ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bom in Sep. 1942, Cap H. Subramaniam was educated in the Lawrance Schoo), Lovedae, one ofthe best schools in Inca, He passed cu ot the FS. Dutfonn in 1060 Winning several prizes ineuoing Runnor-p for the Presidents Gold Medal, Hothen covedatora unl Aug 1068 hon he ookto teaching athe LBS. Nautical & Engg. Colege. Gamba. In Des 1880, he look overcharge asthe Pncolof ie sare calage fn 2 Nov 1891, he was tanfered to command the TS. Rajendra Teer whien conducted twee year 8.50, (Natteal Senses) depres & courses under Bombay’ Livery, for prosea eae, In taly 1092, ho dda tnt of four months in command of a tlk camer from ingiato Japan Australia ad back to prove ohne ha ho "Pracices what he eaches: Aug 1988, hewasin charge ne transicr of raming Tom ES. hefner to 8 new shore bese rautal academy Caled TS, Charakya, Having estabishea ts Cchanalya, he agan took over charge aso Pancpel of he LBS Galego, hay 1098, bytononamod LB S.Collge ofAdvancec aime Sluies& Research’ Ho has thus been associated wha the four greet neuical ene tisituons in Indian Nistor “he was a cadet on TS, Dufern te loc Copan Superttencentof TS Rojena, th frst Captan Supentendent of TS, Ghanekye' and Brncal of U8 Cologe He rated from Govt sertca on Soin September 2002 after 34 glrs years Including 2 oars as head of manne traning inttulons, He then sailed comand aganlorsixmonthetosaisy tse the nos aso apractiang Master &naxmoreya teachor. Heie now anaubcalonsuientin Mumba! His ochevementatistncions include « Extrantstercerificate UI) + Examiner of Masters and Matos sinco 1977; + Momber ofthe Exta Masters Examination Boar ofindia shoes inception i; + Nautical assessorinatormalinvestgaion nioamajr ship cliion + Leaderofthe indian delegationt the IMO on to occasions * Overal moderatorfor Nauical Slences degree exams ofBombay Unversity; CChiefxaminer of Extra Masters: Chairman of the committee on HRD for Inland Water Transport, Govt. of india Member of the Executive Commitee governing the Indian Institute of Port Management at Kolkata; *» Chairman of the Northem Academic Council of the Gov, of India for the inspection of ‘maritime training institutes ‘Title of Principal Emeritus’ of LBS College on retirement; Man of the year Award’ in 2001 by Sailor Today magazine for his ‘Canception and Implementation ofINDos’ Lifetime AchievementAward’ in 2002by Marine World magazine; Literary Distinction Award’ by Marex Bullelinin 2006; Lifetime contribution to Maritime Training Award’ by GlobalMet in 2007; ‘Individual Innovation Award 2007’ by Sailor Today Magazine for the mannerin which he conducted India’s first Maritime Quiz or Seafarers; * Chairmanofthe Nautical Institute, India (West) Branch: ‘© Chairman ofthe Company of MastorMariners of ndia, Author of eight text books on the operation of merchant ships. His qualifications, experience and devotion to teaching enable him to put each subjectin a Nutshell Allhis oOks in the Nutshell Series - PRACTICAL NAVIGATION, MARINE METEOROLOGY, SHIPBORNE RADAR & ARPA, SHIP STABILITY |, Il and Ill, NAUTICAL WATCH. KEEPING & SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY have been areat successes. ADLANONODTEL Womans: WYINVOIVEEMS “"H “Lao AS SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 8 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM EXTRA MASTER, ERMetS. MAREN, EN, ROMAUL, MIMacTochs MMe VIJAYA PUBLICATIONSSPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 8 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM Extra Master, FR. Met S,, MRLIN., FN. EC.MMLL, M.LMarTech, MLLMetsS. Principal Emeritus, LBS. College of Advanced Maritime Studies & Research, Mumbai. Nautical Consultant, Mumbai, VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS ‘8 +9122 2521 7044; e-mail: sub,h424@gmail.com 101 Narayan Nivas B Wing, Ghatla Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400 071.First edition Jun 1994 Reprinted: Jan 1996, Nov 1997 Oct 1999, May 2002 Dec 2003, Nov 2005 Feb 2007, Aug 2008 Jul 2009, Oct 2009 ‘Aug 2010 Copyright All rights reserved Printed & published by Mrs Proma Subramaniam for Vijaya Publications of 401 B Wing, Narayan Nivas, Ghatla Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400071 at the Book Centre Ltd., Shed 1 & 2, Aabeearr Industrial Estate, 443 Shivram S, Amrutvar Road, Worll, Mumbai 400 013. Mrs Vijaya Harry 11” April '26— 11" Jan ‘09. ey aad a Dedicated to my mother, without whose patient and constant encouragement, this book would not have been possible.Capt. $.8. Naphade Nautical Adviser to the Govt of India, Extra Master Jahaz Bhavan, Bombay 400 038 2st April 1994. FOREWORD Thave known Capt Subramaniam as a friend since 1963 We were contemporaries for all our certificates - from Second Mates to Extra Masters. While studying for the various examinations, I found him to be very meticulous and sincere. During those times, neither of us had an inkling that one day he would be a professional teacher and I, an examiner, both reaching the top - he as the head of a prestigious training establishment and I, as the Chief Examiner of Masters and Mates Capt Subramaniam has over twenty five years of experience in teaching mariners at various levels from NWKO to Extra Master. During this quarter of a century, he has eared a reputation as an excellent teacher and a strict disciplinarian. That is because he has taught with devotion and yet carried his great learning lightly. He feels that a teacher must not only transfer knowledge but also instil a proper code of conduct in the student. Captain Subramaniam wears three hats - to the T.S. CHANAKYA he is the Captain Superintendent, to the University of Bombay he is the principal of a B.Sc (Nautical Sciences) degree college and to the Government of India he is a public administrator with a rank equivalent to that of Joint Secretary. Captain Subramaniam has already written seven books- Practical Navigation Marine Meteorology, Shipborne Radar, Ship Stability Part I, Stability Part II, Stability Part TIL and Nautical Watch-keeping, His approach to each subject is that examinations are only a stepping stone to actual performance at sea and his books are an obvious testimony to this philosophy. I understand that, before writing each book, he has taught the subject for at least ten years. In fact he made it a point to go back to sea, for four months in command, just to ensure that the subject matter contained in