WHS cella ie mule, oe Helter, ) 9. inaivey stil be Wed. Ibs, of entrse, ailerstuod, mony keya as desired van he depressed simuleanenus: ‘ales will sounil as long as these Keys are iepeesseal, he Keyboard say i pace at iy distance ‘ithe reasonahite Tits, “from the hatte) rack, and if the wirtug on the rack is care: oy fully concealed | ard” the instru neat place on 3 Stage "wth the els armed Fie. asvay frou tie audience, asd the behind the scenes, it will mystify many petsoas, as eyo playing without anyone touching it i carillon seems to be FIRST PRIZE $500, HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN OSCILLATION TRANSFORMER. By S. W. Hector, N the present stage of Amateur Wireless Telegraphy, the transmitting sct must be loosely coupled to the aerial oscillating system, so. that the wave-form sliall I ie'as smooth 1s possible. When ordinary helices or fn save emaployed-1or tentang eet HeebPee ss natare Such 3 Wave possesses claracteritcs that make it extreiely difficult to tune out int ceelving station Henes the “Goveranient Wirstess taw exacts that all licensed wireless. stations, whether amateur or professional, ‘all emit a pure wave, "At Big A. te aliowe the mete (i adouble-Munped wave form, cesultant from tieuse-af a clig in the fransmittnset7 life at ac teally pure wave form, Having but one pronounced hump. or Deak A fouste hamper ware Ree ae oe Seiving, by the difeuty encountered in tuning it out, “A TIAIDIF defined waveform, such as emitted sy © well-toneds F coupled transiattins set, & very easily cut out on the Apparatus, generally, and, tieretore, every amateur phould sera teansiniting oscillation transformers not ont forthe above feta. Int, avo the acide range, ih most sues, is greatly enhanced by its employutet ‘The oxillation transformer here described can, he easily ant ehsoly mae’ hy anyboiy, in 8 few tines tines Te Fequires for ‘ity con: Sitction, two. of the El. Co, No. 9270 spiral helices, shown at Bigs 2 iiaving peat cured’ the. helices, the centre binding." post Show be removed fu Femoutel Be dneh froin the contre of the telig, “Caving the eens tre hole clear for th Urass guide ro, Ry in Hea | For the base of the instrument apiece 0 ke about LE inches fing Uy inches wid ant % inch thick test, “At the ‘ends of the base is ‘secured two 1. Co. suynly teen ae Be kel plated (K Ie jtesite 2 ret I nf screws thenh the feet of A els nt the foge securing the two stan AeA e AW ane aint Minsky syst ey stahl ave two foes He gia ta net the tot 3M antes eve the LET SEACH ORC ae TR ee ee ahout 1 inet at either enh, with a No, 10-24 die (E, L Co. iS Die) ater ‘outs threat whi the lave at fiatsl. Two nuts, No, 10-26 thread, are. place sitler eu of the brass roll, to secure it iM pasitian on atandaed two helices No, 920 may be mount eee to lace, nr back to back, The latter metivod gives the yrest est facility for attachiag the connecting. wires, Usually the inside turns of the tichces are employed, tay depenls won the size of the seuding condenser. "Tye position of the tivo helices, with respect to one andther Saried weil the max lated in the nerial ; ‘270 HELICES ‘3000 STANDARO. it with a smooth wave form A small space usually tween the two helices, when properly tuned, The connections for the oscillation trantfornier are shown a Fig. 4, “for a. spark. coil. trauamitter. Here, A, is. the aerial, G, the ground, HM, the hot-wire ammeter, anchor gap, f ycissler tube to indicate when maximum radiation occurs Gri the pscillaion transformer, C, high potential condenses, SG, spark gap, and the balance ot the instruments 35 18 cated Hi FIG.e EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRICITY COURSE. (Continued from Page 21.) inne spon the leaath of the line. A long distance bell circuit veil elay fs shown at Pig 9 Ih this arrangement, whenever the pus button is pressed, current trom the battery fe sent Over ¢he line whieh Sctaates ‘the rehiy electeommagnets at the other end The magnets then pail forward the iron arntgre showuy closing the'contacts of the local circuit. and allowing the bell to ens Irom its focal battery: spiral spring holds the relay arte ture. narmually away. {rout the ‘magtet poles anit contact Selewt'ieaving the Bacal bell ereult open. Tn general to ring an ordinary bell of medion size, the tgntery “reyuieed Teeny Of ity “cells or 2090'Lme felts Catan fonesinc), te about 2 A ti gel for” res “up 49 j eet, One cuits up to 73 feet 3 KOE i) etl: ‘HCO Teor 4 eel. PACA. “ine number of cells @ sang gece < wil Co Iipon the size wf the hell to be uperated and the Tenth of the Slrewt. “The standard sizes of bell gongs vary frou 2 inches ult fo'I2 faces, the fatter requiring awn Xcley cells to operate sit circuit niot exceeding 73 Feet in Heuxth uae say. Flecteo Audivw detvetor is heli 1 class amateur anid enmimercial stat from van: ustaetit, anh apesee fal seneitis are only sone uf its teadine characteristics.United States Patent 19) my 4,325,795 Bourgoin «_ [45] Apr, 20, 1982 [54] PROCESS FOR FORMING AMBIENT 3626081 12/1971 Fields etal 264/08 ‘TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING 3.664938 5/1972 ‘Thomas et al 204/180 R FILAMENTS: 3.668096 6/1972 Cook 204/180 RX 4088037 9/1977 Chronberg 204/180 R (76} Inventor: Ronald C, Bourgoin, 18 Woodfern Cir, Greenville, $.C. 29615, [21] Appl. No» 202,680 [22] Filed: Oct. 31, 1980 [1] tn cL? .. c288 7/00 [2] Us.c, 204/180 Rj 208/181 R; 204/181 F; 204/209 R; 208/300 R; 427/38; 427/62; 427/63; 174/126 §; 264/24; 264/26, 264/27 [58] Field of Seareh 204/180 R, 18) R181 F, 208/299 R, 300 R; 427/38, 62, 63; 174/126 S; 264/24, 26, 27 [s6) References Cited US. PATENT DOCUMENTS 349.227 6/1969 Heron eta 204/180 R 3,449,230 6/1968 Heron eta “204/180 R 3,586,969 1/1911 Miauguehi etal. 2047180 RX Primary Evominer—Arthur C. Prescott Attorney, Agent. or Firm—Miills and Coats [7 ABSTRACT ‘This invention is a process for forming electrical con- ductors in the form of Filaments which exhibit proper ties of electrical superconductivity at ambient or normal room temperature. The process includes the prepara- tion of « molten mixture of conducting and tasulator materials, the introduction of the nearly homogeneous mixture between clecirodes across which a voltage is applied causing fine filaments to be formed having a diameter within the range of 10 t0 1,000 A. The fila ments thus formed give almost no resistance to the passage of the electricity therethrough at room temper~ ature thus effectively forming an ambient temperature superconductor. 