Bibliography

General

T HE STANDARD large-scale scholarly account of the Middle Ages as a

whole is the Cambridge medieval history (1911-36), 8 vols. This contains a
detailed and authoritative account oi almost every conceivable pertinent subject.
The best one-volume history of the period is J. W. Thompson and E. M. Johnson,
An imroduction to medieval Europe ( 1937). Although often classed as a textbook,
this work is beyond the ordinary textbook level in size and scope. The reader in
search of works on special subjects should consult bibliographies. The standard
work is L. J. Paetow, Guide to the study of medieval hinory (rev. ed., 1931).
Gray C. Boyce, who played a large part in preparing the 1931 edition, is at work on
a new revision of this study. John L. La Monte, in his The world of the middle ages
(1949), has made a highly successful attempt to list the important books that have
appeared since 1931, and his bibliography should be used until the new edition of
Paetow appean. As Paetow's Guide does not deal with English history, a reader
seeking books in that field should consult W. E. Lunt, History of Englmd (1945),
which contains full and well-selected bibliographies. Anyone interested in reading
the works of mediaeval writers in English translations should consult C. P. Farrer
and A. P. Evans, Bibliography of English translations from medieval sources (1946).
The best historical atlas is William R. Shepherd, Historical atlas (1911). Excellent
maps may also be found in the Cambridge medieval hinory.

CHAPTER 1: Roman and Germtm

The standard works on Roman history in general are the Cambridge mcient
history ( 1939), Vol. XII; M. Rostovtzetf, History of the ancient world: Rome
(1931); Tenney Frank, History of Rome (1913); and A. E. R. Boak, Hinory of
Rome to r6r A.D. An important part of the period covered in this chapter is dealt
with in detail in J. B. }iury, History of the later Ro71Uin empire from the death of
Theodosius to the death of Justinian (1913). A very useful work isS. Dill, Romm
society in the lim century of the western empire (18c)8). E. R. Goodenough, The
church in the Roman empire (1931), is an excellent account of the early develop-
ment of the Church. The whole process of transition from ancient to mediaeval
civilization is well described in H. S. B. Moss, The birth of the middle ages (1935);
E. Emerton, Introduction to the middle ages ( 1888); F. Lot, The end of the mciem
world md the beginning of the middle ages (1931); and R. F. Arragon, The
transition from the mcient to the medieval world (1936). The best general work
on the invasions is J. B. Bury, The iwasions of Europe by the barbarians (1918).
491
49 2 Bibliography
T. Hodgkin, Italy and her invaders (188()-()9), 8 vols.; and R. H. Hodgkin, History
of the Anglo-Sa:rons, give detailed accounts of the invasions into Italy and England.

CHAPTER n: Eastern Orthodox Civilization

The most detailed and authoritative account of the Byzantine Empire avail-
able in English is A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine empire (1928-29), 2 vols.
Two shorter but good treatments of the subject are C. Diehl, History of the
Byzantine empire (1925), and S. Runciman, Byzantine civilization (1933). Two
recent specialized studies, P. Charanis, Church and state in the later Roman empire
(1939), and J. M. Hussey, Church and learning in the Byzantine empire (1937),
deal with important subjects. Robert Byron, The Byzantine achievement (1929), is
an excellent work on Byzantine culture. The best work on the Moslems is P. K.
Hitti, History of tbe Arabs (1946). H. A. Gibbons, Foundation of the Ottoman
empire (1916), is the standard work on this subject. The most recent detailed ac-
counts of the early history of Russia are G. Vernadsky, Ancient Russia (1944),
and Kievan Russia (1948). Kluchevsky, History of Russia (1911-12), is still useful.
F. Nowak, Medieval Slavdom and the rise of Russia (1930), approaches the sub-
ject f:-om a somewhat different point of view.

CHAPTER m: The Germanic Kingdoms

H. S. B. Moss, The birth of the middle ages (1935), and E. Emerton, Intro-
duction to the middle ages (1888), supply good surveys of the Merovingian and
Carolingian periods. The best special book on the Merovingians is S. Dill, Roman
society in Gaul in the Merovmgian age (1916). There is no adequate book in
English on the Carolingian empire. The standard work in French is A. Klein-
clausz, L'empire carolingien (1901). T. Hodgkin, Charles the Great (1897), and
H. W. C. Davis, Charlemagne (1899), are biographies of Charlemagne by distin-
trJished scholars. The most recent and authoritative work on Anglo-Saxon England
IS Sir Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (1947). More detailed, but covering
only part of the Anglo-Saxon period, is R. H. Hodgkin, History of the Anglo-
Sa:rons ( 1935), • vols. The feudal institutions of the Carolingian period are well
described in C. E. Odegaard, Vassi and fideles in the Carolingian empire (1945).
The Vikings and the civilization from which they came are thoroughly treated in
T. D. Kendrick, A history of the Vikings (1930). A useful older work is A. Mawer,
The Vikings (1913).

CHAPTER IV: Knights tmd Peasants

By far the most thorough and scholarly account of the settlement of Western
Europe and the mediaevaf agrarian systems is the Cambridge economic history
(1941), Vol. I, edited by J. H. Clapham and Eileen Power. It is, however, rather
heavy going for the ordinary reader. E. Lipson, Economic history of England
(193-7), Vol. I; M. M. Kni~ht, Economic history of Europe to the end of the mid-
dle ages ( 1926); and P. B01ssonadc, Life and work in medieval Europe ( 1927), give
briefer anJ more readable accounts. N. Neilson, Medieval agrarian economy ( 1936),
is an excellent monograph devoted to this subject. The best description of the
techniques of mediaeval agriculture is found in R. E. Prothero, English farming
past and present (1912). Cecil Curwen, Plough and pasture (1946), is an extremely
 Bibliograpby 493
stimulating brief discussion of the broad lines of agricultural development. Any-
one who reads French with ease should consult M. Bloch, Les caracteres originaux
de l'histoire rurale franfaise (1931). This is a basic work that paved the way for
most modern research in the field. There are two good books on village life: H. S.
Bennett, Life on the English manor (1937), and G. C. Homans, English villagers of
the thirteenth century ( 1940).
The best discussion of the feudal system in English is Carl Stephenson, Mt>diae-
val feudalism (1941). F. S. Ganshof, Feudalism (1951), is another valuable brief
study of the subject, from a somewhat different point of view. The standard mod-
ern work on feudalism isM. Bloch, La societe {Codale (1939-40), 1 vols. It is far
more detailed than the books by Stephenson and Ganshof, but it is rather hard
reading even for one who has a good mastery of French. Anyone interested in see-
ing how feudalism worked in a particular country should read Sir Frank Stenton,
The first century of English feudalism (1931). The connection between the feudal
system and the agrarian economy is shown in S. Painter, Studies in the history
of the English feudal barony (1943), and in Edward Miller, The abbey and bish-
opric of Ely (1951). There is one book that gives an excellent picture of mediaeval
rural life as a whole: W. S. Davis, Life on a mediaeval barony (1916). Unfortu-
nately it was written for boys, and the tone is condescending and hence rather
annoying.

CHAPTER v: The Unification of Western Christendom

J. A. Foakes-Jackson, Introduction to the history of Christianity (1911); and

D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian Church (1907), Vol. V; are general church
histories including this period. The best single volume on the subject is S. Baldwin,
The organization of medieval Christianity (1919). Z. N. Brooke, The English
church and the papacy from the Conquest to the reign of fohn (1933), shows the
effects of the development of papal power on England. The standard work on the
reform movement is A. Fliche, La reforme gregorienne (1914-37), 3 vols. A. J.
MacDonald, Hildebrand, a life of Gregory VII (1931), and J.P. Whitney, Hilde-
brandine essays ( 1931), are useful books in English on the subject. By far the best
book on monasticism is Dom David Knowles, The monastic order in England
(1941). An older but still useful work is Cardinal Gasquet's Monastic life in the
middle ages ( 1911). Particular phases of monasticism are excellently treated in Eileen
Power, Medieval English nunneries (1911), and Joan Evans, Monastic life at
Cluny (1931). J. McCann, St. Benedict (I9J7), and W. Williams, St. Bernard of
Clairvaux (1935), are good biographies of these two monastic leaders. G. G. Coul-
ton, Five centuries of religion (1913), Vol. I, is a mine of information about mo-
nasticism in this period.

CHAPTER vr: The Development of Feudal Monarchy

The development of feudal monarchy in both France and England is brilliantly

discussed by a great scholar in C. Petit-Dutaillis, Feudal monarchy in France and
England from the tenth to the thirteenth century ( 1936). F. Funck-Brentano, The
middle ages (1913), gives a brief account of the early Capetian kings. A. Luchaire,
Les premiers Capetiens, in Lavisse, Histoire de France (1911), is by far the best
detailed treatment of the early Capetian period and will well repay the efforts of
anyone who can read easy French. Two recent French surveys, F. Lot, La France
des origines a Ia guerre de cent ans (1941), and R. Fawtier, Les Capetiens et Ia
France (1941), also cover this period.
494 Bibliography
For the late Anglo-Saxon period in England Sir Frank Stenton, Anglo-Sazon
England (1947), is the standard work. The Nonnan period is brilliandy covered
in A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta <•9SI). There are two ex-
cellent older books: G. B. Adams, England from the Normtm Conquest to tht
death of John (•90s), and H. W. C. Davis, England under the NormtmS and
Angevins <•90s). Sir Frank Stenton, William the Conqueror (u)Ol!), is a good
biography.
The best book on the history of mediaeval Germany is G. Barraclough, Tht
origins of modern Germany (1946). His Medieval Germany (1938), z vols., is a
more detailed work. j. W. Thompson, Feudal Germany (1917), is still very useful
especially for the controversy between popes and emperors and the eastWard ex-
pansion of Germany.

CHAPTER VII: The Expansion of Europe

At present the only satisfactory detailed history of the Crusades is Rene Grous-
set, Histoire dts croisades (1934-36), 3 vols. S. Runciman is writing a multivolume
History of the Crusades, of which several volumes have appeared. A large-scale
cooperative history of the Crusades is being written under the direction of a com-
mittee of editors headed by Kenneth Setton, and two volumes should appear dur-
ing •953· As this is the work of scholars from many nations, it should be the stand-
ard authoritative treatment of the subject. R. A. Newhall, The crusades (19Z7), is
a useful brief account. A. C. Krey, The first crusade (19zl), is the work of an
expen in the field. There are a number of good biographies of leaders of the First
Crusade: J. C. Andressohn, Ancestry and life of Godfrey de Bouillon (1947);
Marshall Baldwin, Rilymond 111 of Tripolis ( 1936); R. B. Yewdale, Bohemond I of
Antioch (1914); and R. Nicholson, Tancred (1940). On the Latin kingdom one
should consult D. C. Munro, The kingdom of the crusaders (•93S), and John L.
La Monte, Feudal monarchy in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.
For Spain the best work is still R. Merriman, ruse of the Spanish empire (1918).
A more recent book on pan of the region is H. J. Chaytor, History of Aragon
and Catalonia (1933). A brilliant brief account of the Nonnan conquest of Sicily
will be found in C. H. Haskins, The Normans in European history (•9•s). Fuller
treatments are J. W. Osborne, The greatest Norman conquest (1937), and E. Cur-
tis, Roger of Sicily and the Normans in lower Italy (191Z).

CHAPTER vm: The Revival of Urban Life

The standard authoritative work on commerce and industry in the Middle Ages
is the Cambridge economic history, Vol. 11, which was published at the end
of 1953. The general works on economic history have secnons devoted to these
subjects: H. Pirenne, Economic and social history of Europe ( 1936); H. Heaton,
Economic history of Europe (1936); M. M. Knight, Economic history of Europe
to the tnd of the middle ages ( 19z6); E. Lipson, Economic history of England
(1937), Vol. I; and P. Boissonade, Life ana work in medieval Europe (1917).
H. Pirenne, Mediaeval cities (19zs), is a brilliant brief account of urban develop-
ment. Although Carl Stephenson, Borough and town (1933), is chiefly concerned
with England, it has a valuable chapter on continental towns. F. Schevill, History
of Florence (1936), and W. F. Butler, The Lombard communes (•9Q6), are valu-
able for the Italian towns. F. W. Hill, Medieval Lincoln (1948), is an excellent
descriptive account of a mediaeval town. R. A. De Roover, The Medici bank, its
organization, management, operations, and decline (1948), is a brilliant srudy of
 Bibliography 495
early banking; and Eileen Power, The wool trade in English medieval binory
(1941), is an equally effective discussion of an important phase of mediaeval com-
merce.