his book, Nautical Watchkeeping, was up-to- date with current practices at sea. This book, his eighth in the famous Nutshell Series, is ‘written in his usual straight forward, practical approach. ‘One wonders how he manages to simplify the subject so that a student can absorb, rather than just study, the subject. I am sure that this book also will be an instant success like his earlier seven. I wish him all the best. (Capt. Sudhir Naphade)PREFACE T have often been asked how long it took me to write a book in the Nutshell Series. The reply 'About eleven years’ usually evokes a look of dishelief T would like to clarify this statement. It takes about five years of teaching a subject to understand it well and another five to understand it thoroughly. A fairly large number of students in each class has the advantage that more doubts and questions are asked by the students. Different approaches to teaching the same subject can be tried out over a large variety of students and the effectiveness of each approach evaluated. Thereafter, it takes about a year to write the book, late into the night, after working full time in the college. Like the other books in the Nutshell Series, I have attempted to simplify the subject to make it easy and interesting. Spherical trigonometry is studied by mariners so that they can understand the practice and principles of navigation. Hence spherical trigonometry may be called a ‘servicing subject’ for mariners. I have carefully divided the subject into parts so that, after studying for about three quarters of an hour, the student is given an exercise to work to test the knowledge gained by him in that chapter. Bombay Ist July 1994 (Capt.H. Subramaniam). CONTENTS Fundamentals........... Formulae......... Simple solutions..... Exercise 1 Right angled spherical triangles. Exercise 2 o.cscceutnneses Quadrantal spherical triangles... Exercise 3 ...... Polar triangles... Exercise 4 Ambiguous cases . Exercise 5 Answers ........... 20 21 28 37 38 46 47 68 69[FUNDAMENTALS] 1. SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY FUNDAMENTA GREAT CIRCLE A great circle is a circle, on the surface of a sphere, whose plane passes through the centre of the sphere. NOTE (a) A great circle divides the sphere into two identical parts, cach called a hemisphere (b) The radius of a great circle is equal to that of the sphere. (0) Any number of great circles could pass through a given point on the surface of the sphere. However, all these great circles would also pass through a point diametrically opposite to the given point. 1[FUNDAMENTALS] (@ Only one great circle can pass through any two given points on the surface of a sphere, However, if the two points are diametrically opposite to each other, any number of great circles can pass through the two points. POLE OF A GREAT CIRCLE The pole of a great circle is a point, on the surface of the sphere, which is equidistant, and hence ninety degrees away from, all parts of the circumference of the great circle. Each great circle would, therefore, have two poles which are situated diametrically opposite to each other. SMALL CIRCLE A small circle is a circle, on the surface of a sphere, whose plane does not pass through the centre of the sphere. NOTE ‘The radius of a small circle is less than that of the sphere. SPHERICAL ANGLE ‘A spherical angle is an angle, on the surface of a sphere, formed by the intersection of two great circles. [FUNDAMENTALS] NOTE (@ In practice, a spherical angle can be measured by drawing tangents to the two great circle arcs from the point of intersection. The value of the angle between the tangents is the magnitude of the spherical angle. () The maximum value of a spherical angle is two right angles (180 degrees). (©) Vertically opposite angles are equal. SPHERICAL TRIANGLE A spherical triangle is a triangle, on the surface of a sphere, formed by the intersection of three great circles. PROPERTIES OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLES (a) The magnitude of the side of a spherical triangle is the angle subtended by it at the centre of the sphere and is, expressed in degrees and minutes of arc. (b) The maximum value of a side of a spherical triangle is 180°, (c) The maximum value of an angle of a spherical triangle is 180°. (d) The sum of the three sides of a spherical triangle is less than 360°.[FUNDAMENTALS] (©) The sum of the three angles of a spherical triangle is any value between two right angles and six right angles (ie, between 180° and 540°) (The sum of any two sides of a spherical triangle is greater than the third. (g) The greater side has the greater angle opposite to it. (h) If two sides of a spherical triangle are equal, the angles opposite to them are also equal to each other. @ A RIGHT ANGLED spherical triangle is one in which an angle equals to 90°. In a spherical triangle, it is possible for more than one angle to be equal to 90° @)_ A QUADRANTAL spherical triangle is one in which one side equals to 90° In a spherical triangle, it is Possible for more than one side to be equal to 90°. (K) A spherical triangle which is not a right angled or a quadrantal one is called an OBLIQUE. spherical triangle. SYMMETRICAL SPHERICAL TRIANGLES Two spherical triangles are said to be symmetrically equal when each of the six elements (ie. three sides and three angles) of one are equal in value to each of the six elements of the other. Because spherical triangles lie on the surface of a sphere, 4 [FUNDAMENTALS] and are hence three dimensional, ‘symmetrically equal’ does not necessarily mean congruent, Two triangles are said to be congruent only if itis possible to superimpose one on the other. In the following figure, ABC and DEF are two spherical triangles as seen from OUTSIDE the sphere. All six elements of triangle ABC are correspondingly equal to the six elements of triangle DEF. However the triangles are latterly inverted (are mirror images) and, both being convex, it is not possible to superimpose one on the other. The two triangles are, therefore, symmetrically equal but not congruent. A D eA “Fa [ Cengage BE Tak ‘Two spherical triangles are symmetrically equal (a) Three sides of one are correspondingly equal to the three sides of the other. (b) Two sides and the included angle of one are respectively equal to the two sides and included angle of the other.