‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ‬

‫◄ ﻫﺪﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﻓﻠﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻟﻨﺖﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ )ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ(‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻌﺒﻪﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺗﺮﺍﺵ ﺳﻪﻧﻈﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬
‫◄ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺍﺟــﺰﺍء ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﭘﺬﻳﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺏ( ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﻼچ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫◄ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫◄ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺻﺮﻓﻪﺟﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫پ( ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻛﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺳــﺎﻳﻞﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺑﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺑــﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍﺳﺎﺳــﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻏﻴــﺮ ﻫﻢﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪1‬ـ‪ 7‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛــﻪ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬

‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻠﺐ )ﺳــﺨﺖ( ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ 1‬ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻠﺐ )ﺧﺸﻚ(‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﻚﺗﻜﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻓﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪1‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﻗﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻢﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺏ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻲ )ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻫﻢﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
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 ‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻜﻪ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻄﻲ ﻫﺮﮔﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻑ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﮔﻮﻩ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ )ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ( ﻭ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻨﮕﻲ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭼﺪﻥ )‪ 20‬ـ ‪ (GG‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ )‪ 45‬ـ ‪(GS‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻳﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪1‬ـ ‪ ،7‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ‪ DIN 115‬ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ )‪ (D‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪2‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ )‪(DIN 115‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ‪1‬ـ ‪7‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪ 60‬ﻭ ‪55‬‬ ‫‪ 45‬ﻭ ‪40‬‬ ‫‪ 35‬ﻭ ‪30‬‬ ‫‪ 25‬ﻭ ‪50‬‬ ‫} ‪D {mm‬‬

‫ﻗﻄﺮ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫‪325‬‬ ‫‪275‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪215‬‬ ‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬ ‫‪120‬ﻭ‪130‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫}‪D {mm‬‬

‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫‪490‬‬ ‫‪430‬‬ ‫‪390‬‬ ‫‪350‬‬ ‫‪310‬‬ ‫‪280‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪160‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫}‪L {mm‬‬

‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫‪1500‬‬ ‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫‪540‬‬ ‫‪380‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪85‬ﻭ‪125‬‬ ‫‪15‬ﻭ‪12/5‬‬ ‫‪ 8‬ﻭ‪10‬‬ ‫‪4‬ﻭ‪6‬‬ ‫}‪M {daN.m‬‬

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 ‫‪2‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺧﻤﺸــﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪3‬ـ‪ .(7‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻲ ﺩﻭﺗﻜﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﻨﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻓﻼﻧﭻﻫــﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻼﻧﭻ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻢﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 3‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼﻧﭻ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﻼﻧﭻ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻓﻼﻧﭻ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪3‬ـ‪7‬ـ پ(‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻓﻼﻧﭻﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬

‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪3‬ـ‪7‬ـ ﺕ(‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﭼﺪﻥ ‪ 20‬ـ ‪ GG‬ﻭ ‪ 25‬ـ ‪ GG‬ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲ ‪ 45‬ـ ‪ GS‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫)پ(‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫)ﺕ(‬
‫ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﺰﻳﻲ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪3‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸــﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷــﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺒﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺏ(ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬

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 ‫‪1‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ )ﻣﻨﺒﺴﻂﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ(‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺒﺴــﺎﻁ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ(‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳــﻚ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺧﺎﺭ ﻟﻐﺰﻧــﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻜــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﺸــﻮﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷــﺪﻩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴــﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺪﺍ ﮔــﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ‬

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 ‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﻄﻌﻲ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺟﺪﺍﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪ 5‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ‪ 5‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﺍﻛﻮﻝ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺳﺨﺘﻲﺳﻨﺞ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺗﺮﺗﻴــﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1‬ﻭ ‪،2‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ A‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺑﺮﺟﺴــﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﭘﻴﺸــﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ‪ 90‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ ‪ 7‬پ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻘﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﻓﺘﮕﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺳــﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺏ(‬

‫)پ(‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑﻫﺎﻱ ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ =0/05 d‬ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 5‬ـ‪7‬ـ‬
‫ﺍﻟــﻒ( ﻭ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﺎ˚‪ φ ≥ 1‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫)ﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺕ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ˚‪ φ ≥ 3‬ﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ‪7‬ﺕ‬
‫ﺗﺎ˚‪ φ≥ 4‬ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ‬
‫‪) φ‬ﻓﻲ( ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﺮ ‪ a‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺣﺘﻲﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺳــﻌﻲ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻥ ﺳــﺨﺖ ﻣﻲﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگﻫــﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺧﺎﻧﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ‬