CHAPTER IX: The Feudal Mo1lllTchies

C. Petit-Dutaillis, Feudal mo11111chy in France and England from the tenth to the
thirteenth century (1936), covers this period as well as the earlier one. An out-
standing work on France is A. Luchaire, Social France in the time of Philip Au-
gustus (1911). This is one of the great books on mediaeval history and a model
account of a king's reign. S. Painter, The scourge of the clergy, Peter of l>rt!U%,
duke of Brittany (1937), gives a picture of French feudal politics. F. Funck-
Brentano, The middle ages (1913), supplies a brief but excellent account of this
period. In addition most of the books on England contain a good deal of infor-
mation about France as well.
The general histories mentioned under Chapter VI cover this period of English
history: A. L. Poole, From Domesday Book to Magna Carta (znd ed., 1955); G. B.
Adams, Hinory of England from the Norman Conquen to the death uf fohn ( 1905);
and H. W. C. Davis, England under the Normans and Angevins (1905). T. F. Tout,
Hinory of England from the accession of Henry Ill to the death of Edward Ill
(1905), follows G. B. Adams in the same series and covers the period indicated.
Sir Maurice Powicke, The thirteenth century (znd ed., I<)61), in the "Oxford
Series", is the authoritative work on the reigns of Henry III and Edward I. Kate
Norgate has written a series of books on this period: England under the Angwin
kings (1887), 1 vols.; IUchard the Lion Heart (1914); and fohn Lack/and. Although
lacking imagination and interpretation, they are useful factual accounts. The reigns
of John and Henry Ill are covered by two recent works: S. Painter, The reign of
King fohn ( 1949), and Sir Maurice Powicke, Henry Ill and the Lord Edward
(1947). Useful biographies are L. F. Salzman, Henry 11 (1914); S. Painter, William
Marshal, knight-errant, baron, and regent of England (1933); Sir Maurice Powicke,
Stephen Langton (1918); and C. Bemont, Simon de Montfort, translated and revised
by E. F. Jacob (1930). R. F. Treharne, The baronial plan of reform, 12;6-1263 (1931),
is a valuable work on that significant subject.
For the Holy Roman Empire, G. Barraclough, The origins of modern Germany
(1946), is much the best work. J. W. Thompson, Feudal Germany (1917), covers
this period, but his interpretation of it is rot generally accepted today. There are
two good biographies in English: A. L. Poole, Henry the Lion (1911), and E.
Kantorowicz, Frederick II ( 1931).

CHAPTER x: Mediaeval Theocracy at its Height

D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian church (1907), Vol. V, covers this period
as well as the earlier one. The best work on the specific period is S. Packard,
Europe and the church under Innocent Ill (1917). W. E. Lunt, Papal revenues in
the middle ages (1934), 1 vols~ is an extremely valuable work on papal finances
and financial machinery. Sir Maurice Powicke, Stephen Langton (1918), supplies
a valuable insight into ecclesiastical politics and policies. H. D. Sedgwick, ItiJJy in
the thirteenth century ( 1918), is useful for Innocent III. An extremely illuminating
book on the early heresies is E. S. Davison, Forerunners of St. FranciS (1917). The
second volume of G. G. Coulton, Five centuries of religion (1917), tells a great
deal about contemporary monasticism and the friars. A. Jessop, Tbe coming of the
 Bibliography
friars (19:8), is a useful book on the early friars, as is R. F. Bennet, The early
DominictmS ( 1917). Lives of the founders of the two orders of friars are B. Jarrett,
Life of Saint Dominic (1914), and Paul Sabatier, Life of St. Francis of Assisi,
translated by Louise S. Houghton (19zz).

CHAPTER XI: The Hundred Years' War

The only satisfactory book on the Hundred Years' War as a whole is Edouard
Perroy, The Hundred Years War, translated by W. B. Wells with an introduction
by David C. Douglas (1951). There are several useful works on military history.
The most recent and authoritative is F. Lot, L'art militaire et les armees au moyen
age ( 1946). C. Oman, A history of the art of war in the middle ages ( 1913), z vols.,
is still very useful, but many of Oman's ideas are no longer generally accepted. For
a detailed study of the development of the English army and tactics that won so
many battles in the Hundred Years' War the reader should consult John E. Morris,
The Welsh wars of Edward I (Igoi). Richard A. Newhall, The English conquest
of Normandy, 1416-1424 (1914), is an excellent account of that phase of the war.

CHAPTER xu: From Feudal to National Monarchy

The volumes of the "Oxford Series" covering the later Middle Ages have not
yet been announced. The standard books are C. Oman, History of England from
the accession of llichard II to the death of llichard Ill (Igo6), and K. H. Vickers,
England in the later middle ages (1914). G. M. Trevelyan, England in the age of
Wycliffe (Igog), is a brilliant summary of English society in the late fourteenth
century. C. L. Kingsford, Henry V ( I<}OI), is a good biography, as is K. H. Vickers,
Humphrey, duke of GlouceYter (1go7). R. B. Mowat, Wars of the Roses (1914), is
a good brief account of the civil wars.
F. Funck-Brentano, The middle ages (1923), continues to be a convenient brief
account. Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years War (1951), gives a good summary
of French history during the period. The years after the close of the war are ably
treated in P. Champion, Louis XI, translated by Winifred S. vVhale ( 1929).
A. Cartellieri, The court of Burgundy (1929), gives an excellent account of the"
environment of the Burgundian dukes. A. B. Kerr, Jacques Coeur (1928), is a good
biography. For all the various phases of the history of this period one should con-
sult]. Huizinga, The waning of tbe middle ages (1924).

CHAPTER xm: The Decline of the Mediaeval Church

Here too, D. S. Schaff, History of the Christian church (•go?), Vol. V, gives a
general account. More concentrated on this period are L. E. Binns, The decline and
fall of the medieval papacy (1934), and A. Flick, The decline of the medieval
church (1930), z vols. T. S. R. Boase, Boniface VIII (1933), is a good account of
that papal reign. M. Spinka, fohn Hus and the Czech reform (1933), and H. B.
Wockman, John Wyclif (1926), describe the careers of the two chief heretics of
the age. E. F. Jacob, Essays 01l the conciliar epoch (1943), and J. H. Wylie, The
Council of Constance (•goo), are valuable for the conciliar movement. W. E. Lunt,
Papal revenues in the middle ages (1934), 2 vols., is particularly important for an
understanding of the problems facing the A vignon popes.
 Bibliography 497

CHAPTER XIV: Mediaeval Civilization

The standard book on the intellectual history of the Middle Ages is H. 0.

Taylor, The medieval mind (1927), 2 vols. Frederick B. Anz, The mind of the
middle ages ( 1952), is the best recent book on mediaeval ideas. Other valuable
works on intellectual history are E. K. Rand, The founders of the middle ages
(1928), C. H. Haskins, The Renaissance of the twelfth century (1927), G. C.
Crump and E. F. Jacob, The legacy of the middle ages ( 1926); and F. J. C. Ream-
shaw, Medieval contributiom to modern civilization (1921). The fullest and best
treatment of mediaeval philosophy is found in M. de Wulf, History of medieval
philosophy, English translation by E. C. Messenger (1925-26), 2 vols. The subject
is treated more briefly in A. C. McGiffen, History of Christian thought (1932),
2 vols. E. Gilson has written two valuable books, The spirit of medieval pbilosophy
(1930), and Reason and revelation in the middle ages (1938). A very useful and
stimulating brief work on an important subject is Meyrick H. Carre, Realists and
nominalists (1942). The basic book on mediaeval political theory is R. W. Carlyle
and A. J. Carlyle, A history of medieval political theory in the west (1903-36),
8 vols. C. H. Mcilwain, Growth of politicai thought in the west (1932), has im-
ponant and stimulating chapters on the Middle Ages. The best, in fact the only
thorough, book on historical literature is J. W. Thompson, History of historical
writing (1942), 2 vols. The standard work on mediaeval science is L. Thorndike,
History of magic and experimental science (1923-40), 6 vols. C. H. Haskins, Studies
in -nediaeval science (1924), is a useful collection of essays. L. C. MacKinney, Early
medieval medicine (1937), is a valuable brief treatment of this subject.
The Cambridge history of English literature (H)03), vol. I, supplies the best
general account of mediaeval literature in England. Gaston Paris, Medieval French
literature (1903), and Urban T. Holmes, Jr., A history of old French literature
from the origim to 1300 (1948), cover French literature. W. A. Craigie, The Ice-
landic sagas (1913), is the standard English work on that subject. W. P. Ker, Epic
and romance ( 1908), is a general summary of mediaeval romantic literature. There
are two excellent books on mediaeval Latin poetry: Helen Waddell, Medieval
Latin lyrics (1929), and J. A. Symonds, Wine, women, and song (1884). Chivalric
literature is dealt with in C. S. Lewis, The allegory of love ( 1936); R. L. Kilgour,
The decline of chivalry (1937); and S. Painter, French chivalry (1940).
The standard history of mediaeval architecture is A. K. Porter, Medieval archi-
tecture: its origins and development (rev. ed., 1912), 2 vols. K. J. Conant, Early
mediaeval church architecture (1942), is a stimulating brief treatment of this sub-
ject. C. R. Morey has written two valuable books on art: Christian art (1935), and
Medieval art (1942).
The standard history of mediaeval universities is H. Rashdall, The universities
of Europe in the middle ages, rev. ed. by Sir Maurice Powicke and A. B. Emden
(1936), 3 vols. C. H. Haskins, The rise of the universities (1923), is an excellent
brief study.