[FUNDAMENTALS] (© Three angles of one are respectively equal to the three angles of the other. (d) Two angles and the included side of one are respectively equal to the two angles and included side of the other. -000- [FORMULAE] 2. THE SOLUTION OF SPHERICAL TRIANGLES[FORMULAE] SIN FORMULA COSINE FORMULA (if three side are known): Cos A = Cosa = Cosb. Cose Sin b. Sine CosB = Cosb-Cosa.Cose Sina. Sinc CosC = Cosc-Cosa.Cosb Sina. Sinb ‘Where two sides and the included angle are known, the foregoing Cosine formula may be rearranged as follows:- Cosa = Cos A. Sinb. Sinc + Cosb. Cos Cosb = CosB. Sina. Sinc + Cosa. Cose Cosc = CosC. Sina. Sinb + Cosa. Cos Whereas the value of Cosine is positive in the first quadrant and negative in the second quadrant, the value of Sine is positive in both, the first and second quadrants. 8 [FORMULAE] For example: If Cos A = 0.5, A = 60°. But if SinA ~ 0.5, A = 30° or 150°. If only one of the two possibilities suits the situation, the ambiguity is of no significance. However, if both the possibilities appear to be reasonable, in any particular situation, the ambiguity may sometimes not be cleared easily. For example, if SinC = 0.99985, C could be 89° or 91°. Since both values are close, elimination by mere inspection may not possible, especially in problems on navigation, To avoid such ambiguities in navigation, the Haversine formula was invented. Haversine A = Versine A = (1 - Cos A). 2 2 Haversine of an angle increases as the angle increases from 0 degrees to 180 degrees, without any change of sign. Since the magnitudes of the angles and sides of a spherical triangle cannot exceed 180 degrees, the possibility of ambiguity is eliminated by using the Haversine formula. For example: Hav 30° = 0.06699 and Hav 150° = 0.93301. 9[FORMULAE] THE HAVERSINE FORMULA ‘The Haversine formula may be applied in:- (1) The general format. (2) The specific format. (3) The modified format. (1) THE GENERAL FORMAT: (Most important) ‘Where three sides are known: [HAV one ANOLE [COSEC one ADJ side]. [COSEC other ADI sds]. [HAV OPP side - HAV DIFF between ADI sides) Where 2 sides & included angle are known: [HAV OPP side [SIN one ADS side. SIN ober ADI side. HAV included ANGLE] + HAV dif between ADI sides. A [FORMULAE] (@) THE SPECIFIC FORMAT: Ifa, b and c are known, Hav A = Cosecb . Cosec ¢ [Hav a - Hav (b ~ c)] Hav B = Cosec a. Cosec c [Hav b - Hav (a~c)] Hav C = Cosec a. Cosec b [Hav c - Hav (a ~b)] If? sides and included angle are known:- Hava = [Sinb. Sine. Hav A] + Hav (b~c) Havb = (Sina. Sine. HavB] + Hav (a~c) Have = [Sina. Sinb . HavC] + Hav (a~b) (3) THE MODIFIED FORMAT: ‘The LONG by CHRON formula: Hav LHA = SecL.. Sec D [Hav ZD - Hav (L~D)] The INTERCEPT formula: Hay CZD = (Hav LHA . Cos L. Cos D) + Hav (L~D) NOTE It is suggested that the Haversine formulae in their general form be ‘conned by rote' (learned by heart) as they may then u[FORMULAE] be applied with ease whenever necessary in solving problems in spherical trigonometry. The specific format may prove difficult when the letters denoting the various elements vary from problem to problem. The modified formulae are mentioned here for information only. They are derived from the general format to suit specific calculations in navigation and are not part of ‘general spherical trigonometry. ‘The Haversine formula is derived from the Cosine formula. -000- 12 [SIMPLE SOLUTIONS} SIMPLE SOLUTIONS Worked example 1: In spherical triangle PQR, p= 62° 10.1', q= . p= 62° 10.1, q= 111° 35.2", t = 63°33" Calculate P. - a HAW ons ANGLE = [COSEC one ADI side). [COSEC other ADI side. [HAV OPP side - [HAV DIFF beticen ADI sie] 13yr [SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] Hay P = Cosecq Cosec r [Hav p - Hav (q~1)] Hav 62° 10.1"... = 0.26656 Nat Hav p Hav (q ~ 1) = Hav 48° 02.2..= 0.16567 - ‘Nat Iav 0.10089, -1 + 0,00386 tec 0.03157 + Log Cosee = __0,04802 Log Hav P .... -1+0.08345 P = 40° 44.7" Answer Worked example 2: In spherical triangle WXY, W = 88° 24.5', x = 98° 10, = 100° 09. Find w and X [SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] To find w: HAV OPP side = (SIN one ADJ side. SIN cther ADI sie. HAV included ANGLE} + HAV dif between ADI sides Hav w ‘Sinx. Siny. Hav W] + Hav (x ~y) Log Sin x (ie 98° 10')....... = -1 +.0,99557 Log Sin y (i.e 100° 09) 1+ 0.99315 + Log Hav W (j..¢ 88° 24.5') =-1 + 0.68674 Log Hay =-1+0.67546 Nat Hav = 0.47365 Hay (x ~ y) (i..€ 1° 59) 00030 + Nat Hav w 47395 w = 87° O1' Answer To find X: HAV one ANGLE = [COSEC one ADJ side). [COSEC other AD side). [HAV OFP side - HAV DIFF between ADJ sides] Hav X=Cosec w Cosec y [Hav x - Hav (w ~ y)] Nat Hav x = Hav 98° 10.0 = 0.57103 Hav (w ~ y) = Hav 13° 08.0"... = 0.01308 - Nat Hav 0.55795 Log Hav 1+ 0.74661 Log Cosec w 0.00059 + Log Cosec y ——9.00685 Log Hav X =-1+ 0.75405 X = 97° 46" Answer 15[SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] {SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] NOTE: Since in this problem, (i) three sides have not been given and Gi) two sides and the included angle have not been given, the Haversine formula (and hence the Cosine formula) X could have, if desired, been calculated by the Sine formula as follows: SinX = SinW OR SinX = SinW.Sinx 7 Cannot be applied. ‘The Sine formula can, however, be used Sinx Sinw Sin w ‘ 7 Log Sin W (.¢ 88° 24.5‘) .. = -1 + 0,99983 Log Sin x (j..e 98° 10’) Log Sin w (i..e 87° 01). Log Sin X X = 82° 14' OR 97° 46! (see note below). 1 +.0.99600 SOLUTION OF ABOVE AMBIGUITY ‘The greater side must have the greater angle opposite to it. Opposite side opposite angle 7° Ol! W = 88° 24.5' 810 | X> 88°24.5' SiN = SinM OR SinN = Sin. Sinn Hence X = 97° 46' NOT 82°14’, , Sinn Sinm Sinm Most students would hurriedly put down 82° 14' forgetting Sin N = Sin 33°14". Sin 70° 1 the possibility of 97° 46’. Hence the advice to use the Sin 80° 05" Haversine formula wherever possible. A Log Sin 33° 14" =-1+0.73882 Worked Example 3: Log Sin 70° 12! +0,97354 + | acieatae ate -1+0.71236 In spherical triangle LMN, M = 33° 14.0, m = 80° ie in 80° 05 -1+0.99346 - og Sin N =-1+0.71890 0S',n = 70° 12'. Calculate N. 16 7[SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] N = 31° 34' OR 148° 26° SOLUTION OF ABOVE AMBIGUITY The greater side must have the greater angle opposite to it Opposite side opposite angle m=80° 05' M=33° 14! n=70° 12) N< 33° 12" N = 31° 34' and NOT 148° 26' Answer. -000- 18 [SIMPLE SOLUTIONS] Exercise 1 (Oblique spherical triangles), 1. In spherical triangle CDE, calculate the angles C, D and E if ¢ = 87°10, d = 62°37' and e = 100° 10. 