm ) 9 (2-5 tn) y ate BC ie )EGs® and : ae rn ten tng? Dn i 5 Gave Bey (oe fe") . 29574 PAut Las = 9.57 © Now from Eg.1 we obtain yyy tae st) (957 ft) jie \ 1 moss 2 eosriNit B) fisety Ge. Lf Fam ee a a. ) (230x 157 hg )(32.2 be ) ae DE ig (2:38 x10 slay (32.2 toe sf # th or ent = eSieale 133 ft-lb Ce lam (6) Far tan- uniform velocity distributions ypsheam and dtounspream of the fan £g.5.87 is applicable. Thus oo 0 fr ah Joss Lint Pot p GVin = Gone 6 Hg fa) t Osbakh 7 A net im vss 2-280 tile 4 [l2stts3_) Gongsrty (ea) a a sit : Zz tug. Ft 52.2 lone dm Fa ipl = nd +39 FEL loss = 3.36 File lam a 5-135S134 5.134 Air enters a radial blower with zero angular momentum. It leaves with an absolute tangential velocity, Vp, of 200 fils. The rotor blade speed at rotor exit is 170 ft/s. If the stagnation pressure rise across the rotor is 0.4 psi, calculate the loss of available energy across the rotor and the rotor efficiency. Jo determine the loss of available energy across the roto we use the energy equation (&]. 522) P oblan Bhs neglect Fin = Paw Yq = Ye, a. Joss = ti Tout yp OH on 908, Hus) + Wipatp i 2 Net in or loss = Tarr ~ Famt 4 shaft 4) - nek in The shatt work in , Ripatp Cn oe obtained with the moment of- momentum werk euaton''¢ &g.5-54). Thus, Pepepe * Cer “oat (2) net th Combining Eqs. | and 2 leads to = hin- &mt lose fa Rot + Uy ye or boss = — OAMICM IR) fn Lym tytn) @ P00 sug \/1_Me te FL ( Siig. # BA sty. ’ i and ; hss = 600 ttle = 9300 Ft-1b a 5 Fl ™ Shag (32.174 Ibm Atlas ) 4 = Shu As was done in Example Bat) we caleulake rot efficiency foun roler eFiloiong = Om , Uae Vane = 5s ree ea seo G70 Yoo ENT) = 5-136S135 5.135 Water enters a pump impeller radielly. Itleaves the impeller with a tangential component of absolute velocity of 10 m/s. The impeller exit diameter is 60 mm anc the impeller speed is 1800 rpm. If the stagnation pressure rise across the impeller is 45 kPa, determine the loss of available energy across the impeller and the hydraulic efficiency of the pump. The analysis of Example 5.27 is applicable solving this Problem. Using &4. 6 of Example 5:27 we obtam Achual total pressure rise actess. tmpe flee oes = “> a However, a a w= kw = loomm) (1800 rnd” Fee) oe = ZH i000 va 60 5 dese ™ rnin) Thus 3 loss = C462 voy - (en “a oss Men? zi m/f % Ss floss = 116 tlm = % From Eq. 5 of Example 5.27 we obtin actual total precure rie geress wmpeller UY 2 62 ae! (a (546 Poa a us FOTN as * S- 13%5.136. 5.136 Water enters an axial-flow turbine rotor with an ab- Solute velocity tangential component, Vs, of 15 ft/s. The corresponding blade velocity, U, is 50 ft/s. The water leaves the rotor blade row with no angular momentum, Ifthe stagnation pressure drop across the turbine is 12 psi, determine the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. To determne the efficienyy of the turbine we use y= actual work out i actual work out + loss The actual work out, Wenaxe , 15 chtatned with the ner out moment - Of - momentum werk eguation (Ey. 5:54). Thus, hep aaeehars Fe ULV @) net oup net > de NGin To determme the loss of available energy acres the Nn ‘se the uethion (&%. 5.82) - obhe efor we ute the energy epuation Cy. 5.82) fo den sealed ran ~ or + 900, Jeu) La @) Pp 2 net iy Combining 6s. Zana 3 we obtain loss = Ban Bot Uy w a = Combining &s. 1,2 tut F we obfain fe , Un Us Yorn CO SYi8 easy UU.» less Uainea eiane 2p (44 we) a (144 Er) and 7B = 0.842 ,+* 4 5-1385.137 5437 An inward flow radial turbine (see Fig. P5137) involves nozzle angle, a,, of 60° and an inlet rotor tip speed, Us, of 30 ft/s. The ratio of rotor inlet to outlet diameters is 2.0. The radial component of velocity remains constant at 20 ft/s through the rotor, and the low leaving the rotor at section (2) is without an- golar momentum, Ifthe flowing fluid is water and the stagnation pressure drop across the rotor is 16 psi, determine the loss of available energy across the rotor and the hydraulic efficiency involved, = FIGURE P5.I37 An analysis like the one of Example 528 would be appropviak for solving this problem. Since a turbine is involved in this problem, Wepg ep = — Yay and trom By. 1 of Example 5.28 net in et out we Can conclude that loss = Stagnation pressure dup across Wehr _ yy ie aeout However tom &y.5.5% we see that Wp = a = UY, Mey het tn net out stig thos js slagnation a dp acress voter Ue, () To deterrme the value of fy, we examine the velocity wiangle for the tow entering He retry thatis sketched below. From the velocity triangle we obtain Y, = Vatanee vy
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