Aachen, 459
Abbasid caliphate, 44, 49, 200, 204
Abbeville, 334
Abelard, 143, 303; suggests that church
abandon r.ropeny, 133; interest in
Greek philosophers, 137, 448; writes
Sic et Non, 137; on question of uni-
versals, 432; at cathedral school of
Paris, 470
Achaia, principality of, 51
Acre, 215-18
Adelard of Bath, 58
Adele of Blois, queen of France, 251
Adhemar, bishop of Le Puy, 201
Adrian I, pope, 46, 126
Adrianople, 52, 54
Adriatic Sea, 4, 25-6, 61, 198, 221, 252
Aeneas, story of, 453-4
Aesop's fables, 4H
Aethebald, king of Mercia, 84
Aethelstan, king of Wessex, 92, 172
Aetius, 26, 29
Agincourt, battle of, 35o-3, 361, 389
Agnes of Meran, queen of France, 292
Agnes Sorel, 390
agriculture: in Byzantine Empire, 38;
methods of exploitation of the land in
early Middle Ages, 95-6; agricultural
technique in early Middle Ages, 97;
reclamation movement, 102-<>4; Ger-
man colonization in Slavic lands, 104;
treatise on, 446
Aidan, 86
Aistulf, king of the Lombards, 75
Alans, 12
Alarcos, battle of, 195
Albert I of Hapsburg, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor, 397
Albert V of Hapsburg, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor, 398
Index
Albertus Magnus, 320, 434
Albi, 307-o8
Albigensian crusade, 1¢, 295, 311-13,
417,451
Albigensians, 2¢, 305-o6, 3o8, 417
Albrecht the Bear, 277
Alcuin, 81, 88
Alemans, 2o-1, 29
Alem;on, count of, 334
Aleppo, sultan of, 104, 207, 212
Alexander of Hales, 320
Alexander of Villa Dei, Doctrimle,
467-8, 473
Alexandria, patriarch of, 14
Alexius III Angelus, Byzantine em-
peror, 52
Alexius Comnenus, Byzantine emperor,
49. 200, 203-o4
Alfonso I, king of Aragon and Navarre,
195
Alfonso V, king of Aragon, 397
Alfonso VI, king of Castile and Leon,
193-4. 200
Alfonso VII, king of Castile and Leon,
195
Alfonso VIII, king of Castile, 195-6
Alfonso Henriques, count and king of
Portugal, 194
Alfred the Great, king of Wessex, 92-3,
148, 172, 444-5, 449
Algeria, 4
Alix, countess of Blois, 251, 451
Almeria, 195
Almohades, 195-6, 199
Almoravides, 194-5
Alp Arslan, 49
Alphonse, count of Poitou and Tou-
louse, 255-6, 314, 324-5
Alps mountains, 4, 3S
Alsace, 93
11 Index
Amalli, 39
Amaury I, king of Jerusalem, 108, 113
Amaury de Lusignan, king of Jerusa-
lem, 111, 115
Amaury de Montfort, count of Tou-
louse, 313
Ambrose, St., 15, 18
Anagni, 404
Ancona, so
Andrew the Chaplain, De Amore, 451
Andronicus Comnenus, Byzantine em-
peror, 51
Angers, 90, 153, 471
Angles, 20, 31
Anglo-Saxon chronicles, 444-5
Anglo-Saxon states, 63; social structure,
81; government, 81; conversion, 84-6;
organization of church, 86-7; raided
by Vikings, 89; Danish invasion, 91-1
Anglo-Saxons, 15
An~ouleme, county of, 1SS
AnJOU: count of, 113, 161, 163; county
of, 154, 16o, 150, 257, 314, 341, 395;
conquered by Philip Augustus, 153
Anne, duchess of Brittany, 395
Anne Mortimer, 379
Anne of Bohemia, queen of England,
414
Anne of France, lady of Beaujeu, 395
Anselm. archbishop of Canterbury, 148,
467
Anthony, St., 17-18
Antioch, 44, 104, 2o6-o7, 212-13, 115,
111; patriarch of, 14; principality of,
107, 110; prince of, 118
appanages, 1ss-6
Apulia, duchy of: conquered by Robert
Guiscard, 197-8; seized by Roger II
of Sicily, 198
Aquitaine: Frankish kingdom, 64;
duchy of, ISZ, J6o, 111, 24<F-50, 156,
314, 341-1, 344, 351; dukes of, 156-7,
J6J, 163
Arabs, 38; conquer Syria, Egypt, North
Africa, 37; wars with Byzantine Em-
pire, 44; learning, 57-8; carry Hellen-
Istic learning to West, sB, 302; con-
quer Spain, 70; invade France, 7o--1;
wars with Charlemagne, 79; occupy
islands of western Mediterranean, 92;
sack Rome, 92; see also Moslems
Aragon, kingdom of, 191, 193-6, 295,
401
architecture: Byzantine, ss-6, 459; Ro-
manesque, 430, 459; Gothic, 431, 436,
459-61
Aristotle, 57, 301-()], 310, 431, 434, 473
Aries, kingdom of, 150; see also Bur-
gundy, kingdom of
Armagnac party, 349, 351, 38<r-90
Army: Roman, 7, 13; Byzantine, 39-41;
Onoman, 54; Merovingian, 70; Caro-
lingian, 7o--1; English and French in
early fourteenth century, p8-3o; es-
tablishment of standing army in
France, 362-3
Arnaud Amanieu, lord of Albret, 344
Arnold Amalric, archbishop of Nar-
bonne, 311
Arras, 112; treaty of, 359, 391
Arrouaise, order of, 146
art, 463-4; Byzantine, ss-6; at Burgun-
dian court, 393
Arthur, count of Richmont, 3SS. 3S9-
6o, 390
Arthur, duke of Brittany, 153, 167-8
Arthur, legendary king of Britons, 31,
454
Arthurian legends, 454-5, 464
Articles of the barons, 169
artillery, 36o--1
Artois, county of, 154-5, 343
Arundel, castle, 177
Ascalon, 107, 116
Asia Minor, 4, u, 33, 36, 44, 101-()4
Assizes of I erusalem, 117
Assizes of Romanie, 117
Asturia, kingdom of, 191-3
A thanasius, St., 18
Athens, duchy of, 52, 116
Attila, king of the Huns, 16
Augsburg, 115
Augustine, archbishop of Canterbury,
84-5
Augustine, St., 15, 18, 423, 432; rule of,
141, 318
Augustinian order, 146-7
Augustus, Roman Emperor, 3
Austin friars, 319
Austrasia, Frankish kingdom, 64, 69, 72
Austria, 78; duchy of, 166, 177, 396-8;
duke of, 252, 282
Auvergne, 141
Avars, 35-6, 78, 91
Averroes, 57, 302-()3
A vicenna, 57, 301
Avignon, seat of papacy, 405-()8
Babylonian Captivity of the papacy,
405-()8, 417
Bacon, Roger, 31o--1, 434, 448
 Index w
Bagdad,44,6o,111 Berengaria of Navarre, queen of Eng-
Baldwin I, king of Jerusalem, 1o6-o8, land, 292
ZJO, ZJZ Bernard of Anhalt, 18o
Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem, 113 Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 143, 147, 110,
Baldwin V, king of Jerusalem, 113 211, 407
Baldwin, count of Flanders, Latin Em- Bernicia, 81
peror of Constantinople, 51 Bertran de Born, 431
Balearic Islands, 90, 191 Betran Duguesclin, constable of
Balkans, 35, 54, 59 France, 345-7, 350
Balliol College, Oxford, 411, 475 Bethlehem, 117
Baltic Sea, 10, 59 Bethlehem Chapel, Prague, 415-6
Bamborough, 81, 86 Beziers, 311; viscounty of, 311
banking, 136--8, 301 Billung, house of, 16c), 171, 277
Bannockburn, battle of, 176 Biscay, Bay of, t6o, 213, 250, 314, 381
Barcelona, 1ll; March of, 79; county of, bishop: office of, 116-7; election of,
193-6; count of, 194 126-7, •32-5. 16I-1, 199; his officers,
Bari, •98 127; chapter, 117; in German king-
Bartolomeu Dias, 477-8 dom, 166
Basel, Council of, 415-16,418 Black Death, 141, 375, 419
Basil I, the Macedonian, Byzantine em- Black Sea, 4, 2o-1, 44, so, 59
peror, 41 Blanche of Castille, queen of France,
Basil II, Bulgaroctonas, Byzantine em- 117, 196, 471
peror, 44 Blois, 90, 153; count of, 113, 154, t6o;
Basil, St., 18 house of, 16o
Basques, 79, 191 Boccaccio, 456-7; Decameron, 457; Gen-
Batu, Mongol Khan, 6o-t ealogy of the Gods, 457
Bavaria, 73, 93; acknowledges over- Boethius, 72, 466; De Comolatione Phil-
lordship of Pepin, 71; incorporated osophia, 449
into Frankish state, 78; duchy of, •64, Bohemia, 20, 396-7, 411, 414-5
167-8, 276-7, 280, 396 Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, so, 101,
Bayazid I, Ottoman sultan, 54 103, 105-()7
Bayeux, bishop of, 177 Bohemond II, prince of Antioch, 198
Bayeux tapestry, 463-4 Bologna, university of, 290, 46<;>-70, 471
Bayonne, 161, 250 Bonaventura, St., 318
Beatrice of Burgundy, Holy Roman Boniface VIII, pope, 300, 403~
empress, 177 Boniface, St., 71-5
Beaufort family, 37c;>-8o Bordeaux, 90, 101, 161, 113, 250, 307,
Beauvais, 233-4 338--<), 345. 36o
Bee, monastery, 467 Bosporus, 42, 44
Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- Bosworth, battle of, 381
bury, 151 Boulogne, count of, 175
Bede, the Venerable, Ecclesiastical His- bourgeoisie of Paris, revolts of, 341,
tory of the English People, 87-8, 444, 38s-8
449 Bourges, 235, 352; viscount of, 161
Beghards, 418-19 Bonvines, battle of, 254, 284
Beguines, 418-19 Bramber, castle, 177
Beirut, 207 Brandenburg, margravate of, 396
Belisarius, 33 Bremen, archbishop of, 188
Benedict XI, pope, 404-()5 Brethren of the Free Spirit, 418-10
Benedict XIII, pope, 411-11 Bn!tigny, treaty of, 341-2
Benedict Biscop, 87-8 Britain, 3-4, 11, 19, 30
Benedict, St., 71-3 Britons, 31
Benedictine rule, j1-3, 87, ll8--<), 143-6 Brirtany, duthy of, 152, 16o-1, 191, 250,
benefice, 67, 105 256, 331-3, 338, 341, 345, 391, 395;
Beo'W!ll{, 448-9 dukes of, 156
IV Index
Bruges, zn, us, 238, 421
Bruno, St., 141-z
Bulgarians: attack Byzantine Empire,
38, sz; establish state in Balkans, 42;
conversion of, 44; conquered by Em-
peror Basil II, 44; re-create their state,
s1; conquered by Ottoman Turks, S4
Burgundian party, 349, 352, 354
Burgundians: occupy Rhone valley, 29;
conquered by Franks, 30
Burgundy, duchy of, IS?. 16o, 255-6,
16o-l
Burgundy, duke of, 113, uS, 143, IS4.
156, 16o-l
Burgundy, Frankish kingdom, 64
Burgundy, Free County of, 287; see also
Franche-Comte
Burgundy, kingdom of, 167, 277, 28o,
287, 3¢, 4on see also Aries, king-
dom of
Byzantine Empise: duration, 35; place
in history, 3Si agricultuse, 38; indus-
try and commerce, 38-c); army and
tactics, 39-•P; government, 41-2; se-
lations with West, 45-6, 5o-2; great
estates in, 47-8; broken up after
Fourth Crusade, sz; restosed by Mi-
chael VIII, 54; destroyed by Otto-
man Turks, 54-5; civilization, SS-'1
Cabot, John, 478
Caedmon, 88, 449
Caen, 333
Caesar, Julius, 19
Calabria, 197
Calais, 341--4, 350, 383; siege of, 336-7,
36o; staple port, 238
Calvin, John, 423
Cambridge, university of, 469. 472; be-
ginnings of, 471
canon law, 289, 2¢; before eleventh
century, ns-6; codification in elev-
enth century, 136
canons segular, 141, 146-7
Canossa, 171
Canterbury, 8s, 376
Canute, king of Denmark and England,
172-3, 298
Carcassone, 311-n, 338
Cardinals, College of, 290; foundation,
130
Carinthia, 78
Carlisle, 4
Carloman, duke of the Franks, 71-3
Carloman, king of the Franks, 75-6
Carmelite Order, 319
Carolingian state: founded by Charles
Martel, 68-c); army, 7o-1; government,
7C)-Bo; raided by Vikings, 90; division
among grandsons of Charlemagne,
9Q-1; economic conditions, 95
Carpathian mountains, 59
Carthage, 37
Carthusian order, 141-2
Cassiodorus, 72
Castiglione, Count Baldassare, 478
Castile, kingdom of, 193-6, 295, 375
casdes, 112; motte and bailey, 1o8, 114-
1s; in England after Norman con-
quest, 177-Bo; stone, 461-2
Cathari. See Albigensians, heresy
Catherine of France, queen of England,
JS2, 381