2. In spherical triangle ABC, a = 49° 08', b = 58° 23.0' and C=71° 20°, Calculate A and B. 3. In spherical triangle PZX, P = 85° 30, z = 99° 58" Calculate Zand X. = 49° 34! and 4. In spherical triangle DEF, d= 57° 09', e = 83° 12.0' and £= 71° 08". Calculate D, E and F. 5. In spherical triangle JKL, j= 64° 18', L = 93° 36'. Calculate J, K and |. = 85° 47.0' and 6. In spherical triangle PQR, P = 53° 05', PQ = 70° 20' and PR = 110° 14’, Calculate Q and R. 7. In spherical triangle RST, r= 66° 41', s= 104° 10' and t= 54° 56 Calculate R, S and T. 8. In spherical triangle XYZ, x = 23° 30.0, Y = 90° 00! and z= 52°01". Calculate X, y and Z. 9. In spherical triangle ABC, A = 60° and b = c = 66° 12! Calculate B and C. 10 In spherical triangle DEF, D = 100° 35', e= 102° 48" and f= 94° 34'. Calculate E and F. 19(RIGHT ANGLED] 4. RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES AA spherical triangle is said to be right angled when one of its angles is equal to 90°. In a spherical triangle, it is possible for more than one angle to be equal to 90° In addition to the properties of spherical triangles, listed in Chapter 1, right angled spherical triangles have the following additional properties of importance: 1) In any right angled spherical triangle an angle and its opposite side are of the same affection. Of the same affection means: both are less than 90° or both are greater than 90°. That is, if an angle is less than 90°, the opposite side is also less than 90° and vice versa If an angle is greater than 90°, the opposite side is also greater than 90° and vice versa 2) In any right angled spherical triangle the magnitude of the SIDES are either: 20 [RIGHT ANGLED] Alll three less than 90° OR two greater and one less than 90°. In 4 right angled spherical triangle, if the values of any two other elements (sides or angles) are given, the values of the remaining three can be calculated, Right angled spherical triangles can be solved by the Sine, Cosine and Haversine formulae using the value of Sin 90° as unity and of Cos 90° as zero, wherever they occur. The solution of right angled spherical triangles are made simpler by the use of Napier's Rules for circular parts. Draw a circle, divide it into five parts and number them as shown below In spherical triangle P2X In segments (1) and (2) insert the sides containing the right angle. In (3), insert complement of angle opposite the side in (1). In (5), insert complement of angle opposite the side in (2). In (4), insert the complement of the hypotenuse 21[RIGHT ANGLED] FORMULAE: Sin mid part = Tan adjacent part . Tan adjacent part Sin mid part = Cos opposite part . Cos opposite part (Remember Tangent and adjacent go together) If segment number (2) is taken to be the mid part, (1) & (3) are its adjacent parts whereas (4) & (5) are its opposite parts. If segment number (5) is taken to be the mid part, (1) & (4) are its adjacent parts whereas (2) & (3) are its opposite parts, and so on. Worked example 4: In spherical triangle PZX, right angled at Z, p = 110° 20! and z= 84° 12', Find the values of P,X and x In spherical triangle PZX 22 [RIGHT ANGLED] Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin (90 -z) = Cos p. Cos x Cos z = Cosp.Cosx Cosx = Cosz = Cos 84° 12' = +Cos 84° 12' Cosp Cos 110°20' = Cos 69° 40' Log Cos 84° 12'......= -1 + 0,00456 Log Cos 69° 40' + 0.54093 - Log Cos x = -1+0.46363 NOTE: Cos x above is minus, so x > 90°. x = 106° 54,5" Answer (i). Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin p = Cos (90- P) . Cos (90 - z) Sin p = Sin P.. Sinz Sin P = Sinp = Sin 110° 20' = Sin 69° Sinz Sin 84° 12' Sin 84° 12" Log Sin 69° 40° -1+0,97206 Log Sin 84° 12 + 0,997 - Log Sin P +0.97429 P = 70° 28.7' OR 109° 31.3", SOLUTION OF THE ABOVE AMBIGUITY FOLLOWS: The greater side must have the greater angle opposite to it. 23[RIGHT ANGLED] Opposite side opposite angle z= 3412) Z= 90°00 p =110°20° P > 90° 00. P = 109°31.3' NOT 70°78 7' Answer (ii Sin mid part = Tan adj part. Tan adj part Sin (90 - X) = Tan p . Tan (90-2) Cos X = Tan p. Cotz Cos X = Tan 110° 20'. Cot 84° 12" Cos X = Tan 69° 40'. Cot 84° 12" Log Tan 69° 40' = + 0.43113 Log Cot 84° 12" +.0,00679 + Log Cos X =1 + 0.43792 X = 105° 54.5' Answer (iii). THE EXCEPTIONAL CASE IN RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES: In a right angled spherical triangle if one side and its opposite angle are given, there are two possibilities for that triangle, as shown in the figure for worked example 5. It will seen therein that spherical triangle NCB is one possibility and SCB is the other. Each of the three elements to be calculated in one triangle is the supplement of its counterpart in the other. ory [RIGHT ANGLED] Worked example 5: In spherical triangle NBC, N = 40° 44, C = 90°. Calculate b, ¢ and B. = 36° 13' and NOTE:- THIS IS THE EXCEPTIONAL CASE IN RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES In spherical trlangle NBC Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sinb = Tan n. Tan (90 - N) Sinb = Tann. CotN Sin b = Tan 36° 13', Cot 40° 44' Log Tan 36° 13" -1 4086471 Log Cot 40° 44" . +0,06492 + Log Sinb .. “1 + 0.92963 b = 58° 15.2" OR 121° 44.8' Answer (i). 25[RIGHT ANGLED] Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sinn = Cos (90-N) . Cos (90- c) Sinn = SinN. Sing Sine = Sinn. CosecN Sin c = Sin 36° 13". Cosec 40° 44° Log Sin 36° 13'......= -1 +0.77147 Log Cosec 40° 44"... = __+ 0.18539 + Log Sinc ........ -1 + 0.95686 c = 64°53 OR 115° 07" Answer (i). Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin (90 -N) = Cosn , Cos (90 -B) Cos N = Cosn. Sin B SinB = CosN. Secn Sin BB = Cos 40° 44". Sec 36° 13° Log Cos 40° 44'......= -1 + 0.87953 Log Sec 36° 13'...... + 0,09324 + Log Sin B =1+ 0.97277 B = 69°55.3' OR 110°04.7' Answer (i -000- 26 [RIGHT ANGLED] EXERCISE 2 (Right angled spherical triangles) 1. In spherical triangle RST, t = 80°32, r = 60° 40! and T = 90°. Calculate S, s and R. 2. In spherical triangle LMN, M = 44°°16.0', L = 90° and m = 39°37" Calculate I, n and N. 3. In spherical triangle PAV, A = 31° 48.0, V=90° and v =66°00'. Calculate a, P and p 4. In spherical triangle DEF, d= 112°3', E = 113° 23' and F=90° Calculate D, e and £ 5. In spherical triangle PVM, PM = 92° 00', PV = 51° 55", V=90° Calculate P, p and M. ~000- 27[QUADRANTAL] 5. QUADRANTAL SPHERICAL TRIANGLES AA spherical triangle is said to quadrantal when one of its sides is equal to 90°. In a spherical triangle, it is possible for more than one side to be equal to 90° In addition to the properties of spherical triangles, listed in Chapter I, quadrantal spherical triangles have the follow- ing additional properties of importance: 1) In any quadrantal spherical triangle an angle and its opposite side are of the same affection. Of the same affection means: both are less than 90° or both are greater than 90°, That is, if an angle is less than 90°, the opposite side is also less than 90° and vice versa. If an angle is greater than 90°, the opposite side is also greater than 90° and vice versa. 