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 ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳــﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ h=0/03d‬ﻭ ‪4)d‬ﺗﺎ‪ D =(3‬ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ‪ h‬ﻭ ‪ D‬ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ‪ d‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ h‬ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﺮﺟﺴــﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺏ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ‪ 55‬ﺍﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ 60‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﺭﺍﻛﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻳﺲﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ(‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺻﻠﻴﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺼﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ـ ‪.(7‬‬
‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﭽﺸــﻲ ﺑﻴــﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕــﺮ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪7‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪6‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪7‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻔﺼﻞﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ‬
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‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲﻛــﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷــﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ‪ 5°‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 15°‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‪ 45°‬ﻣﻰ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺣﺎﻟــﺖ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳــﻄﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺳــﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻯ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻳﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪8‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘــﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺷــﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦﺑــﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻫﻤﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ‪ Z‬ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻰ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫پ( ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ )ﺏ( ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻯ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪8‬ـ‪7‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝﻫﺎﻯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻯ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﻛﻮﻣﻮﺗﻴﻮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 9‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﭘﺮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬

‫)پ(‬
‫)ﺏ(‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﻴﻞﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ )ﺏ( ﻣﻴﻞﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫)پ( ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪9‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻴﻞﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﻔﺼﻞ‬

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 ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪10‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺩﻭ ﭼﺮﺥﺩﻧﺪﻩ )‪ (1‬ﻭ )‪ (2‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ‬

‫ﺧﺎﺭﻫــﺎﻯ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗــﻰ ﺑــﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻚ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ )‪ (3‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ‬
‫ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﺳــﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪10‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﭼﻤﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺁﻛﺎﺭﺩﺋﻮﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭ ﻣﻬــﺮﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ‬ ‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻣﺼﺮﻑﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭼــﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﭼﺮﺥﺩﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺳــﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪11‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ ﺑﻐﻞ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻯ )‪(5‬‬ ‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻘﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷــﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪11‬ـ‪7‬ﺏ ﻭ ‪11‬ـ‪7‬پ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻮگ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯﻛﻮﭼﻚﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪،‬ﻧﻮﻉﺍﺭﺯﺍﻥﺁﻥﻫﺎﻛﻪﺑﻪﻧﺎﻡﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳﺨﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫)پ(‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪11‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬

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‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮ ﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷــﻜﻞ‪ 12‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟــﻒ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻮﭘﻰ ﻓﻼﻧﭻﺩﺍﺭ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ‪ ،c‬ﻛﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗ ًﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺷــﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﻮﺧﺎﻟﻰ ﻓﻼﻧﭻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ ‪ d‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﻣﻴﺴــﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﺼﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﻤﭗ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪12‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺏ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ a‬ﻭ‪ (b‬ﻓﻼﻧﭻ‬
‫‪ (c‬ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ (d‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ (e‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‬

‫)ﺏ( ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻤﭗ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪12‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬

‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﻰ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤــﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴــﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻧﺮﻣــﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﻭ ﻓﻼﻧــﭻ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 13‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬

‫‪1.Turboflex‬‬
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 ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕــﺮ ﻣﻰﭼﺮﺧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫)ﺏ( ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ‬ ‫)پ( ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫)ﺙ( ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ )ﺕ( ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪13‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺟﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﻢ‬

‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻨﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺏ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﭘﺮﻱﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬
‫پ( ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛِ ِﮕﻞ ﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬

‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤــﻚ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪14‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﻮﻋﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﭘﻴﭻ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺷــﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﺮﻋﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺷــﻴﺎﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﺸــﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻓﻠﺰﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫــﺎﻯ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨــﮓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﺮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻴﭽﺸﻰ ﻓﻨﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺳﺨﺘﻰ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﺜــﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺤــﺮﻙ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﺘﺤــﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺁﺭﺍﻣﻰ ﺑﻪﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﻙ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﻲﺳــﺎﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪14‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﭘﺮﻯ ﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺑﺎ ﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻪﻫﻢ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛــﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷــﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﻰ‪ ،‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳــﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﻨﺜﻰ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪15‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻰ ﺑﻪﻛﻤﻚ‬
‫ﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ ‪ U‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭﻯ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫◄ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛِ ِﮕﻞ ﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﺍﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪ 16‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻋﻀﻮ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﺷــﻜﻞ )‪ (a‬ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ 3500‬ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ‪ 450‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪15‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﺮﻯﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)پ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫پ( ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎژ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪16‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﮕﻞ ﻓﻠﻜﺲ‬