Catullus, 447
Cauchon, Peter, bishop of Beauvais, 357
Celestine III, pope, 292
Celestine V, pope, 402
Celts, 3, 18, 82; early civilization, 19-20;
of Cornwall and Devon conquered
by Saxons, 84; conflict of Celtic and
Roman churches, 84-7; their folklose
in mediaeval literature, 4S4-S
Cent BaUades, 455
Chalcedon, 36
Chalon, count of, 193
cbambre des comptes, 2s8
Champagne, count of, 113, IS?. 16o-1,
ZZ4, 243, 309; county of, IS?, 255, 34S
cb~mso11 de gene, 4s2-3
Cb1171S011 de Roltmd. See Song of Roland
Charlemagne, king of the Franks and
emperor, 4So ?So lOS, n6, ISJ, 164,
191, 281, 459; becomes king of Lorn-
bards, 76; conquers Saxony, 76-8; an-
nexes Bavaria, 78; defeats Avars, 78;
wars against Moslems in Spain, 79; his
administrative system, 79-Bo; crowned
emperor, So; encouragement of learn-
ing, 81, 448, 467; as a legendary hero,
453
Charles II of Anjou, king of Naples, 402
Charles IV, king of France, 316
Charles IV of Luxembourg, Holy Ro-
man emperor, 398, 419, 424
Charles V, king of France, 337, 340-8,
386-i)
Charles VI, king of France, 347-8, 352,
389
Charles VII, king of France, 351-6, 358,
362-3, 389'-92
Charles VIII, kin.J of France, 39S· 477-8
 Index
Charles, count of Anjou and king of
Sicily, 199, 255, 286, 397, 401
Charles, count of Valois, 326
Charles, duke of Berry, 393, 395
Charles, duke of Lower Lorraine, 1 S4
Charles, duke of Orleans, 349-51, 35.s-4,
391, 456
Charles Martel, duke of the Franks, 69"-
72, 74, 105, 164
Charles of Blois, 332, 343, 34S
Charles of Spain, constable of France,
337
Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, p6,
337. 341, 343. 386-8
Charles the Bald, king of the West
Franks and emperor, 91, 104, 106, 153
Charles the Fat, king of the Franks and
emperor, 90-1
Charles the Reckless (or the Rash),
duke of Burgundy, 362, 382, 394-5,
399· 446
Charles the Simple, king of the West
Franks, 91
charter of liberties of Henry I, 184, 270
Chartier, Alan, 456
Chartres: county of, 154, 16o; cathedral
of, 229, 461; cathedral school of, 448,
467
Chaucer, Geoffrey: Camerbury Tales,
321-2, 457-8; Troilus and Crisyde, 458
Chester, 31; earldom of, 178
China, 321
Chingiz, Mongol khan, 6o
Chinon, 353, 355; castle, 253, 390
chivalry, 244--6; literature of, 45o-6
Chn\tien de Troyes, 452, 454-s; Cliges,
454; Lancelot, 454; Percival, 454-5;
Trismrm, 454
Christ Church, Canterbury, monastery,
143. 149. 241, 293-4
Christine de Pisan, Book of the Duke of
True Lovers, 455
Christopher Columbus, 477
Church, Greek Catholic: relation to
emperor, 42; quarrels with papacy
and schism, 46; iconoclastic contro-
versy, 46-7; conversion of Slavs, s8;
conversion of Russians, 6o; attempt to
heal schism with papacy, 415
Church, Roman Catholic, 29; in Late
Roman Empire, 13-18; early organiza-
tion, 14; pnvileges in Roman Empire,
14-15; development of doctrine in
patristic period, 1s-16; relations with
German invaders of Roman empire,
28; privileges under Merovingian
v
Church, Roman Catholic (continued)
kings, 6s-6; despoiled of lands by
Charles Martel, 71; Frankish church
reformed by Pepin, 71-2; in tenth
century, 124-8; involved in feudal
system, 125; Cluniac reform, 128-35;
development of theology and canon
law, 136-40; support of feudal mon-
archs, 1 54, 1 59; relations with German
kings, 165--6, 169"-70; conversion of
Northmcn, 189; efforts to civilize
feudal caste, 244, 246; establishment of
Inquisition, 314-16; reform attempted
by councils, 413, 415; attempt to heal
schism with Greek church, 415
Cicero, 42, 448
Cid, the. See Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Cistercian order, 143--6
Citeaux, monastery, 143
Clairvaux, monastery, 143, 145
Clare family, 117
Clement V, pope, 405-()7
Clement VII, pope, 409
Clement VIII, pope, 412
Clement of Alexandria, St., 1 s
clerical celibacy, 132
Clericis Laicos, 403-()4
Clermont, bishop of, 163
Clermont, Council of, 201
Clermont (in Auvergne), count of, 163
Clermont (in Beauvaisis), county of,
2SS
Clermont-Ferrand, 163
Clovis, king of the Franks, 28-9, 63--6, 68
Cluniac order, 143; foundation, u8;
rule and organization, 129
Cluny, monastery, u8; encourages cru-
sades to Spain, 193
Cocherel, battle of, 343
Colman, 86
Cologne, 81
coloni, 9, 67, 99
Colonna family, 403
Columba, St., 86
Columbanus, St., 69
comitatus, 22, 64
commendation, 67
commerce: in Byzantine Empire, 38-9;
decline of in Merovingian state, 67; in
ninth century, 22o-1; Italians revive
trade with East, 221-2; routes, 221-3
Commines: county of, 311; count of,
313
Commodus, Roman emperor, 8
common law, •64-s
communes, 232-4. 279-Bo
vi Index
commutation of rents and services, 1 Crusades ( continrted)
141-1 r6, 113, zp, 181, 198; Fourth, sz, 216,
Compiegne, 357 19s, 44S; against Moslems in Spain.
conciliar movement, 411-17; theory be- 191, 193, 19s; Tunis, 199; Peasants',
hind, 414 101-o3; to Damietta in 1118, 116-17,
condottieri, 131-3 19S; of Frederick II, 117; of Thibaut
Conrad I, king of Germany, 165-6 of Champagne, 117-18; of St. Louis,
Conrad II, king of Germany and Holy 118; importance of, 119; aid growth of
Roman emperor, 169 trade, 111-1; Albigensian, 19s, 311-13,
Conrad III, king of Germany, 111-13, 417, 4sr; dreams of Philip the Good,
149. 176-7 393-4; against Aragon, 401-o1; against
Conrad IV, king of Germany, 186 H ussites, 417
Constance, Council of, 411-14, 417 Cumin, John, archbishop of Dublin, 191
Constance of Sicily, Holy Roman em- curia regis, established by William the
press, 198 Conqueror, r8o; under Edward I, 171;
Constantine V, Byzantine emperor, 44, see also Great Council
47 Cybele, cult of, 11
Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor, 45, Cynewulf, 88,449
47 Cyprus, 44, us; kingdom of, 115, 118
Constantine the Great, Roman emperor, Cyril, St., s8
3, 6-7, 13, !!S, 116
Constantinople, 7, 9, 36-7, 39, 44, zoz- Dagobert I, king of the Franks, 66, 6IH)
04. 111; made capital of Roman Em- Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, 107
pire, 6; besieged by Avars, 36; be- Dalriada, 86
sieged by Arabs, 38; massacre of Damascus, 36, 44, 104, 113, 111; cap-
Latin merchants in, 51; captured by tured by Arabs, 37
Fourth Crusade, 51, 116; captured by Damietta, 116-18
Turks, ss Danegeld, 175
Constantinople, Latin empire of, sz, 116, Danelaw, 171
216 Dante, 43o-1; Divine Comedy, 43o-1,
Constantinople, patriarch of, 14, 41, 4s6; De Mo1111Tcbia, 437
45-6, 59 Danube river, 4, 11, 15, 33, JS, 38, 91, 166
Constantius, Roman emperor, 11 Dauphigny, 187, 417
Copernicus, 478 Dee river, 83
Cordova, 195-6; caliphs of, 193 De Haeretico Comburendo, 414
Corsica, 191 Deira, 81, 85
cosmography, 435 Denmark, 31, 89, 91, 18cr90
Couey, lord of, 158 Diocletian, Roman emperor, 3, 6-9, 13
councils, church, 16-17, 41, 66, 71-3, Dispenser family, 367
rz6; see also Nicaea, Hieria, Cler- Dnieper river, 59-6o
mont, Lateran, Verona,' Lyons, Pisa, Dniester river, 21, 59
Pavia, Basel, Ferrara, Florence, Trent Domesday Book, 103, 183, 165
count, office of, 64, 78, roo, rsz, 164 Dominic, St., 318
Courtenay, William, bishop of London, Dominican Order, 310, 314; establish-
411 ment, 318-19; in Inquisition, 319-10;
courtly love, 146, 441, 45o-1, 454 as scholars, 310; as missionaries, 3zr
courts: popular, 65, 151, 173-4; seigno- Domremy, 354
rial, roo-or; feudal, ro8-o9, 159; eccle- Don, river, 1o-r, 61
siastical, 131-1, z¢; royal, 158, 163-4; Donation of Constantine, 75, 116, 416
chancery, 371-1 Donatus, Aelius, 467
Crac des Chevaliers, castle, 111 Dorylaeum, battle of, 1o6
craftsmen, 116-7, 131 Dover, r7s, 177
Crecy, battle of, 333-6, 340 Dreux, county of, 154
Cremona, 179 Dreux family, 117, 331
Crusades: First, so, r6o, 183, 1oo-o7, 44S; Drogo de Hauteville, 197
Second, sr, '94· 111-13; Third, 114- Druids, 19
 Index
Dublin, 91
du Bois, Peter, 401, 465
Dunois, count of, 354-5
Duns Scotus, 310
Dunstan, St., 119, 148
Durazzo, so, 51, 103
Durham, bishop of, 178
East Anglia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84,
91
East Frankish state. See Germany
Eble, count of Rouci, 193
Eckehan, 41o-1
economic ideas, 441-3
Edessa, county of, 1o6, 110, 111-13
Edmund, earl of Lancaster, 170, 186,
348, 374, n8
Edmund Ironside, king of England, 175
Edmund Mortimer, earl of March, 348,
378-<)
Edmund of Langley, earl of Cambridge
and duke of York, 344, 379
Edward I, king of En~land, 317, 348,
364, 375, 378, 383; h1s reign, 171-{;,
319-30, 366-7; suppresses Templars,
405-{)7
Edward II, king of England, 176, 316,
367. 36<). ]70, 378
Edward III, king of England, 344, 36o,
376, 384; campaigns in France, 316-8,
331-8, 341; reign, 367-70, 374; rela-
tions with Wyclif, 421-1
Edward IV, king of England, 379,
381-1, 394
Edward, duke of York, 351, 379
Edward, king of Wessex, 91, 171
Edward the Black Prince, prince of
Wales, H7-41, 344, 346-7, 374
Edward the Confessor, king of Eng-
land, 175, 179-80, 113
Edwin, earl of Northumbria, 176-7
Edwin, king of Northumbria, 82, 85...{;
Egbert, king of Wessex, 84
Egypt, 4, 17-18, 33, 36-7, 49
Einhard, 76,80,444
Elbe river, 78, 166
Eleanor, duchess of Aquitaine, queen of
France and England, 163, 213. 149-53,
451
Eleanor of Provence, queen of England,
170
Elizabeth of York, queen of England,
]81
Eloise, 470
Emperor, Holy Roman, status as de-
fined by Frederick I, 281
Vll
England: under the heptarchy, 81-8;
Cluniac reform in, 129; monasticism
in after conquest, 146-7; under late
Anglo-Saxon kings, 172...{;; Norman
con'luest of, 176-7; organization by
William I, 177-82; establishment of
exchequer, 185; civil war under Ste-
phen, 186; results of civil war, 261;
legal innovations of Henry II, 163...{;;
baronial revolt against John, 168-70;
issuance of Magna Carta, 16<}-70; ba-
ronial revolt against Henry III, 171;
beginnings of Parliament, 273-5; com-
parison of English and French gov-
ernments in early fourteenth century,
287-8; King John becomes vassal of
pope, 194; military resources in early
fourteenth century, p8-3o; govern-
ment in early fourteenth century,
366-7; social classes in fourteenth cen-
tury, 372-4; attempt of Richard II to
be absolute, 377-8; Wars of the Roses,
38o-3
Epicureanism, 12
Epirus, despotat of, sz, 54
Erasmus, Desiderius, 478
Erskine, John, 455
Essex, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84-5