2) In any quadrantal spherical triangle the magnitude of the ANGLES are either: 28 {QUADRANTAL] All three less than 90° OR two less than and one greater than 90° In a quadrantal spherical triangle, if the values of any ‘two other elements (sides or angles) are given, the values of the remaining three can be calculated, ‘Quadrantal spherical triangles can be solved by the Sine, Cosine and Haversine formulae using the value of Sin 90° as unity and of Cos 90° as zero, wherever they occur The solution of quadrantal spherical triangles are made simpler by the use of Napier’s Rules for circular parts. Draw a circle, divide it into five parts and number them as shown below: P In spherical triangle POR In segments (1) and (2) insert the angles containing the quadrant. In (3). insert complement of side opposite the angle in (1). In (5), insert complement of side opposite the angle in (2). 29[QUADRANTAL] IMPORTANT: In segment (4) insert (angle opposite the quadrant minus 90). FORMULAE: ‘Sin mid part = Tan adjacent part . Tan adjacent part Sin mid part = Cos opposite part . Cos opposite part (Remember Tangent and adjacent go together) If segment number (2) is taken to be the mid part, (1) & (3) are its adjacent parts and (4) & (5) are its opposite parts If segment number (5) is taken to be the mid part, (1) & (4) are its adjacent parts whereas (2) & (3) are its opposite parts, and so on NOTE: Before proceeding further it would be better to figure out simply how to get the values of Sin, Cos & Tan of ( - 90), where is not known, or where the value of 6 is known but is less than 90°. In the general formula Sin (A-B) = Sin A. CosB -Cos A. SinB Substitute 6 for A and 90° for B, Sin (6 - 90) = (Sin } . Cos 90) - (Cos . Sin 90) 30 [QUADRANTAL] But Sin90=1 and Cos 90=0 Hence Sin ( - 90) = - Cos In the general formula: Cos (A-B) = (Cos A. Cos B) + (Sin A.. Sin B) Substitute @ for A and 90° for B, Cos ( - 90) = (Cos . Cos 90) + (Sing . Sin 90) But Sin 90=1 and Cos 90=0 Hence Cos ($ - 90) = Sin 6 Tan(f - 90) = Sin (6-90) = - Cos Cos(-90) Sin = -Cot > Hence Tan (= 90) = - Cot SUMMARY OF FOREGOING: Sin (-90) = - Cos Cos ($-90) = Sin 6 Tan($-90) = - Cot The above may be derived as shown herein, whenever desired, or learned by heart and applied directly 31[QUADRANTAL] [QUADRANTAL] Worked example 6: Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part In spherical triangle PQR, PQ= 52° 11', Q'= 69° 47' and Sin Q = Tan R . Tan (90-1) QR=90", Calculate P, R and PR SinQ = Tank. Cotr P In spherical angle POR Tea Reig QUtaae Tan R = Sin 69°47". Tan 52° 11" Log Sin 69° 47 -14+0.97239 Log Tan 52° 11' + 0.11006 + Log Tan + 0.08245 R = 50° 24.3" Answer (ii). Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - q) = Cos Q.. Cos (90 - r) Sin (90 -r) = TanQ. Tan (P - 90) Tan (P - 90) = Cosr. Cot Q Cos q = Cos Q. Sinr Tan (P - 90) = Cos 52° 11". Cot 69° 47" Cos q = Cos 69° 47'. Sin 52° 11' Log Cos 52° 11" “1+ 0.78756 Log Cos 69° 47. csssssne “1 + 0.53854 Log Cot 69° 47" -1+0,56615 + Log Sin 52°11". csssnuee 21+ 0.89761 + Log Tan (P - 90) =1 + 0.35371 Log Cos q. . =1 + 0.43615 (P= 90) = 12°43.4' q = 74°09.5' Answer (iii). P= 12° 43,4" + 90° ~ 102° 43.4" -000- P = 102°43.4' Answer (i). 32 33IQUADRANTAL] Worked example 7: In spherical triangle PZX, X = 85° 18, x = 90° 00' and z = 73°12 Calculate p, P and Z. P In spherical trlangle PZ ONE K x Ae (s i / \ 90-2 L Z fe Xx Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (X- 90) = Tan (90 - p) . Tan (90 - 2) Sin (K-90) = Cot p. Cot z But Sin (X - 90) = - Cos X (see page 31) - Cos X = Cot p. Cotz -Tan p = Sec X . Cot z -Tan p = Sec 85° 18'. Cot 73° 12! Log Sec 85° 18"...... +1 +0,08651 Log Cot 73° 12! =] + 0.47989 + Log Tan p...... + 0.56640 p = 105° 11.0' Answer (i). 34 [QUADRANTAL] Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90-2) = Tan P. Tan (X - 90) Cos z = Tan P. Tan (X - 90) But Tan (X - 90) =~ Cot X (see page 31) Cos z = Tan P (- Cot X) -TanP = Cosz. TanX -Tan P = Cos 73° 12'. Tan 85° 18" Log Cos 73° 12' -1+ 0.46095 Log Tan 85° 18" +1+0.08505 + + 0.54600 Log Tan P P = 105° 52.7' Answer (ii). Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin Z = Cos (90 - 2). Cos (X - 90) But Cus (X- 90) = Sin X (see page 31) SinZ = Sinz. SinX Sin Z = Sin 73° 12'. Sin 85° 18" Log Sin 73° 12! -1 + 0.98106 Log Sin 85° 18° =1+ 0.99854 + Log Sin Z =1 + 0.97960 Z = 72° 34.5 OR 107° 25.5" (see next page). 35[QUADRANTAL] The greater side must have the greater angle opposite to it Opposite side opposite angle x = 90°00' =X = 85°18 z= 13°12 Z < 85° 18. Z = 72°345' NOT 107° 25.5' Answer -000- 36 v ‘s [QUADRANTAL] EXERCISE 3 (QUADRANTAL SPHERICAL TRIANGLES) In spherical triangle ABC, a = 69°09, ¢ = 90° and C=1I7? 11". Calculate A, B and b In spherical triangle DEF, D = 64° 36', e = 90° 00' and E = 76°47", Calculate d, f and F. In spherical triangle LMN, N = 81° 50’, m= 90° 00° and L = 119° 07" Calculate 1, M and n. In spherical triangle PQR, p= 73°05’, q = 90° 00' and r = 79° 12', Calculate P, Q and R. In spherical triangle PZX, p = 90°, x = 64° and z = 90° Calculate P, Z and X -000- 37[POLAR TRIANGLES] POLAR TRIANGLES NECESSITY The Cosine formula, and hence the Haversine formula, can be used only when three sides are known or when two sides and the included angle are known. The Sine formula involves two opposite pairs of sides and angles and is hence restricted in its use The foregoing formulae cannot be used if three angles, or two angles and the included side, are known and it is required to calculate the other three elements of a spherical triangle. In such cases, solution is possible by use of the polar triangle. POLAR TRIANGLE ‘As mentioned earlier, the pole of a great circle is equidistant, and hence 90° away from, all parts of the circumference of the great circle. Each side of a spherical 38 [POLAR TRIANGLES] triangle is part