‫‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻳﮕــﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻲﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻯ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻄﺮ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫‪1.Periflex‬‬
‫‪2.Kegelflex‬‬

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 ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴــﺰﻡ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃــﻲ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗــﻊ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻤ ًﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫــﺎ ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻢﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻــﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴــﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻛﻼچﻫــﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻰ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﺳــﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼچﻫــﺎﻯ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢﺳــﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ‪،‬‬

‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔــﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﺨــﻮﺍﻩ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻛﻨﻨــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳــﻴﺐﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﻟﺨﻮﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻰ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻰﺍﻓﺘﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻞ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪17‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺏ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪ a‬ﻛﻼچ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‪ b‬ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﻛــﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﻤــﻪ ‪ b‬ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﻠﻐﺰﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪ a‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪ b‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ‪ ،a‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻼچ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ‬

‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪17‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‬

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‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻯ ﺗﻤﺎﺳﻰ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﻤﻚ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪18‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻓــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄــﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪1‬ـ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ‪2‬ـ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ‪3‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪18‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‬

‫‪2‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﻔﻠﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪19‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻰﺑﻴﻨﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻼچ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘــﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﻌﺐﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ )‪19‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻡﺩﺍﺭ )‪19‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺏ( ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫)‪19‬ـ‪ 7‬پ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤــﻮﻻً ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻗﻔﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨــﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻰﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻋﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺷﻴﺐﺩﺍﺭ )ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ(‬
‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻧــﺪ ﺗﺎ ‪ 150 RPM‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘــﻂ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻓﺮﻡﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪19‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺏ( ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﻜﻌﺐﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪19‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪،‬‬
‫)پ(‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻼچ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪19‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪20‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻰ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪20‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺏ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻴﺸﺎﻧﻰ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪20‬ـ‪ 7‬پ(‪.‬‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬ ‫)پ(‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪20‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ‪ 300‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺻﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒــﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻼچ ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ )ﺿﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻼﭼﻰ( ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻼچ ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻢﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪3‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‬ ‫ﻛﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻼچ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤــﻪ ﻛﻼچ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻰ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻛﻼچ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ‬

‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻰ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻼچ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴــﺮﻭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻯ ﺩﻭ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛــﻰ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴــﻦ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﻮﺍﻯ ﻓﺸــﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﭘﺮﺳــﻰ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪21‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻼچ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼچ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻛﻼچ‬
‫ﻓﻼﻳﻮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ ﻮ‬
‫ﻳﻮ‬
‫ﻛﻼچ‬
‫ﻼچ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻯ ﻛﻼ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻛ‬
‫ﺻﻄﻜﻜﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺍﺻﻄ‬

‫ﺎﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻞﻟﻨﮓ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬

‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻰ‬
‫ﮔﺸﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸ‬
‫ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝﻝﻝﺑﺮ‬
‫ﭼﻨﮕﺎ‬
‫ﮕﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻰ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪21‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ )ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ(‬

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 ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻼچ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻳﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻛﻼچ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻯ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻰ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻼﻑ ﺍﻧﺮژﻯ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺳﺎﻳﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﺮﺍﺵ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫پ( ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺿﺮﺑﻪ( ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﻋﻤــﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺣــﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻨﺪ پ ﻭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺒﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻰ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪22‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪22‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‬

‫‪127‬‬
 ‫‪4‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪23‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻼچ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﻳﻞ ﻧﻘﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻟﻨﺖ ﻛﻼچ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻔﺤــﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺷــﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺟﻌﺒﻪﺩﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘــﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﺖ ﻛﻼچ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (3‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ )‪ (4‬ﻓﺸــﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻛﻼچ )‪ (5‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﻏﻼﻑ )‪(6‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﻤﻚ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﻛﻼچ )‪ (7‬ﺳﻤﺖ ﭼﭗ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑــﻪ ﺑﻠﺒﺮﻳﻨﮓ )‪(8‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪23‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻼچ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ )‪(9‬‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﺯ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻼچ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪24‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻗﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟــﺐ ﺣﺮﻛــﺖ ﺻﻔﺤــﻪﻛﻼچ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺷــﺪﻥ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﻠﺶ ﺑﻜﺸﻴﻢ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪24‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻛﻼچ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻼچ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻯ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﻢ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪24‬ـ‪7‬ﺏ( ﻛﻼچ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻼچ ﺩﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻛﻼ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻪ ﻛﻼ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺎﻟﺖ ﺩ ﮔ‬
‫ﻛﻼچ ﺩﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪﻪ ﻛﻛﻼ‬
‫)ﺏ(( ﻔ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪24‬ـ‪7‬‬ ‫‪128‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪25‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻼچ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪25‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪25‬ـ‪ 7‬پ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪5‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬

‫ﻳﻚ ﻛﻼچ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪26‬ـ‪ ،7‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺟﺎ‬
‫ﺑــﻪ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻰ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺴــﻚﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻯ‬
‫ﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻫﺎﻯ‬
‫ﺳﺨﺖﻛﺎﺭﻯﺷﺪﻩ ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻄﻮﺡ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ـ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﺯﻛﻲ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪26‬ـ‪7‬ﺏ(‪.‬‬

‫)ﺏ(‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪3 4‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬

‫)ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫)پ(‬
‫)پ(‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪25‬ـ‪7‬‬ ‫)ﺏ(‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻛﻼچ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ‬

‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﻏﻼﻑ ﻟﻐﺰﺷﻲ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺩﻧﺪﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪26‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳﻰ‬

‫‪129‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻼچ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠ ًﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻳﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻪ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ـ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﭼﺴﺒﻴﺪﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻫﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻻﺑﻪﻻﻯ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫‪6‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪27‬ـ‪ ،7‬ﻛﻼچ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃــﻰ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻰ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﺩﻭﺑﻞ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﻼچ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲﺷﻜﻞ‪27‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ )ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻟﻨﺖ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺷﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻓﻨﺮ‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪27‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻛﻼچ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬

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 ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬
‫ﻛﻛﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻛﻼچ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺩﻭﺑﻞ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻼچ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ‬

‫ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ )‪ (2‬ﻭ )‪ (3‬ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻦ )‪ (4‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻯ ﮔﻠﻮﻳﻰ )‪ (1‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻯ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﻟﻐﺰﺵ ﻏــﻼﻑ )‪ ،(5‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻗﻄــﻊ ﻭ ﻭﺻﻞ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻰﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪28‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ ﻛﻼچ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﺩﻭﺑﻞ‬

‫‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺷــﻴﻦ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻢ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻃــﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸــﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴــﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺟﺬﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺗﻼﻑ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺰء ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺰء ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺏ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﺷﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻳﺞﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺸــﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬

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‫ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺴــﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬

‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨــﺪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴــﻲ‬

‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺜ ً‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺮ )‪ (e‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﻼ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻠﺒﺮﻳﻨﮓ )‪ (f‬ﻭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ )‪ (c‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺟﺴﻤﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺗﺮﻣــﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ )‪(d‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴــﻤﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺷﺎﻓﺖ ‪b‬‬
‫ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺴــﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻜﻢ ﻧﮕﻪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﺳﺎﻧﺴــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﻭﻳﺰﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﻪ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪29‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ )‪ (a‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸــﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃــﻲ ‪ h‬ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑــﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺸــﻘﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫)‪ ( i‬ﺿﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴــﺘﻬﻠﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪29‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ ـ ﺭﻭﺗﻮﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻲ‬

‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻪ‬
‫‪1‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﻟﻨﺖﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻔﺸــﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﺠﻬﺰ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﻛــﻪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻠﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻢﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻔﺸﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻭﺍﻡ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪30‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻚ‬ ‫)‪ (3‬ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭼــﺮﺥ )‪ (2‬ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺸــﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧــﻞ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺧــﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺥ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪) .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‬
‫‪30‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﻟﻒ(‬
‫ﺏ( ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 30‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ‬
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 ‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﺸــﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺳــﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜــ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺩﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪31‬ـ‪7‬‬
‫ﻳﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻭﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (a‬ﺷــﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭ‪ (b) ،‬ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ )‪ (c‬ﻟﻨﺖﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ )‪ (p‬ﻳﺎﺗﺎﻗﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ )‪ (e‬ﺍﺯ ﻭﺍژﮔﻮﻥﺷــﺪﻥ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻭﺯﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺮ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (f‬ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ‬

‫ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻱ )‪ (k,i,h,l‬ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻠﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ (g) .‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺸﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