Estates General, 26o, 384; reforms of
Etienne Marcel, 386-8
estates of realm, idea of, 365
Este family, 233
F.tampes, 158
Ethelbert, king of Kent, 82, 84-5
Etienne Marcel, 386-8
Eton College, 468
Euclid, 58
Eugenius IV, pope, 415-16
Evesham, battle of, 271
Evreux, county of, 155
fabliaux, 455
fairs, 224-5; of Champagne, 114, 143; of
St. Giles at Winchester, 114-5; at
Bo~on, 225; at Lyons, 225
Falaise, castle, 253
family, importance of in feudal society,
II~
Fast~lf. John, 414
Fathers, Patristic, 15-16, u6, 137, 431,
433-4. 441
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt, 107
Felix V, pope, 415
Ferdinand ll, king of Leon, 195
Ferdinand III, king of Leon and Castile,
1¢
Vlll Index
Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon,
19(5, 477
Ferrara, 233, 397; Council of, 415; see
also Florence, Council of
feudal caste: education, 118; as soldiers,
118-19; manners and morals, 119-20;
religion, uo-1; status of women,
rzr-2; standard of living in early
Middle Ages, rz2; effects on of rise of
towns and commerce, 239, 242-3; civi-
lizing of in twelfth and thirteenth
centuries, 244-7; French nobles in fif-
teenth century, 291-2
feudal system: origins, 71, 105; develop-
ment, 1o6-o7; services, 107-rz; as a
system for keepin~ order, 114; distri-
bution of power m, 114-15; in Eng-
land, liS, 181-2; in Germany, 115-16;
extent, 116-17; effects on of rise of
towns and trade, 243
fidelity, 111
Fifteen ]o:ys of Marriage, 456
Firth of Forth, 83
Flagellants, 419
Flanders: county of, 159-00, 2zz, 256,
3lS, 333, 343-4; count of, 161, 163, 315
Fleury, monastery, 467
Florence, 233, 28o, 397; Council of, 415
Foix, count of, 310, 313, 391; county of,
312
Fontainbleau, forest of, 161
Fontevrault, nunnery, 142-3
Formigny, battle of, 359""61
Fortunatus, 68
France: Cluniac reform in, 129; under
the late Carolingian kings, 1s2-4;
Hugh Capet elected king, 154; feudal
princes of in tenth century, 157, 159""
61; nature of early feudal monarchy,
156-9; struggle with the Plantagenets,
249-54; establishment of baillis, 2S4;
attempts to curb nobles, 2 57; charters
of liberties given nobles, 257-8; devel-
opment of royal administration, 258-
6o; comparison of English and French
governments in early fourteenth cen-
tury, 287-8; dispute over succession to
throne, p6-8; military resources in
early fourteenth century, 328-9; rav-
alfed by Free Companies, 347; confu-
Sion under Charles VI, 348""9, 389; end
of English power in, 36o; government
under Phihp VI, 384-s; royal reve-
nues, 384-5; attempts by Etienne Mar-
cel to reform government, 386-8;
peasant revolt, 387-8; Cabochian re-
France (continued)
volt and reform plan, 389-90; struggle
of monarchy with princes, 391-s;
strength of monarchy at death of
Louis XI, 3¢
Franche-Comte, 344, 3¢; see also Bur-
gundy, Free County of
Francis of Assisi, St., 316-19
Franciscan Order, 310, 314, 317-zz, 420,
434
Fran~ois Villon, 456
Franconia, duchy of, 115, 164, 166, 169,
171
Frankish state. See Merovingian and
Carolingian
Franks, 2o-2, 25, 439; occupy northern
Gaul, zs; establish state in Gaul, 30
Frederick I, Bar'uarossa, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor, so,
214-15, 249, 277-81
Frederick II, King of Germany and
Holy Roman emperor, 270, 291, 298,
364, 401, 472; as crusader and k:ng of
Jerusalem, 199, 213, 217-18; reign,
283-6
Frederick In, king of Germany and
Holy Roman emperor, 394-5, 398, 477
Frederick of Hohenstaufen, duke of
Swabia, 171, 276
Frederick of Hohenzollem, margrave
of Brandenburg, 398
Free Archers, 363
Free Companies, 347, 362
Friars. See Austin friars, Carmelite Or-
der, Dominican Order, Franciscan
Order
Friends of God, 420
Frisia, 71
Fulda, monastery, 81, 467
Galen, s8, 436
Galilee, barony of, 2o8
Galilee, Sea of, 113
Garonne river, 90
Gascony, 161, 257, 324, 326-8, 333, 337,
344. 393· 395
Gatinais, 162
Gaul, 4, 1o-11, 13, 18-19, zs-6, zB-9
Gaveston, Peter, 367
Genoa, 191, 195, 397; given privileges in
Byzantine Empire, 51; fteet attacks
Moslems in Corsica, zoo, zz1; support
given Latin kingdom of Jerusalem,
211-12; develops trade with East,
221-2
gentry, 372-4
 Index
Geoffrey, count of Anjou, r8s~. 150
Geoffrey de Mandeville, r86
Geoffrey de Villehardouin, lord of
Achaia, 116
Geoffrey de Villehardouin, marshal of
Champagne, 44S
Geoffrey of Monmouth, History of the
Kings of Britain, 454, 4S7
Geoffrey Plantagenet, archbishop of
York, 191
Geoffrey Plantagenet, duke of Brittany,
153
George, duke of La Tremoille, 353
Gepidae, 10
Gerald, St., ros
Gerard of Cremona, s8
Gerard de Furnival, 119
Germans, 3, 438; in Roman army, 7, r8;
distribution in fourth century, 1o-1;
early civilization, 11-4
Germany, 151; Cluniac reform in, 119;
stem dukes, r64-s; Conrad of Fran-
conia elected king, r6s; relations be-
tween kings and church, r6s~. r6c;-
70; attempt of Henry III and
Henry IV to build centralized mon-
archy, 16c;-71; investiture contro-
versy, 17o-1; anarchy after death of
Henry V, 171-1; becomes feudal
monarchy under Frederick I, 177, 181;
Frederick II yields privileges. to
princes, 184-5; triumph of princes at
Frederick's death, 186; in late Middle
Ages, 397-8; establishment of Elec-
tors, 398; heresy in fourteenth cen-
tury, 417-18
Ghent, 111
Ghibellines, 133
Gibraltar, Straits of, 113
Gilles de Rais, 3H
Giraldus Cambrensis, 471
Godfrey de Bouillon, sr, wr, 1o3-o8
Godwin, earl of Wessex, 175
Golden Bull, 398
Golden Fleece, order of, 394
Golden Horde, conquers Russian states,
6o-l
Goliardic poetry, 447-8
Goslar, t7o-1, 177, 18o-1
Gothic architecture, 431, 436, 45~1
Goths, 1o-1; conversion, u
Gower, John, Confessio A1111111tis, 457
Granada, 196
Grandmont, monastery, 141
Gratian, 138, 168, 301; Decretals, 301
Great Council, 367, 36c;-7o
IX
Greece, 35, 47, 54, s8, r\)8-9
Greek language, ro, 34, 69, 81
Greenland, 91, r88, 190
Gregory I, the Great, pope, 84-5; Pas-
toral Care, 93, 449
Gregory VII, pope, 141, 148, 176, 100,
179; investiture controversy, rn-6,
161-1, 17<>--1
Gregory IX, pope. 314; Decretals, 189
Gregory XI, pope, 4o8, 411
Gregory XII, pope, 411-11
Gregory of Tours, History of the
Franks, 68, 444
Grenoble, 141
Guelfs, 133
Guienne, 161
Gui-Geoffrey, duke of Aquitaine, 193
guilds, 118-31; merchant, 118-9; craft,
111)-31
Guy de Lusignan, king of Jerusalem
and Cyprus, ur, 113-15
Hadrian's wall, 3"'4
Hanseatic League, 115
Harding, Stephen, abbot of Citeaux, 143
Harfleur, 350
Harold Bluetooth, king of Denmark,
r88
Harold, earl of Wessex and king of
England, 175-7
Harold Fairhair, king of Norway, 188
Harold, king of Norway, 176
Hastings, battle of, 176-7
Hastings, castle, 177
Hebrew, study of, 310
Hebrides islands, 91, 188, 190
Hellenistic civilization, ro, 57-8
Henry I, king of England, 117, 163, 181,
161-1, 164, 171, 175; reign, 184-5
Henry I, king of France, 155
Henry I, the Fowler, king of Germany,
165, 167
Henry II, king of Cyprus and Jerusa-
lem, 113
Henry II, king of England, 111, 111,
113, 171-3, 177, 18o, 198, 305, 309, 431,
471; plans crusade, 114-15; struggle
with kings of France, 149-51; reign,
161-?
Henry II, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 168-70
Henry III, king of England, 118, 157,
173, 175, 1¢, 314, 319, 369; reign,
17o-1; aid to pope, 185-6
Henry III, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 130, 169
X Index
Henry IV, king of England, 348-9,
377-9. 413-4
Henry IV, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 176; dispute with
Gregory VII, 134-5, r6z, zoo-or, 179;
reign, 17~1
Henry V, king of En~land, 358, 379,
381, 41%, 414; campargns in France,
349-52
Henry V, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 171, r8s, 276
Henry VI, king of England, 351-3, 359-
6o, 374, ncrSr
Henry VI, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, rgB--9, 252, z8o,
182-3, 290, 2g8
Henry VII, king of England, 381-3
Henry VII of Luxembourg, king of
Germany and Holy Roman emperor,
397
Henry Beaufon, bishop of Winchester,
413
Henry, count of Paris, 154
Henry, duke of Lancaster, 338
Henry of Burgundy, count of Porrugal,
194
Henry of Lausanne, 3o6-o7
Henry Percy, earl of Nonhumberland,
378
Henry, son of Emperor Frederick II,
285
Henry the Liberal, count of Cham-
pagne, 151
Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria and
Saxony, 277, 27cr8o, 181-3
Henry the Proud, duke of Bavaria, 176
Henry, the young king, eldest son of
Henry II of England, 111, 166, 431
Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, 36, 38, 41
Hereford, earldom of, 178
heresy, 18g, 304-16; in late Roman Em-
pire, r6; in Byzantine Empire, 37;
Manichaeans, 304-<lS; Cathari or Albi-
gensians, 296, 305-o6, 308, 417; Wal-
densians, 305, 307-<l8, 417-18; Brethren
of the Free Spirit, 418-20; Flagellants,
419; Wyclif and the Lollards, 411-4;
Hus and the Hussites, 4:4-8
hermits, in early church, 17; in eleventh
century, 140
Herod, king of Judea, 13
Hieria, Council of, 47
Hildeben of Lavardin, bishop of Le
Mans, 447-8, 467
Hildebrand, 133; see also Gregory VII,
pope
Hildebrandslied, 449
Hippocrates, 436
historians, mediaeval, 441-7
homage, rr 2; liege, 113
Honorius IV, pope, 402
Horace, 468
Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem,
knights of, 11~11, 114, 218, 236, 407
House of Commons, 370, 377
House of Lords, 368-70, 377, 424; as su-
preme coun, 371
houses, 462
Ruben Walter, archbishop of Canter-
bury, 293
Hugh III, king of Cyprus and Jerusa-
lem, 113
Hugh IX de Lusignan, count of La
Marche, 112, 253, 259
Hugh X de Lusignan, count of La
Marche, 270
Hugh Capet, king of France, 154-9. 161,
172, 255
Hugh, count of Vermandois, 201, 203-
04, 255
Hugh de Payen, zro
Hugh de Puiset, 163
Hugh of Aries, king of Italy, r67
Hugh of Avallon, St., bishop of Lin-
coln, 148
Humber river, 84
Humbert II, dauphin of Viennois, 396
Humphrey de Hauteville, 197
Humphrey, duke of Gloucester, 352,
358-9, 379
Hungary, 2o, 35, ss. scr6o. 78, 92, 396,
398; king of, 101
Huns, 22, 14-5; rout Alans, 22; rout Os-
trogoths, 24; attack Visigoths, 24; in-
vasion of Gaul, 26, 19
Hus, John, 411, 411, 425-7, 478
Hussites, 361, 411-u, 415, 416-8
Iceland, 92, r88, 190
lconium, so; sultanate of, p, 215; see
also Roum
iconoclastic controversy, 46-7
Idylls of the King, 147
lie de France, 97, 155
illumination, 463-4
Illyria, 4