of a great circle, If the poles of each of the three sides of a spherical triangle were joined together by great circle arcs, the spherical triangle so formed is called the polar triangle of that spherical triangle. The original spherical triangle is then called the primitive triangle of that polar triangle. In the foregoing figure, ABC is the primitive spherical triangle. A’ is the pole of side BC (i¢., pole of a), B' is the pole of side AC (i.e. pole of b) & C’ is the pole of side AB (ie., pole of c). A'BIC’ is, therefore, the polar triangle of spherical triangle ABC As a point of interest, the converse is also true - ABC is the polar triangle of A'B'C’. This is proved as follows'~ 39[POLAR TRIANGLES] AB! = 90° (B' is the pole of arc AC). AC’ = 90° (C'is the pole of arc AB). A is thus 90° from all parts of great circle arc BIC’ and is hence its pole. BA'=90° (A' is the pole of arc BC). BC’ = 90° (C’ is the pole of arc AB). B is thus 90° from all parts of great circle arc A'C’ and is hence its pole. c a 90° (AY is the pole of arc BC), 90° (B' is the pole of arc AC). C is thus 90° from all parts of great circle arc A'B' and is hence its pole, THE SUPPLEMENTAL THEOREM In the figure on the previous page, side AB is produced to meet BIC’ in X and side AC is similarly produced to Y. The length of arc XY and the magnitude of angle A are equal when expressed in degrees & minutes. This is illustrated by tilting the sphere until A and the centre of the sphere appear to be in transit to the observer. Arcs ABX and ACY would appear as straight line radii, Arc XY is apparently equal to angle A in magnitude as shown in the following figure: 40 [POLAR TRIANGLES] \ A | oo x ere Y Since B' is the pole of great circle are ACY, and Cis the pole of ABX, BY = 90° = Cx or BY +CX = 180° But BY = BX+XY and CX = CY+xY So BX+XY+CY+XY = 180° But BX+XY+CY = BC So BIC+XY = 180° 41(POLAR TRIANGLES] So a'+A = 180° Or a! = (180-A) and A = (180-2) bi = (180-B) and B = (180-b) and c! = (180-C) and C = (180-c’) Also, it can be proved that a = (180- A’) and A’ = (180-a) b = (180-B’) and B' = (180 -b) ¢ = (180-C) and C’ = (180-6) STATEMENT a) The sides of the polar triangle are the supplements of the corresponding angles of its primitive triangle. b) The angles of the polar triangle are the supplements of the corresponding sides of its primitive triangle. -00o- 42 [POLAR TRIANGLES] Worked example 8 : In spherical triangle PQR, P = 57° 30.5', Q=95° 17, and R = 70°11’, Calculate p, q and r. In polar triangle P' p’ = 180 -57°30.5' = 122°29.5', q' = 180 -95° 17.0' = 84° 43.0', r= 180-70° 11.0 = 109° 49.0! Pp LL ————_——__\ Q e Rr’ By application of the Haversine formula (not shown here) using the three sides of the polar triangle: 4B[POLAR TRIANGLES] P= 122°41.4, Q = 96°30." R' = 110° 10.0" p = 180-P! = 57° 18.6, q = 180-Q = 83° 29.1" r = 180-R' = 69° 50.0 Worked example 9 : = 100° 09' In spherical triangle LMN, L= 88° 24.5', and M= 97°46. Calculate 1, m and N. [POLAR TRIANGLES] In polar triangle L'M'N’, I = 180-L = 91°35.5' N' = 180-n = 79°51.0° m! = 180-M 82° 14.0. By application of the Haversine formula (not shown here) using the two sides and included angle of the polar triangle n’ = 80° 10.0, Li = 92°59.0' M' = 81°50.0' N = 180-n' = 99°50.0; 1 = 180-L' = 87°01.0, 180-M' = 98° 10.0! a 0 -000- 45[POLAR TRIANGLES] Exercise 4 (Polar triangles) 1. In spherical triangle ABC, A = 81° 24.3, B = 61° 31.7" and C = 102°58'. Calculate a, b and c. 2. In spherical triangle PQR, Q = 74° 52.3', R= 71° 20' and p = 49°08, Calculate P, q and r. 3. In spherical triangle DEF, D = 85° 30', E = 100° 29.6: and f = 49°34". Calculate d, e and F. 4, In spherical triangle PQR, P = 57° 33', Q = 94° 06.7" and R = 71°54.1', Calculate p, q and r. 5. In spherical triangle WXY, X = 84° 38.3', Y = 93° 36° and w = 64° 18', Calculate W, x and y. 6. In spherical triangle ABC, A = 53° 05', B = 124° 29.3" and C = 55°48.8'. Calculate a, b and c. 7. In spherical triangle CDE, C = 47° 28.3', d = 104° 10’ and E = 41° 03.5". Calculate c, D and e. 8. In spherical triangle FGH, F = 28° 53.3', g = 55° 38.4 and H= 72° 42,4, Caloulate £ G and h 9. In spherical triangle LMN, M = 76° 52.91, L = 60° 00' and N = 76° 52.9'. Calculate 1, m and n 10 In spherical triangle PQR, P = 100° 35', Q = 103° 46.9" and r = 94°34", Calculate p, q andR. 46 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] AMBIGUOUS CASES A summary of the methods for the solution of spherical triangles, suggested so far in this book, is as follows:~ 1) Given three sides - Haversine formula or Cosine formula 2) Given two sides and the included angle - Haversine formula or Cosine formula. 3) Given three angles - Polar triangles 4) Given two angles and the included side - Polar triangles. In each of the foregoing cases, any two triangles with the same particulars would be symmetrically equal, as explained in the end of Chapter 1. Hence there is no possibility of any ambiguity in the values of the remaining elements that have to be calculated. 47[AMBIGUOUS CASES] THE CASES NOT CONSIDERED SO FAR ARE:- 5) Given two sides and one excluded angle 6) Given two angles and one excluded side. In each of these last two types, (5) and (6), it is most probable that two triangles, each having the same given particulars, would not be symmetrically equal. Consequently there may be more than one possible value for each of the elements that are to be calculated. Each possibility would be the supplement of the other, for the same element. Problems of these two types [ie., (5) and (6)] can be solved by dropping a perpendicular from one vertex to the opposite side and then solving the two right angled triangles, so formed. Since there are three vertices in a triangle, there are three possible perpendiculars that can be drawn. The perpendicular to be considered should be one that does not divide any of the sides or angles whose value is given. Otherwise the problem cannot be solved: In some cases, the perpendicular may fall outside the triangle. In such a case one of the sides of the triangle would have to be extended to receive the perpendicular. This can be illustrated by the following examples:- Suppose, in spherical triangle ABC, the perpendicular AD is being drawn from point A to side BC. 48 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] a) If both angles B and C are acute, then point D will lie between points B and C. ) If both angles B and C are obtuse then point D will lie between points B and C. ©) angle B is acute and C is obtuse, point D will lie on BC produced. 