‫ﺧﻼﺻﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ )‪ ( k ,l‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ (m) .‬ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ (n) .‬ﺳﻮﺭﺍﺥ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ )‪(o‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ )ﻓﻨﺮ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ( ﺣﺪ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﺻﻲ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻳﻜﺴــﺎﻥ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺭﺱ ﺁﻫﻨﺮﺑﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 31‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﻳﺴﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

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‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻠﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺒﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﺰ )ﻛﺎﺳــﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ( ﻓﺸﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺣﺴــﺎﺱ ﻧﻴﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪32‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻳﺴــﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺒﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻛﺎﺳﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﺒﻠﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻓﻼﻧﭻ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﺩﺭﭘﻮﺵ‬
‫ﺯﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪32‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬

‫ﺯﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﻜﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻳﻚ ﺯﻳﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪33‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬

‫ﻟﻨﺖ‬

‫ﻓﻨﺮ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺯﻳﻦ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺤﻔﻈﻪ ﻓﻼﻧﭻ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﻨﮓ‬

‫ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪33‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺯﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻲ‬

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 ‫ﭘﻴﺴــﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻨﺖﻫــﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻥﻫــﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﻋﻜﺲ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﭼﻚﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻠﻜﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺩﻣﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺧﻨﻚ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﺴــﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻠﻜﻲ ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻛﻔﺸــﻜﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻔﺸــﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳــﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻣﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻳﻨﺮﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‪ ٪55 ،‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪60‬ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳــﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻘــﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ٪55‬ﺍﻟﻲ ‪ ٪60‬ﺑﻪ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛــﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪34‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮﻱ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻘﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺟﻠﻮ ﻭ ﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻘﺐ‬

‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺥﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻠﻮ‬

‫ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪34‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪35‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺪﺍﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺴــﺘﻮﻥ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻓﺸــﺎﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﭼﺮﺥ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥﺟﺎ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺳﻪ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺑﭽﺴﺒﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ F2‬ـ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪ a‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ‬

‫‪ Fs‬ـ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ b‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ‬
‫‪ A‬ـ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪P‬ـ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪35‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﻪﺟﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻏﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻓﺸــﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺳﻴﺴــﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻜﻞ ‪36‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ a‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ‬

‫‪ b‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻱ ﺍﻫﺮﻡ‬
‫‪P‬ـ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﻣﺨﺰﻥ‬
‫‪ F2‬ـ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ Fs‬ـ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ A‬ـ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪36‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﻨﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬

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 ‫‪2‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻧــﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻓﻠﻜﻪ ﻗــﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳــﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭼﺮﺥ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺻﻄــﻜﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳــﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪37‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧــﻮﺍﺭ ﻃﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺳــﻲ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﻛﺸــﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪37‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻳــﻚ ﻧــﻮﻉ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺗﺮﻣــﺰ ﻧــﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻜﻞ ‪38‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼــﺮﺥ ﺩﺭ ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃــﺮﻑ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺣﺮﻛــﺖ ﻭ ﻋﻤــﻞ ﻛﻨﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺯﻳــﺮﺍ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻫــﺎﻱ ﮔﺸــﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫــﺮ ﺩﻭ ﻃــﺮﻑ ﭼــﺮﺥ ﺑــﺎ ﻫــﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﺑــﺮ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺖﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﺷــﺶ ﻛﻔﺸــﻚﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ‬
‫ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪39‬ـ‪.(7‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸــﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﺑﻪﺭﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪38‬ـ‪ 7‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻟﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﻔﺸﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﺸﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﭘﺮچ‬ ‫ﺏ( ﻧﻔﻮﺫﻧﺎﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ( ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫پ( ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺧﻮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﺍﺵ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭼﺴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﭼﻲ‬

‫ﭼﻨﺎﻥﭼﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺎﻟﺸــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪39‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﺯﺑﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺁﺯﺑﺴــﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻴــﺎﻑ ﺗﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﻓﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺁﻥﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﭼﺴﺒﻲ ﺁﻏﺸــﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﻪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤ ًﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﺑﺴﺖ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﭼﺴﺒﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨ ًﺎ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺒﻪﻛﻮﻫﻲ ﻧﺴــﻮﺯ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﺳــﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮچ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺳﻪ ﭼﺪﻧﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻓﻮﻻﺩﻱ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺴــﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻲﭼﺴــﺒﺎﻧﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭼﺮﺥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫــﺎ ﻋﻼﻭﻩﺑﺮ ﭼﺪﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻓﻮﻻﺩ ﺯﻧﮓﻧﺰﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﻴﻢ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪40‬ـ ‪ 7‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻟﻨﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞﻛﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ ﻧﺼﺐ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺳﻴﻠﻨﺪﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻛﻔﺸﻚ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻟﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻓﻨﺮ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ‪40‬ـ‪ 7‬ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻛﻔﺸﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﺎﺳﻪﭼﺮﺥ‬

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 ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫◄ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻭ ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺷﺮﻁ ﺍﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺷﺎﺥ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻮﻓﻠﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﭘﺮﻯﻓﻠﻜﺲ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪.11‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻼچ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .12‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .13‬ﻓﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .15‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .16‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .17‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .18‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .19‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .20‬ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .21‬ﻟﻨﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .22‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﺪﻫﺎﻡ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺩﻳﺴﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ؟‬

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 ‫‪ .23‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .24‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .25‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻳﻚﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .26‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻰ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﻔﺸﻜﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻫﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .27‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬

‫◄ ﺟﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﻟﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﭘﺮ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ‪ ......................‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍء ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ( ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫــﺎﻯ ‪ ..........................‬ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻛﻢ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫پ( ﻫــﺮﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴــﻢ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷــﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ‪ ........................‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺕ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﻲ ﻗﻔﻞﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﮕﻚﻫﺎ ‪ ...............‬ﺭﺍ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺰﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ‪ ...............‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺙ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨــﮓ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﺍﻥ )ﻣﺘﻐﻴــﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳــﻪﺍﻱ( ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﭼﻨﮕﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻜﻞ‬
‫‪ ،...................‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ( ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺿﺎﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺪﻳﻦﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ‪ .............‬ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺠﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ‪ ...............‬ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺐﺩﻳﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻯ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫چ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ‪ ....................‬ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺡ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻰ ﺑﺰﺭگ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺮﻭﻃﻰ‬
‫‪ ................‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺥ( ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ‪ ........................‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻲ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫◄ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺘﻰ ﺟﻤﻼﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻛﻼچ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬
‫ﺏ( ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻯ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬

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 ‫پ( ﺍﺯ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬
‫ﺕ( ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﻔﻠﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺧﻴﻠﻰ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩﺍﻯ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺷﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻨﺠﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻧﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬
‫ﺙ( ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﺛﻘﻴﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻳﻨﭻﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻴﺤ ًﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ†‬

‫◄ ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺟﺰﻭ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺠﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺳﺨﺖ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ؟‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣ ً‬
‫ﻼ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ (3‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺧﻤﺸﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ ((2‬ﺍﺳﺎﺳ ًﺎ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻲ ﺩﻭﺗﻜﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻼﻧﭻﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻴﻨﮓﻫﺎﻯ ‪ ،......................‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻰ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺮﻣﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻜﻰ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺻﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻓﻼﻧﭽﻰ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪﺍﻯ‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺎ ‪ ............‬ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؟‬
‫‪ (1‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﺸﻰ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻧﺮﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻫﻢﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻛــﺪﺍﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻼچﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺳــﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺸــﻬﻮﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻳﺴــﻚﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻕﻫﺎﻯ ﻓﻨﺮﻯ ﺧﻴﻠــﻰ ﻧﺎﺯﻛﻲ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ؟‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻛﻼچ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻗﻔﻠﻰ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻛﻼچ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻛﻰ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻛﻼچ ﭼﻨﺪﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﻛﻼچ ﻳﻚ ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ‬

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 ‫‪ .7‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫‪ (2‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‬
‫‪ (4‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻯ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺍﻱ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻯ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ؟‬
‫‪ (4‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﺿﺮﻳﺐﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﭘﻴﭽﺶ ﻧﻮﺍﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﭼﺮﺥ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻣﺰﮔﻴﺮﻯ‬
‫‪ .9‬ﺍﺯ ﻛﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺼﻞﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻟﻨﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻔﺸﻚﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻧﺸﻴﻤﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ؟‬
‫‪ (4‬ﭼﺴﺐ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﭘﻴﭻ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﭘﺮچ‬ ‫‪ (1‬ﭘﻴﭻﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﺧﺰﻳﻨﻪﺍﻱ‬

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