immunity, 6s, roo
impeachment, 368, 371
indulgences, 139-40, 3oo-o1
lngeborg of Denmark, queen of France,
291-1, 195
 Index
Innocent III, pope, launches two cru-
sades, 216; intervenes in imperial elec-
tion, z8J-4; his reign as pope, 290-9;
measures against heresy, JIG-II, JIJ-
14, 317-18
Inquisition, JI4-I6, 417-18
Investiture Controversy, 132-5, I6I-z,
17()-1
Iona, monastery, 86
Ireland, 19, 267; sixth-century refuge of
scholars, 69; Scots from Ireland in-
vade west Scotland, 86; attacked by
Vikings, 92; conquered by English,
'90
Irene, Byzantine empress, 44-5, 47
lrnerius, 469
Isaac Angelus, Byzantine emperor, 51
Isaac Comnenus, emperor of Cyprus, 51
Isabella, queen of Castille, 477
Isabelle, daughter of Charles VI of
France, queen of England, 347
Isabelle of Angouleme, queen of Eng-
land, 270
Isabelle of France, queen of England,
326-7, 367
Isabelle, queen of Jerusalem, 217
Isis, cult of, 11
Italy, 4, 18, z6, z8, 47, 116, IJ4, 166, zJz,
z8o; invaded by Visigoths, zs, Osrro-
gothic kingdom in, zs-6; recovered
by Justinian, z6, J4; invaded by Lorn-
bards, z6, J4; Byzantine power in, J8;
conquered by Charlemagne, 45, 76;
conquered by Otto I, 45, 166-8; Nor-
mans in Apulia and Calabria, 197-8;
revival of commerce in, zz1-2; rise of
Italian communes, lJl-J; struggle of
Lombard League with emperors, 279-
So, z8s; in the fifteenth cenrury, J96-7
Ivan III, grand prince of Moscow, 61,
477
Jacques Coeur, 135, J90, 461
Jaffa, barony of, 108
James I, king of Aragon, 1¢
}arrow, monastery, 87, 89
Jean de Meung, Roman de Ia Rose, 456
Jean Froissart, 446
Jean Petit, 41J
Jeanne d'Arc, 354-7, J90, 456
Jeanne, queen of Navarre, 326
Jerome of Prague, 424-5, 427
Jerome, St., 15, 18
Jerusalem, J6, 197, zoo, 116-17; patriarch
of, 14; caprured by Arabs, J7; king of,
XI
Jerusalem (continued)
so; captured by First Crusade, 207;
taken by Saladin, 214
Jerusalem, Latin kingdom of, 116, 4J8;
founded, zo7-o8; institutions, zo8-1o
Jews, t2-13, zoz, 221; massacres of, zoz,
419; as moneylenders, ZJ7
Joachim of Flora, 420
Joanna II, queen of Naples, J97
John I, count of Montfort and duke of
Brittany, 33 z
John I, duke of Bourbon, JSG-1, 391
John I of Armagnac, J44
John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor,
50
John II, duke of Alen~on, 355
John II of Montfort, duke of Brittany,
J32, 34J
John II, the Good, king of France, 332,
337-4J, J8s-6
John XXIII, pope, 411-12, 426
John Balliol, 475
John Balliol, king of Scotland, 175
John de Brienne, king of Jerusalem,
116-17
John de Grailly, captal de Buch, J41,
J88
John de Grey, bishop of Norwich,
29J-4
John, duke of Bedford, 352--4, J57-<J, J79
John Giffard of Brimpsfield, JJO
John Gualbett, St., 140
John, king of England, 117, ''9• 1J6,
273, 184, JIG-II, JZ9; quarrel with
Hugh de Lusignan, 112, 253, 259; wars
with Philip Augustus, zsz-s; reign,
166-70; quarrels with Innocent III,
191-6
John, lord of Joinville, History of St.
Louis, 445
John of Clermont, marshal of France,
340
John of Dreux, duke of Brittany, 331
John of Ghent, duke of Lancaster, J44,
J48, J74-7. J80, 421
John of Jardun, 410
John of Luxembourg, J56-8
John of Luxembourg, king of Bohemia,
335. J98
John of Monte Corvino, archbishop of
Pekin, JZI
John of Salisbury, 303, 447-8, 465, 467
John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy,
349-52, 359. 389-90
judges delegate, 131, 1¢
judges itinerant, 184, 163-5
 Index
jury of presentment, 163
lury,petty, 165-6
JUstices of the peace, 371
Justinian, Roman emperor, 33--4, 38,
136; orders codification of Roman
law, 8; reconquers Italy, North Af-
rica, and southern Spain, 16, 33-4
J utes, 10, 31
Jutland, 10
Karak, barony of, 1o8
Kent, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 81, 84-5
Khazars, s9-6o
Kiev, 6o, 89; principality of, 6o-1
King's College, Cambridge, 468
Knaresborough, 103
knight: under Carolingians, 1os-o6; ed-
ucation, u8; as soldiers, 118-19; man-
ners and morals, 119-10; religion,
UD-1
La Ferte, monastery, 143, 145
Lagny-sur-Mame, 114-5
La Grande Chartreuse, monastery, 141
La Hogue, 333
Lancelot, story of, 431; see also Chre-
tien de Troyes
Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,
1)5, 148. 467
Langton, Stephen, archbishop of Can-
terbury, 168, 193-5, 301
Laon, 153, 133; cathedral school of, 467
La Reale, 347
Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 196
Lateran: Third Council of the, 3o8;
Fourth Council of the, 165, 313, 318,
311
Latin: language, 1o-11, 30, 34, 69, 81;
literature, 447-8
La Tour-Landry, knight of, no, 147
bw: Roman, 7-8, 6s, 136, 16o, 181,
437-8; Gettnanic, 6s; feudal, 107,
1o8-oc}; canon, us-6, 136, 189, 196;
English common, 164-5; customary,
437-8; teaching of, 469
Layamon, Brut, 457
learning: Byzantine, s6; Arab, 57-8, 434;
in Ireland, 69; in Carolingian empire,
81; in Anglo-Saxon England, 87-8;
see also economic ideas, historians,
law, philosophy, political thought,
schools, social ideas, theology, uni-
versities
Lechfeld, battle of the, 165
legates, papal, 1 3o-1, 1¢-7
Legnano, battle of, 179--Bo
Leicester, earldom of, 312
Le Mans, 191
Leo Ill, the !saurian, Byzantine em-
peror, 38, 41, 45-7
Leo V, Byzantine emperor, 47
Leo VI, Byzantine emperor, 40
Leon, kingdom of, 193-6
Leonardo da Vinci, 478
Leopold II, duke of Austria, 399
Le Petit ]ehan de Saintre, 456
Lerida, 194-5
Les Cent Nouvelles, 456
Lewes, castle, 177
Liege, bishop of, 394
Lille, 221
Limoges, 141
Limousin, 314, 338
Lindisfame, monastery, 86, 89
Lionel, duke of Clarence, 348, 378
Lisbon, 194
literature: Latin, 447-8; Anglo-Saxon,
448-9; German, 449; Scandinavian,
449; French, 45o-6; Italian, 45(>...7;
English, 457-8
livery and maintenance, 371-3
Loches, castle, 153
Loire river, 89-90, ¢, 153, 16o, 113,
338-9. 353
Lollards, 42}-4
Lombard League, 179-Bo, 185-6
Lombards, 10, 28, 63, 71-z; enter Italy,
16, 34; threaten papacy, 74-5; de-
feated by Pepin, 75; conquered by
Charlemagne, 76
Lombardy, 134, 167-8, 132-3, 179-Bo,
186, 305, 309
London, 113, 115, 168, 341, 343, 376, 421;
Tower of, 186, 135, 381; White
Tower in, 461
longbow, 329
Lords Appellant, 377
Lords Ordainers, 367, 377
Lorraine, duchy of, 115, 164, 167, 394-S
Lot, Ferdinand, 335
Lothaire, king of Italy and emperor, 91,
104, 167
Lothaire, king of Lorraine and Bur-
gundy, 91
Lothaire, king of the West Franks, 154
Lothaire of Supplinburg, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor,
171-1, 149, 17(>...7
Louis I, duke of Anjou, 341-3, 345, 348
Louis III, count of Flanders, 343--4
Louis Ill, duke of Anjou, 353--4, 397
 Index
Louis Ill, of Wittelsbach, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor, 331,
397-8, 410
Louis V, king of the West Franks, 154
Louis VI, king of France, 161-3, 184,
149. zss
Louis VII, king of France, ztZ-13, z4or
so, zss, z6z, z66, 451, 471
Louis VIII, king of France, 255, 313,445
Louis IX, St. Louis, king of France, 136,
z6o, z86, z¢, 314, 311, 314, 364, 401,
403; as a crusader, 199, z t8; reign,
zss-8
Louis X, king of France, 316, 337
Louis XI, king of France, 363, 380, 382,
391-6, 416, 446, 477
Louis XII, duke of Orleans and king of
France, 392
Louis, duke of Bourbon, 346-8, 389
Louis, duke of Orleans, 34~, 351, 354,
389, 413
Louis the Child, king of the East
Franks, 165
Louis the German, king of the East
Franks, 9'· 104
Louis the Pious, king of the Franks and
emperor, 90-1, 104
Lund, archbishopric of, 189
Luther, Martin, 411, 423, 427, 478
Lutterworth, 421, 423
Luxeuil, monastery, 69
Lyons, 225, 307, 3¢, 405, 417; Council
of, 319
Macedonia, s8
Machiavelli, Niccolo, 478
Magdeburg, archbishopric of, t66
Magna Carta, 158, 26<r-7o, 173
Magnus Billung, 166, t68
Magyars, 35, 44, sor6o. 92-3, 164-6
Maine, county of, 154, t6o, 157, 314,
341-2; conquered by Philip Augustus,
153
Majorca, t¢
Malory, Sir Thomas, Morte d' Arthur,
455
Malta, 119
Mamelukes, 6t
Man, Isle of, 91, 190
Manfred, king of Sicily, 199, z86
Mantua, 397
Manuel I Comnenus, Byzantine em-
peror, so-t
Manzikert, battle of, 49
Map, Walter, archdeacon of Oxford,
146,447
xili
Marcommani, zo
Margaret Beaufort, 381
Margaret of Anjou, queen of England,
38o-t
Margaret of Flanders, duchess of Bur-
gundy, 343-4
Margaret of York, duchess of Bur-
gundy, 394
Margaret, queen of Scotland, 175
Marie, countess of Champagne, 151,
451-1, 454
Marie de France, 455; Lais, 455
Marmora, Sea of, 36, 38
marriage, too, 111, 441; in Merovingian
state, 6s; in feudal caste, 146
Marseilles, 111-3
Marsh, Adam, 310
Marshal, William, 111, 111, 225, 145-6,
1¢,440,445
Marsilio of Padua, 4oorto, 414; De-
fensor Pacis, 4oorto
Martin IV, pope, 401
Martin V, pope, 413
Mary Magdalene, cult of, 141, 144
Mary of Burgundy, 395, 398
Matilda, Holy Roman empress and
countess of Anjou, 185-6, 149, z61
Maurice, Byzantine emperor, 34, 40
Maximilian of Hapsburg, 395, 398
Meaux, 388; county of, t6o
Mecca, 36
Medici family, 133, 137-8, 301, 397
medicine, 436; medical school at Sa-
lerno, 469
Medina, 36
Meran, duke of, 191
merchants, z 3o-z
Mercia, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 83-4,
91-1
Merovingian state, 63; government,
64-6; relations with Church, 6s-6; so-
cial structur~. 67; culture, 68; monas-
ticism in, ~; decline of, 69; army,
70
Merton College, Oxford, 474
Messina, us
Methodius, St., s8
Michael III, Byzantine emperor, 48
Michael VII, Byzantine emperor, zoo
Michael VIII Palaeologus, Byzantine
emperor, 54
Michelangelo, 478
Milan, 179, 397, 461
ministeriales, 116, t6or7o
Minnesingers, 451
xiv Index
Minorca, r¢
minstrels, 119
Mirabeau, castle, 153
missi dominici, 79-80, 153
Mithras, cult of, 11
Modena, 397
Mohammed, 36-7
Mohammed II, Ottoman sultan, 55
monarchy: Hellenistic, 13, 41, 437; Ger-
manic, 13, 63; feudal, 155--9; mediaeval
theory of, 437
monarchy, absolute, attempt of Rich-
ard II to establish it, 377-8
monastic annals, 148, 443
monasticism: beginnings of, 17-18; in
Byzantine Empire, 46-8; in Merovin-
gian state, 68--9; the Benedictine rule,
71-3; in tenth centurv, 114, n8; the
Cluniac refonn, rz8--<}; new orders in
eleventh and twelfth centuries,
14<>-7; services to church and society,
147--9
money, 135--6
Mongols, 42, 6<>-r, 118, 321
monophysite heresy, 37
Montauban, 312
Monte Cassino, monastery;71
Montfort-l'Amaury, barony of, 311
Montmorency, lord of, I 58, 163