4) If angle C is acute and B is obtuse, point D will lie on CB produced Proof of each of the foregoing statements can be made bearing in mind that in any RIGHT ANGLED spherical triangle, an angle and its opposite side must be of the same affection FIGURE FOR STATEMENTS (a) AND (b) (both angles acute or both angles obtuse) A[AMBIGUOUS CASES] STATEMENT (a): If both angles B and C are acute, then point D will lie between points B & C. Step 1: Given that D lies between B and C and that angle B is acute, required to prove that angle C is also acute Proof: In right angled spherical triangle ABD, AD is less than 90° owing to angle B being given to be acute. In right angled spherical triangle ACD, angle C must be acute because AD is less than 90° Step 2: If both angles B and C are acute, it is not possibie for D to lie outside BC {AMBIGUOUS CASES] Proof: Let D lie on BC produced. In right angled spherical triangle ABD, AD < 90° because angle B is given to acute. But in right angled spherical triangle ACD, AD > 90° because angle ACD (supplement of ACB) is obtuse. Since ‘AD cannot be < 90° and also > 90°, D cannot lie on BC produced. By similar reasoning, D cannot lie on CB produced. In view of the foregoing, it is obvious that when both angles Band C are acute, D would lie between B and C STATEMENT (b): If both angles B and C are obtuse then point D will lie between points B & C. The proof of this statement is similar to that given for statement (a) FIGURE FOR STATEMENT (0) (angle B acute and angle C obtuse) st[AMBIGUOUS CASES] STATEMENT (¢): If angle B is acute and angle C is obtuse point D will lie on BC produced. Step 1: Given that D lies on BC produced and that angle B is acute, required to prove that angle ACB is obtuse. Proof: In right angled spherical triangle ABD, AD is less than 90° owing to angle B being given to be acute. In right angled spherical triangle ACD, angle ACD must be acute because AD is less than 90°. Hence angle ACB, being the supplement of angle ACD, must be obtuse. Step 2: If angle B is acute and angle C is obtuse, it is not possible for D to lie between points B and C. 52 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] Proof: Let D lie between B and C. In right angled spherical triangle ABD, AD < 90° because angle B is given to acute. But in right angled spherical triangle ACD, AD > 90° because angle ACD is given to be obtuse. Since AD cannot be < 90° ard also > 90°, D cannot lie between B and C. Step 3: If angle B is acute and angle C is obtuse, D would lie on BC produced. Another possible point, Dy exists on CB produced but is too far away Proof: Any two great circles would intersect at two points situated diametrically opposite to each other. If great circle ares BCD & AD intersect at right angles, the same two great circles would also intersect at right angles at Dy situated diametrically opposite to D. Since D lies close to BC, while Dy lies 180° away the required point is D not Dy In view of the foregoing, it is obvious that when angle B is acute and angle C is obtuse, D would lie on BC produced. FIGURE FOR STATEMENT (d) (angle B obtuse and angle C acute) 53[AMBIGUOUS CASES] By following the same line of reasoning used to prove statement (c), statement (d) - if angle C is acute and angle B is obtuse, point D will lie on CB produced - can be proved. -000- 54 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] Worked example 10 In spherical triangle DEF, D = 49° 27.3', EF = 49° 34' and F= 100° 29.6", Calculate DE, E and DF. In spherical triangle EFS Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - F) = Tan FG . Tan (90 - EF) Tan FG = CosF . Tan EF Tan FG = Cos 79° 30.4’. Tan 49° 34' Log Cos 79° 30.4" =1 + 0.26036 Log Tan 49° 34.0° +.0,06953 + Log Tan FG = -1 + 0.32989 FG = 12° 03.9" 55{AMBIGUOUS Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - EF) = Tan (90-E) . Tan (90-F) CosEF = Cot. Cot PF Tan E = Sec EF. CotF Tan E = Sec 49° 34". Cot 79° 30.4' Log Sec 49° 34.0" ......= 0.18805 Log Cot 79° 30.4' 1+ 0.26769 + Log Tan E 1 + 0.45574 FEG = 15° 56.3" Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin EG = Cos (90 - F) . Cos (90 - EF) Sin EG = SinF . Sin BF Sin EG = Sin 79° 30.4". Sin 49° 34° Log Sin 79° 30.4’ = -1+ 0.99268 Log Sin 49° 34.0" 1+ 0.88148 + Log Sin EG ... -1 + 0.87416 EG = 48°27.3' OR 131°32.7 NOTE:- Since DEG is a right angled spherical triangle, a side and its opposite angle must be of the same affection. 56 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] Since D is less than 90°, EG must also be less than 90°. Hence: EG = 48° 27.3' NOT 131° 32.7. NOTE:- Before calculating the elements of triangle DEG, it must be noted that, as explained in Chapter 4, this is an exceptional case in right angled triangles - an angle (D) and its opposite side (EG) are known - and hence the values of the other two sides are surely ambiguous. In spherical trangle DEG lates DG GE A Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin DG ~ Tan EG. Tan (90 - D) Sin DG = Tan EG. Cot D 37[AMBIGUOUS CASES] [AMBIGUOUS CASES] Sin DG = Tan 48° 27.3" . Cot 49° 27.3" Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Log Tan 48° 27.3! .u.= +0,05251 Log Cot 49° 27.3" 1 +0,93218 + Sin EG = Cos (90 - D) . Cos (90 - DE) Log Sin DG ~1 + 0.98469 | Sin EG = SinD. Sin DE DG = 74° 52.5' OR 105°07.5' Sin DE = SinEG SinD DG = 74°52.5' OR 105° 07.5! FG = 12°03.9'- 12° 03.9'- Sin DE = Sin 48° 27.3 DF = 62°48.6 OR 93° 03.6" Answer (i) Sin 49° 27.3" Log Sin 48° 27.3 -1 + 0.87416 Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Log Sin 49° 27.3'.......= =1+ 0.88076 - Log Sin DE ...... =1 + 0.99340 Sin (90 - D) = Cos EG . Cos (90 - E) DE = 80° 02.0' OR 99° 58.0' Answer Cos D = Cos EG. SinE SinE = CosD . Sec EG -000- Sin E = Cos 49° 27.3" . Sec.48° 27.3" Log Cos 49° 27.3"....... = -1 + 0.81294 Log Sec 48° 27.3! -... + 0.17836 + Log Sin E..... -1+ 0.99130 DEG = 78° 34.0' OR 101° 26.0' FEG = 15° 563'- 15° 56.3' = DEF = 62°37.7' OR 85° 29.7" Answer (ii). 