Montpellier, 312, 343
Mont-St.-Michel, 16o
Morcar, earl of Northumbria, 176-7
More, Thomas, 466, 478
Morimond, monastery, I43, 145
Morocco, 4, go · Odo, duke of Burgundy, 211
Mortain, county of, 155
Moscow, princes of, 61
Moselle river, 123
Moslems: possessions in \Vest in A.D.
rooo, I91; fall of caliphate of Cor-
dova, 193; wars with Christians in
Spain, I94--6; see also Arabs
Murad I, Ottoman sultan, 54
Muret, battle of, 312
mystery religions, 11-11
mysticism, 41<)-11
Nancy, 395
Nantes, go, 16o
Naples, kingdom of, 397; university of,
471
Narbonne, zu, 234, 338; duchy of, 3I1
Narses, B
nationalism, 365--6
Navarre, kingdom of, 191, 193--6, 337
Nazareth, 1 I7
Neoplatonism, 6, 11, 15, 17, 303, 41<)-lO,
431-2
Nestorian heresy, 37
Neustria, Frankish kingdom, 64, 6g, 71
Nevers, county of, 343
Newcastle upon Tyne, 4
New College, Oxford, 468, 473
Nibelungenlied, 449
Nicaea, so, 204; Council of, I6; empire
of, 51, 54
Nicholas IV, pope, 402
Nicholas V, pope, 4I5-16
Nidaros, archbishopric of, IS9
Nineveh, battle of, 36
Noinnoutier, island, 8g-go
nominalists, 43 I-1
Norbert, founder of Premonstratensian
order, 147
Norfolk, earls of, 162
Normandy: founded by Rollo, 9I;
duchy of, 102, I6o, 257, 266, 3 I 2, 324,
338, 34I-z, 393; dukes of, 156-7, 161;
conquest by Philip Augustus, 253
N orthmen: territories held at height of
power, I88; conversion, I88--<); insti-
tutions, I8g-go
North Sea, 4
Norrhumbria, 82, 84, 86, 9'
Norway, 89, rSg-go, 198
Nottingham, judges at, 377
Novgorod, 59, 89
Noyon, 233
Oder, river, 20, 166
Odo, king of the West Franks, 153
Otfa, king of Mercia, 84
Otfa's Dyke, 84
Olaf the Tax-gatherer, king of Sweden,
r88
Olaf Trygvesson, king of Norway, 188
Oldcastle, John, Lord Cobham, 424
Oler6n, island, 324
Oman, Sir Charles, 335
Omayyad caliphate. 44
Oporto, I94
ordeal, I 74, 263--6
Orderic Vitalis, 1/istoria Ecclesiastic-a,
148, 443-4
Origen, 15
Orkhan, Ottoman sultan, 54
Orkney Islands, 92, r88, I go
Orleans, go, IS3-4; siege of, 354--6
Orosi us, 445, 449
Osman, Turkish chieftain, 54
 Index
Ostrogoths, 11--4, 63, 438; conversion,
21; establish state in Italy, 25-6; con-
quered by Justinian, 26, 34
Oswald, king of Northumbria, 83-6
Oswy. king of Northumbria, 83--4, 86
Orto I, the Great, king of Germany and
Holy Roman emperor, 45, 93, 165-9,
281; crowned emperor, 167
Orto II, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 45, 168
Otto III, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 45, 168
Otto IV, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 253--4, 267, 283--4,
291-3
Otto of \Vittelsbach, duke of Bavaria,
280
Ottoman Turks, 35, 318; establish them-
selves in Byzantine Empire, 54; con-
quer Byzantine Empire, 55
Ovid, 468; Ars Amor1s, 451, 464
Owen Glendower, 378
Owen Tudor, 381
Oxford, 273; university of, 320, 422-3,
469, 472~ beginnings of, 471, 473
Pachomius, St., 17-18
Padua, university of, 472
painting, mural, 464
Palermo, 198
Palestine, 4, n. 37, ss. 191, 204, 2o8, 252
pallium, 131
Pampeluna, 191
papacy: in tenth century, 124; reform
of, 130; development of curia, z¢-
302; papal chancery, 297; revenues,
297-302; financial administration, 301-
o2; at Avignon, 405-{)8, 417; Great
Schism, 408-15, 417
Paris, 90, 153-4, 158, 223, zz6, 342, 349,
385, 387; lie de Ia cite, zz6, 231, 234,
470; Bastille, 235; Louvre, 235; uni-
versity of, 268, 290, 357, 409, 435, 448,
469, 47<>-1, 472; Treaty of, 324; cathe-
dral school of, 467, 470
Paris, Matthew, 444
parish clergy, 125
parlement of Paris, 258-9, 287, 324, 328,
344. 384
Parliament, 366, 368, 372, 375, 378, 3So,
383; beginnings of, 273-5; develop-
ment of under Edward III, 368-71;
franchise for elections, 374; gains un-
der house of Lancaster, 378-9
Parliament, Model, 274
Pascal II, pope, 133
XV
Patrimony of St. Peter, 124, 4o8;
founded by Pepin's gift, 75; part
seized by Frederick I, 280, 290; re-
gained by Innocent III, 297-8
Paul, St., 17
Paul the Deacon, 81
Paulinus, 8s
Pavia, 76; Council of, 415
Peace of God, 193, 244
peasants: economic position in early
Middle Ages, 98-9, 101-{)2; legal sta-
tus in early Middle Ages, JOO-{)I; po-
sition improved by reclamation move-
ment, 104; in Norman England, 181-
2; effect on of rise of towns and
trade, 24o-2
peasant revolts: in France, 341, 387-8;
in England, 348, 375-6
peerage, hereditary, 369
Penda, king of Mercia, 84-6
Pepin, duke and king of the Franks,
71-8, 105, 164
Pepin of Heristal, duke of the Franks,
6c}
Pepin of Landen, duke of the Franks, 6c}
Pepin, son of Charlemagne, 76, 78
Pepo, 469
Perigeux, 307
Perigord, 324, 338
Peronne, 394
Persia, 11, 37, 304
Persians, n. 36-7
Petchenegs, 44, so, 6o
Peter II, king of Aragon, 1¢, 312-13
Peter III, king of Aragon and Sicily,
199,401
Peter Damian, St., 14o-1
Peter de Castelnau, 310, 314
Peter des Roches, bishop of Winches-
ter, 293
Peter Lombard, 138, 268, 289, 302-{)};
Sentences, 302, 474
Peter, lord of Beaujeu, 395
Peter of Bruys, 3~
Peter of Dreux, duke of Brittany, 217-
18, 2¢,471
Peter of Pisa, 81
Peter, son of King Louis VI of France,
255
Peter the Hermit, :o2-o3
Peterborough, monastery, 181
Peter's Pence, 298
Petrarch, Francesco, 45~7
Pevensea, castle, 177
Philip I, king of France, 134, 159, 161-2,
255
XVI Index
Philip II, Augustus, king of France, 149,
277, 184, 471; on Third Crusade, 114-
16, 11)8; reign, 251-6, 258-6o; contest
with john of England, 252-4, 266-7,
294-5; quarrel with Innocent Ill,
191-1; relations with Albigensian Cru-
sade, 31o-13
Philip III, king of France, 255, 157, 401-
02
Philip IV, the Handsome, king of
France, 326, 364, 386; reign, 257,
16o-1, 383-4; quarrel with papacy,
402-<17
Philip V, king of France, 326
Philip VI, count of Valois and king of
France, 326-7, 332-5, 337, 384-5
Philip, count of Evreux, 326
Philip, duke of Orleans, 340, 385
Philip of Alsace, count of Flanders,
251-1, 254
Philip of Hohenstaufen, king of Ger-
many, 183-4. 291
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy,
34o-l, 343-4. 348-<), 389
Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy,
352-3, ]56, 358-9. 362, 391-4, 455-6
Philippe de Comines, 446
Philippe de Novarre, 465
philosophy, 3o2-o3, 320, 43o-3
Phocas, Byzantine emperor, 36
Pico della Mirandola, 478
Pipe Roll, 185
Pisa, 51, 191, 195, 200, 221-2; leaning
tower of, 233; Council of, 411, 426
Plato, 15, 303, 431
poetry: Anglo-Saxon, 88; troubadour,
45o-1; narrative, 452-5; lyric in fif-
teenth-century France, 456
pogroms, 202
Poissy, 333
Poitiers, 90, 161, 150; battle of, nc;r-44,
350, 385-6
Poitou, county of, 255-7, 314, 324
Poland, 20, 198
political thought, 4oc;r-1o, 436-7, 447
Ponthieu, county of, 333, 341
Pontigny, monastery, 143, 145
pope, 45, 59, 75, 270; threatened by
Lombards, 74; recognizes Robert
Guiscard as duke of Apulia, 197; con-
test with Philip IV, 26o, 402-o5; with
Frederick I, nc;r8o; with Henry VI,
182-3; with Frederick II, 185-6, 401;
with councils, 411-17
Poniuncula, church of, 317
Ponugal, 193, 1¢, 295; county, 194;
kingdom, 194
poveny, a vinue, 303-<14, 317
Pragmatic Sanction: of Bourges, 416; of
Mainz, 416
Prague, 426; university of, 424-5
Premonstratensian order, 147
price, just, 136-7, 441
princes, of Germany, 168-<), 176-7,
284-5
Priscian, 467
Provence, county of, 213, 312, 395-6,417
Provins, 214; county of, 16o
Prussia, 118-19
Pseudo-lsidorean Decretals, 126, 137
Ptolemy, 58
Public \Veal, League of, 393
Puiset, lord of, 158
punishments, 438
Pvle, Howard, 455
P)·renees mountains, 25, 70, 79, 16o, 191,
250, 324
quadrivium, 466-7
quia emptores, statute of, 272
Ravenna, 26, 34, 39, 74-5; exarch of, 18,
74
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, 3oc;r
II, 313
Raymond, VII, count of Toulouse, 255,
313-14
Raymond-Berenger III, count of Barce-
lona, 195
Raymond-Berenger IV, count of Barce-
lona and king of Aragon, 195
Raymond, count of Tripoli, 214
Raymond de Penafon, 311
Raymond of Aquitaine, prince of Anti-
och, 213, 150
Raymond of St. Gilles, count of Tou-
louse, 193, 201, 103, 205, 107
Raymond Roger, viscount of Beziers,
31o-12
Realists, 431-z
Reims, 81, 93, 141, 307, 356; archbishop
of, 154, 156
Remi, archbishop of Reims, z8-9, 66
Renaissance of the twelfth centurv, 448
Rene the Good, duke of Anjou', 380,
39'· 393. 395-7
Rennes, forest of, 103
Rhine river, •c;r-11, 19, 64, 93, 153, 213
Rhodes, island of, 118
Rhone river, 29, 64, 90, 91, 16o, 113, 394
 Index
Richard I, the Lionhearted, king of Eng-
land, 272, 327; on Third Crusade, 115-
16, 113, 11}6; reign, 1~7; support to
Henry the Lion and Otto, 182-3, 191-
2; as a poet, 451
Richard II, duke of Nonnandy, 175
Richard II, king of England, 347-8, 374-
8, 422-4
Richard III, king of England, 381-2, 477
Richard, duke of York, 379-81
Richard, earl of Cambridge, 379
Richard, earl of Cornwall, 118, 436
Richard fitz Neal, 446
Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, 381
Richmond, castle, 178
Rievaulx, monastery, 143
Rigord, 445
Ripon, monastery, 87
Robert II, king of France, 255
Robert, abbot of Molesme, founder of
Citeaux, 143
Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, 275-6
Robert, count of Artois, 255
Robert, count of Dreux, 255
Robert, count of Flanders, 201, 203
Robert de Arbrissel, 141
Robert de Baudricourt, captain of Vau-
couleurs, 353-5
Robert de Sorbon, 474
Robert, duke of Nonnandy, 120, 182-4,
201-{)3, 205-{)7
Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln,
225, 32o-l, 448
Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, so-1,
197-8, 200, 203
Robert the Strong, ancestor of the
Ca petians, 1 53
Robin Hood, 440
Rochester castle, 376
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, the Cid, 194-5
Roger I de Hauteville, count of Sicily,
197-8. 200-{)1, 279
Roger II de Hauteville, king of Sicily,
I \)8-<}, 2 12
Roger de Clifford, 120
Roger de Tony, 193
Roger, duke of Apulia, 198, 201
Roger Mortimer, 326-7, 367
Roger of Montgomery, earl of Shrews-
bury, 178
Roger of Poitou, lord of Lancaster, 178
Roger of Wendover, 444
Rollo, Viking leader, 91, 100
Romagna, 168
Roman Empire: reorganized bv Diocle-
tian, 3; extent of in fourth' century,
xvii
Roman Empire (continued)
3-4; organization, 4; government, 4-6;
anny, 7; law, 7-8; economic condi-
tion, 8--<); social structure, 9-10; cul-
ture, 1o-1 1; religion, 11-18; destruc-
tion of western part, 26--<)
Romanesque architecture, 430, 459
Romanus II, Byzantine emperor, 45
Romanus IV, Byzantine emperor, 49,
100
Rome, 6, 9, 45, 74, 124, 197, 4o8; sacked
by Visigoths, 25; sacked by Vandals,
28; burned by Moslems, 91
Rome, bishop of, 28; see also pope
Rome, patriarch of, 14; see also pope
Romuald, St., 140
Romulus Augustus, Roman emperor, 33
Roscelin of Compiegne, 431
Rouen, 91, 113, 226, 337; Tower of, 226
Roum, sultan, of, 104, 215; see also
Iconium
Rudolf I, king of Burgundy, 167
Rudolf II, king of Burgundy, 167
Rudolph of Hapsburg, king of Ger-
many and Holy Roman emperor, 286,
397
Runnymede, 268
Russia, 35; occupied by Vikings, 59, oo;
relations with Byzantine Empire, 6o-
l; conquered by Mongols, 6o-1
sacraments, n6, 138-40
Saffaria, 214
Sagas, 449
St. Albans, monastery, 444
St. Alexis, story of, 307
St. Benoit-sur-Loire, monastery, 124
St. Denis, monastery, 162, 226
St. Genevieve, monastery, 116, 234, 470
St. Germain des Pres, monastery, 162,
226, 234
St. Martin of Tours, monastery, 81, 467
St. Ouen, monastery, 226
St. Quentin, 2 33
St. Victor of Paris, order of, 146
Saladin, 213-14, 116
Salerno, medical school of, 469
Salic Law, 326-8
Salisbury, earl of, 335
Sancerre, county of, 100
Sancho Ramirez, king of Aragon and
Navarre, 193-4
Santa Sophia, church of, 34
Sa one river, 64, 2 2 3
Saragossa, 195
Sarai, 61
xviii Index
Sardinia, 45, 92, 191
Saxons, 10, 31
Saxony, 73, 93; panly conquered by
Charles Mane!, 71-1; conquered by
Charlemagne, 76-8; duchy of, 101,
11\4, 166, 168-9, 171, 176, 180, 396
Schism, the Great, 408-15, 417
schools: Roman, 68, 466; Carolingian,
81, 467; Italian lay schools, 466; ca-
thedral and monastic, 466-8; grammar,
468
Sciara colonna, 404
science, po, 433~
Scotland, 177, 190, 16z, 167; king of,
190, 166; conquered by Edward I,
275, 329; freed by Roben Bruce,
275~
sculpture, 459, 463
scutage, 161
seignorial system, 11\4; origins, 98-9; na-
ture in early Middle Ages, 1)9-IOI; ex-
tent, 102; in Norman England, 18e>-1
Seine river, 91, 223, 333
Seljuq ibn Takah, 49
Seljuq Turks, sz; conquer Abbasid cali-
phate, 49, zoo; defeat Byzantine em-
peror at Manzikert, 49, zoo
Serbia, 5 ', 58
serfs: origin, 100; legal status, 100; eco-
nomic position, IOI-oz; emancipation
of, 241>-1
Severn river, 31
Seville, 90, •96
sexual ethics, 441-1
Sforza family, 397
Shakespeare, William, 414
Shaw, Bernard, 358
Shetland Islands, 92, 188, 190
Shrewsbury: earldom of, 178; earl of,
36o
Sicilian Vespers, 199
Sicily, z6, 34, 45, 58, 92, u6, 252, 27o;
conquered by Moslems, 92, 197
Sicily, Norman kingdom of: conquered
by Roger I, 197-8; height under
Roger II, 198-9; institutions, 198-9;
ruled by Hohenstaufens, 199, 282-3,
291; conquered by Charles of Anjou,
199; conquered by James III of Am-
gon, 199
Sidon, barony of, zo8
Siena, 397
Sigismund, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 361, 398, 411-11,
427-8
silver mines, 171
Simon IV de Montfon, count of Tou-
louse, 1¢, 311-13
Simon V de Montfon, earl of Leicester,
271, 173
Simon Caboche, 389-90
Simon the Stylite, St., 17
simony, 132
Sir Gawayne tmd the Grene Knight, 457
Slavs, u, 35; enter Byzantine Empire,
36; conversion of, 58; state of in ninth
century, 58-9; Slavs of Russia con-
quered by Varangians, 6o; attacked
by Charlemagne, 78; pressed back by
Germans in twelfth century, 104;
con9uered by Otto I, 166
social 1deas, 439-42
Solway Finh, 83
Somme river, 333-34
Song of Roland, 79, 452-3
Sorbonne College, 474
Southampton, 225
Spain, 4, 10, 58; conquered by Visigoths,
25; conquered by Moslems, 70, 191; in
eleventh century, 191-3; institutions,
1¢
Stamford bridge, battle of, 176
Spanish March, 191; see also Barcelona,
March of
Stanley, Lord, 382
Staple, Company of the, 238
Statute of Laborers, 375
Statute of Praemunire, 408
Statute of Provisoes, 4o8
statutes, 265, 379
stem dukes, 11\4
Stephen, count of Blois, 201, 203, 211
Stephen, king of England, 185~, 249,
261, z66
Stephen of Bourbon, 447
Stephen, St., 141
Stilicho, 25-6
Stirling castle, 276
Stoicism, 11
Strathclyde, kingdom of, 31
Suevi, 20
Suger, abbot of St. Denis, 143, 162
Sulayman, sultan of Nicaea, 49
Sulayman the Magnificent, Ottoman
sultan, 218
sumptuary laws, 239
Sussex, Anglo-Saxon kingdom, 84
Swabia, duchy of, 164, 167, 169, 276-7,
z8o
Sweden, 89, 189-90, 298
Swcin, king of Denmark, 172
 Index
Swiss: defeat of Charles the Reckless,
361, 394-5; establishment of Confed-
eration, 399
Switzerland, 361
Sylvester, pope, 126
syntheses, of mediaeval civilization,
43o-1
Syria, 4, 33-4, 3C>-7, 55, 191, :o8, 317
tallage, roo, u8
Tamworth, 83
Tancred, king of Sicily, z8z
Tancred, prince of Antioch, 103, 207
tapestries, 463-4
Tauler, Johannes, 41o-1
taxation: in England, 267, 173-4, 375;
papal, 298-3oo; in France, 384-5, 390
technology, 436
Temple, Knights of, zro-11, 114, 218,
136, 158, 301; suppression, 40{>-o7
Temple of Solomon, 207, zr6
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 455
Teutonic knights, 6r, 210, zr8-r9, 341
Thames river, 84, 90, :68
Thanet, isle of, 90
Theodore Lascaris, 51
Theodore of Tarsus, archbishop of
Canterbury, 87
Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, :6,
30, 71
Theodosius I, Roman emperor, 25
Theodosius II, Roman emperor, 8
theology: development of in patristic
period, 15-17; systematization in
twelfth century, 136--8
Theophano, Holy Roman empress, 45
Thessalonica, 38, 44; kingdom of, 52, 54
Thcuderich IV, king of the Franks, 74
Thibaut IV, count of Blois, r63, r85-6
Thibaut IV, count of Champagne and
king of Navarre, 117-18, 451
Thibaut V, count of Blois, 251
Thomas Aquinas, 320, 432, 434, 442, 478;
Summa Theologica, 189, 320, 430, 478
Thomas de Marly, r63
Thomas, earl of Lancaster, 367
Thuringia, 71-3, 93, r66
Tiberias, battle of, 213-14
Timur the Lame, Mongol khan, 54
Toledo, 194
Tostig, elder brother of King Harold of
England, 176
Toulouse, 311-13; counts of, 157, r6r;
county of, r6o, zp, 156, 312-14, 338;
university of, 471
XIX
Touraine, 113, 154, r6o, 250, 341; con-
quered by Philip Augustus, 153
tournaments, 245-6
Tournay, 19
Tours, 90, 153, 307
Towns: lack of in early Middle Ages,
u6; rise of Italian towns, ur, 232-3;
rise of Flemish towns, 122; develop-
ment of in northern Europe, 226;
privileges of, 127-8; communes, 132-4;
physical appearance of, 134-5; Italian
communes struggle with emperor,
279-80; of Germany, 284
Toynbce, Arnold, 124, 133
Trebizond, empire of, 51-1, 54
Trent, Council of, 416
Tripoli, 4; county of, 207--i>B, zro-11
trivium, 46C>-7 ·
troubadour movement, 141, 450
trouveres, 453-5
Troyes, 224, 451; county of, r6o; treaty
of, 351-3, 366
Truce of God, 193, 244
Tunis, 4, 317
Tuscany, r68, u:, 233, :So, 305, 309,
397
Tyler, Wat, 376
T)·re, 207--i>S
Ukraine, zo
Ulfila, St., 11
Ulm, 225
Untmt Sancttmt, 404
universities, 468-76; beginnings of, 46<)-
72; privileges, 472-~; requirements,
473-4; graces, 474; colleges, 474-5;
students, 475
Upsala, archbishopric of, 189
Urban II, pope, 200-i>2
Urban VI, pope, 408-i>9
usury, 23C>-7. 442
Valencia, 194-6
Valens, Roman emperor, 14-5
Valla, Lorenzo, 416
Valois, county of, 255
Vandals, zo, 25, 29, 63; in Spain, 15;
establish kingdom in North Africa,
25; conquered by Justinian, 26, 33
Varangians: establish state in Russia, 6o;
relations with Byzantine Empire, 6o;
converted, 6o
Vasco da Gama, 477-8
vassi dominici, 71, 78--<;1, roo, 105, 164
Venetian galleys, 223, 225
XX Index
Venice, 26, 39, 45, 51, 1«)8, 222, 233, 237,
397; obtains commercial privileges in
Byzantine empire, so; diverts Fourth
Crusade to Constantinople, sz; trade
with Constantinople in ninth century,
221
Vergil, 468
Verona, Council of, 314
Vezelay, monastery, 142
Vikings, 153, 164; occupy Russia, S9""
6o, 89; raid England, 89; raid France,
90; conquer eastern England, 91-2;
invade Ireland, 92; occupy isles, 92;
visit North America, 92; their posses-
sions at height of power, I88
villages: among early Germans, 23-4;
in Merovingian state, 67; geographical
distribution, 96; economic and social
organization, 97-8
Visconti family, 397
Visigoths, 19, 34, 63, 438; conversion of,
2I; enter Roman Empire, 14; invade
Italy and Gaul, 2s; establish kingdom
in Spain and southern Gaul, 2s;
driven from Gaul, 29; conquered by
Arabs, 70
Vladimir, prince of Kiev, 6o
Vortigern, 30
Vulgate, the, 434
Wakefield, battle of, 38o
Waldo, Peter, 307--i>S, 3 I 7
Wales, 3I, 84, I77, I9Q, 261, 167; con-
quest by Edward I, 27s, 329; rises
under Owen Glendower, 378; folk-
lore of, 4S4-S
Wallace, William, 17s, 330
Walter of Henley, 446
Walter of Merton, bishop of Rochester,
474
Walter Sansavoir, zoz
Wars of the Roses, 38o-3
Wash, The, 82
Waterford, 92
Wearmouth, monastery, 87
weavers, Flemish, in England, 376
Welf VI, lord of Tuscany and Spoleto,
271}-8o
Wenceslas, king of Germany and Holy
Roman emperor, 3«)8, 411, 424. 426-7
Weser river, 76, 78
West Frankish state. See France
Westphalia, z8o
West Saxons, kingdom of, 84
Wexford, 92
Whitby, synod of, 86-7
Wilfred, abbot of Ripon, 86-7
Wiiliam I, the Conqueror, king of Eng-
land, I34, I47, I6I, 17s-84, 161
William I, king of Sicily, 279-80
William II, king of Sicily, 28o, :82
William II, Rufus, king of England, I 20,
I82-4
William IX, duke of Aquitaine, I42,
112, 2SO, 4Siri
William, archbishop of Tyre, 44S
William de Hauteville, 197
William de Nogaret, 404-o6
William de Villehardouin, lord of
Achaia, 2I6
William, duke of Apulia, IC)S
William, duke of Aquitaine, 128
William of Blois, archbishop of Reims,
lSI
William of Champeaux, 432, 470
William of Ockham, 310, 410, 431
William of Wykeham, bishop of Win-
chester, 468, 473
William, son of Henry I of England,
I8S
Winchester: castle, I84-s, 235; bishop
of, 114
Winchester College, 468,473
wine trade, 223
Witangemot, I7J, I75-6, I8o
women, status of: in feudal society,
12I-z; improvement in eleventh cen-
tury, I4l, 146-7
wool: growing, 212-3; trade in, 222, us,
238, J2S
woolens: manufacture of, 222, 138;
trade in, 238
Wulfere, king of Mercia, 84
Wyclif, John, 4o8, 421-3, 42s-7
yeomen, 374
Yolande of Aragon, duchess of Anjou,
353
York, 8z
Ypres, uz
Zeno, Roman emperor, 33
Zoroastrianism, 304
 A Note
ON THE TYPE IN WHICH THIS BOOK IS SET

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