58 59[AMBIGUOUS CASES} Worked example 11: In spherical triangle ABC, b = 110° 14.0, c= 70° 20' and C = 55°49! Calculate A, a and B. Imagi ry construction of the spherical triangle ABC: Great circle are AC is drawn equal to 110° 14, Spherical angle C is constructed equal to 55° 49' and the side (great circle arc) produced indefinitely to X. Centre A, radius equal to 70°20', a great circle are is drawn. It will be observed that this arc cuts CX at two places - By & Bz - each of which is a possible position of B. The required spherical triangle is, therefore, ABC or AB2C A Js LS a \ x By NOTE 1: Spherical triangle ABB is an isosceles triangle. Hence perpendicular AD would lie midway between B] and Bp and the two spherical triangles, ABD & ABD, would be symmetrically equal 60 [AMBIGUOUS CASES} NOTE 2:- Using Napier's Rules in right angled spherical triangles ADC and ADB , CD and DB can be calculated, Then CB} = CD- DB} Since DB} = DB , CBz = CD +DBy or, putting it generally, CB=CD + DB NOTE 3:- Using Napier’s Rules in right angled spherical triangles ADC and ADB}, angles CAD and DAB} can be calculated. Then CAB] = CAD - DAB, Since DAB = DAB2, CAB2 = CAD + DAB} or, putting it generally, CAB=CAD + DAB. In spherical triangle CAD 6[AMBIGUOUS CASES] Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - C) = Tan CD . Tan (90 - AC) Cos C — Tan CD . Cot AC Tan CD = CosC. Tan AC Tan CD = Cos 55°49". Tan 110° 14" = Tan CD = Cos 55° 49" . Tan 69° 46' Log Cos 55° 49.0' + 0.74962 Log Tan 69° 46.0' +0.43346 + Log Tan CD + 1.18308 CD = 123° 16 Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin AD = Cos (90 - C) . Cos (90 - AC) Sin AD = SinC.. Sin AC Sin AD = Sin 55° 49". Sin 110° 14" Sin AD = Sin 55° 49". Sin 69° 46" Log Sin 55° 49,0" ....c.s.= “1 +0.91763 Log Sin 69° 46.0"... =1+0,97234 + Log Sin AD ..... = -1+ 0.82997 AD = 50° 54.8' OR 129° 05.2' (see following note). 62 [AMBIGUOUS CASES] NOTE:- In a right angled spherical triangle, an angle and its opposite side must be of the same affection. Hence in triangle ADC, AD must be less then 90°, because C is less than 90°. Hence:- AD = 50°54.8' NOT 129° 05.2’. Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - AC) = Tan (90- A) . Tan (90- C) Cos AC = Cot A. Cot C Tan A = Sec AC Tan C Tan A = Sec 110° 14° Tan 55° 49" -Tan A = Sec 69° 46' Tan 55° 49" Log Sec 69° 46.0'.......= + 0.46112 Log Tan 55° 49.0" +0,16802 - Log Tan A + 0.29310 CAD = 116° 59.2! 63[AMBIGUOUS CASES] In spherical triangle DAB POLES ieee ie 90-8, < moran Y Sin mid part = Cos opp part . Cos opp part Sin (90- AB}) = Cos AD . Cos DB, Cos AB] = Cos AD . Cos DB} Cos DB, = Cos AB} Cos AD Cos DB = Cos 70° 20.0' Cos 50° 54.8" Log Cos 70° 20.0' = -1+ 0.52705 Log Cos 50° 54.8" =1+0.79968 - Log Cos DB} 1+ 0.72737 DB, = 57° 44.3 64 {AMBIGUOUS CASES] Sin mid part = Tan adj part . Tan adj part Sin (90 - A) = Tan AD . Tan (90 - AB) Cos A = Tan AD . Cot ABy Cos A = Tan AD Tan AB] Cos A = Tan 50° 54.8' Tan 70° 20.0" Log Tan 50° 54.8! +0,09029 Log Tan 70° 20.0! + 0.44685 - Log Cos A = -14+ 0.64344 DAB = 63°53.8'= DABz ‘Totaling up the calculated values: CD 123° 16.0' 123° 16.0" DB; 572.443 - 57°.44,3' + CB] = 65°31.7' CBg = 181° 00.3" NOTE:- The maximum value of the side of a spherical triangle is 180°. At first sight, it would seem that, instead of going anticlockwise by 181° 00.3' from C to Ba, it would be in order to go 178° 59.7' clockwise from C. On closer inspection, this is not acceptable. Keeping A, C and By fixed, if we were to go clockwise from C to Bp, the newly formed angle C would be obtuse (i.e., 180° - 55° 49°), Thus, in this particular problem, By is. the only possible position for B. 65[AMBIGUOUS CASES] [AMBIGUOUS.CASES] Totalling up the calculated values: *Hence ABD = 55° 30.9' NOT 124° 29.1" CAD 116° 59.2" 116° 59.2" and ABC = (180°- ABD) = 124° 29.1" DAB, — 63° 53.8'- 63° 53.8 + CAB, = 53°05.4' CARg = 180°53.0' Summary of answers - worked example 11: ‘As already explained earlier in the note, By stands climinated in this problem. Required triangle is ABC. ‘Angle AB C= 124° 29.1', In right angled spherical triangle AB,D, Angle CAB] = 53° 50.4, Sin mid part = Cos opp part.Cos opp part Side BjC = 65°31.7. Sin AD = Cos (90 - By) . Cos (90 - AB) Sin AD = Sin By . Sin AB] -000- SinB, = Sin AD Sin AB, Sin By = Sin 50° 54.8" Sin 70° 20.0' 1 + 0.88997 +0.97390 - -1+.0.91607 Log Sin 50° 54.8"... Log Sin 70° 20.0° Log Sin By . AB,D = 55°30.9' OR 124°29.1' NOTE:- In right angled spherical triangle ABD, an angle and its opposite side must be of. the same affection. Since [AD is less than 90°, AB1D must also be less than 90°. 66 67[AMBIGUOUS CASES] EXERCISE 5 (AMBIGUOUS CASES) In spherical triangle ABC, C = 81° 24.3', c= 87° 10.0 a= 62° 37.0. Calculate A, B and b. In spherical triangle PQR, Q= 94° 06.0', r= 71° 08.0", q=83° 12.0'. Calculate P, R and p. In spherical triangle DEF, E ~ 84° 38.3, F = 93° 36.0’, f=91° 24.4". Calculate D, d and e s In spherical triangle XYZ, Y = 112° 40', y= 96° 18.0, z= 100°31', Calculate X, Z and x. In spherical triangle PQR, q= 102° 48, Q= 103° 46.7, R=96° 52.7, Caloulate P, p.and +. -000- 68 [ANSWERS] EXERCISE 1 (OBLIQUE SPHERICAL TRIANGLES) 81° 24,3' 2. ¢ = 56° 41.6 3. p = 93° 03.8" 4, D= 57° 33.0' 5. 1 = 91° 24.4 6. p = 65° 31.4 7, R= 47° 28.3" 8 y = 55° 38.4 9. a = 54° 27.0' Ss a I = 99° 15.5' (Page 19) D= 61°31.7' E= 102° 58.0° A= 59° 00.7' B= 74° 52.3' Z= 100° 29.6" X= 49° 27.3' E= 94°06.7' F= 71° 54.1 J= 64° 06.1! K= 84° 38.3! Q= 124° 29.3'R= 55° 48.8 S = 128° 54.9' T= 41° 03.5" X= 28° 53.3' Z= 72° 42.4 B= 76°53.0' = C. E= 103° 46.9' F = 96° 52.7" 69[ANSWERS] ANSWERS] EXERCISE 2 EXERCISE 3 )UADRANTAL SPHERICAL TRIANGLES) (RIGHT ANGLED SPHERICAL TRIANGLES) @ ? (Page 37) (Page 27) Rar ®) 1. A= 56°13.9 B= 342434 b= 39°49.1' 2d 68° 06.7" 19° 38.6' F=122° 12.6 Gee ool gant raga ae coon ee 3. 1= 118°52.1' M= 86°02.2' n= 82°51.2 4. 72° 46.1' 93° 19.4" R= 78° 42.3' Stee esoaa a nen oat One 5, P= 90°00.0' Z= 90°00.0 X= 64°.00.0' n= 58°07.7' or 121° 52.3" N= 68°24" or 111°37.6 EXERCISE 4 (POLAR TRIANGLES) 3. a= 28°46.6 P= 75°50.8' p= 62°21.1" eats age 4, D=110° 09.4" e=115°00.6 f = 80°52.1' 87°09.5' b= 62°37.0' ¢=100°08,9" 59° 00.7" q= 58°23.0' r= 56°41.6 5. P= 92°33.2' p= 93° 14.6 m= 51°57.7' o3° 034 be 99°580' Pe 49°272" = 57°.09.0' q= 83°12.0' r= 71° 08.0 64° 06.1" x= 85°47.0' y= 91° 24.5" 65°31.4' b= 110° 14.0 ©= 70° 20.0! 66° 41.0' D= 128° 54.9' e= 54° 56.0" 23° 30.2' G= 89° 59.8 h= 52°01.0° . 54° 26.8' m= 66° 11.7 =n Op= 99° 15.5' q= 102° 48.0' R= 96° 52.7! 1 2 3 4. 5. -000- 6. 7. 8 9 I 7 n[ANSWERS] EXERCISE 5 (AMBIGUOUS CASES) (Page 68) . A= 61°31.7 B=102°59.0' b= 100° 10.0' . P= $7°35.1' R= 71°54.2' p= 57° 10.9 . D= 64°07.0' d= 64°18.8' e= 85° 46.9 . X= 99° 49.8' Z= 114° 06.5' x= 139° 09.2' P=100°32.0' or 136° 33.2' p= 99°14.0' or 136° 21.4' r= 85°25.6' or 94°34.4' -000- R