11 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures fer TACHED CONDUCTING LEADS / io ee bie (METALLIC PINS a eeU.S. Patent Apr. 20, 1982 Sheet 1 of 4 4,325,795 t 4 a a uw, ri a g. b: H ot 123456768900 V (VOLTS) 8 ba a wi 3 a 2 = 2 = H 4! ofl 2345678910 V(VOLTS)—— | FIG.2USS. Patent Apr. 20, 1982 Sheet 2 of 4 4,325,795 R(OHMS) —= I (AMPERES) —=— FIG.3 I(AMPERES) —= THRESHOLD VOLTAGE V(VOLTS)—» FIG.4U.S. Patent Apr. 20, 1982 Sheet 3 of 4 4,325,795 I(AMPERES) —= 30 100 V(MILLIVOLTS) —e FIG.5 TATTACHED CONDUCTING LEADS (METALLIC PINSU.S. Patent Apr. 20, 1982 + R(OHMS) ——» 1B 16 +R Sheet 4 of 4 I (AMPERES) —— 4,325,795 7 We4,325,795 1 PROCESS FOR FORMING AMBIENT TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTING FILAMENTS: FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to electrical conductors and a ‘method of forming the same and more particularly to lectrically conducting filaments of submicron diameter for superconducting of electricity therethrough, BACKGROUND OF INVENTION Some metals, metalloids, alloys and metallic com Pounds, when placed in near Absolute Zero thermal environments, undergo significant decreases in ohmic resistance; at a certain temperature, or within a narrow range of temperatures—termed a materials’ “transition temperature” or “transition temperature range" —the ohmic resistance falls abruptly to practically 2sr0, Fora conductor of given length and cross-sectional area ‘with a measured R ohms of resistance at 25° C, the resistiviy is determined to be a certain magnitude, As the ambient temperature of the conductor is decreased, it has been found that there occurs a linear decrease in ‘resistivity with temperature, Such linear behavior, how- ever, is not the phenomenon of superconductivity. Sue ppercondactivity is the term applied to the sudden depar- ture from linear behavior and the abrupt attainment of hear zero ohmic resitance. At ths point, it is sd that the conductor has entered the "superconducting state", and it hes been found that said conductors in said state are capable of passing very large magnitudes of current with a minimum of applied voltage ‘Although it has been theorized that ambient or room temperature superconductivity might be possible, until ow this has remained theory only although such di ‘verse uses as high voltage long distance transmission lines, heat transfer means for heat pumps, and by-passes ‘of damaged nerves inthe spinal column have been envi- sioned, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION After much research and study into the phenomenon of superconductivity and the problems associated there. with in obtaining the same at ambient temperature, the resent invention has been developed which accom plishes this condition at 25 to 30 degrees Centigrade. ‘This io done through the use of extremely fine flaments having a diameter of between 10 and 1,000 A formed from elements which normally have a high resistance to current low. Through practice of the method taught by the present invention, itis now practical to consider not ‘only building electrical transmission long lines, spinal cord by-passes and improved heat transfer means for heat pumps, but also many other applications in such Fields as microelectronics and computer technology. In view of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method of producing flament which will superconduct at tempezatures substantially above zero K, Another object of the present invention is to provide 4 superconducting filament which does not lose its perconductivity at temperatures even above zero de grees Centigrade. Another object of the present invention is to provide ‘8 method for producing filaments having a diameter of 2» 30 38 * 4s ss © 2 between 10 and 1,000 A which exhibit characterstis of superconductivity at room tempersture ‘Another object of the present invention is to provide 4 practical method for producing fine filament conduc- tors which have superconducting ualities Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent and obvious from a study of the following description and the accompanying drawings which are merely illustrative of such invention BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is © graph illustrating observed increase in current as voltage increases, FIG, 2 illustrates how voltage drops as current in FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating that as current is in- creased, resistance decreases, FIG. 4 is graph showing the tendency of the fila: ‘ents to pass currents instantly and the voltage to drop toward zero, FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating observations mde of filaments reaction to current and voltage variations FIG. 6 is a basic filament forming circui FIG. 7 isa graph showing negative resistance behav for of resistanceless bismuth filament; and FIG. 8 is a schematic of a basic filament forming apparatus. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION Ifa DC voltage V volts is applied across the ends of 4 conducting material of uniform length L centimeters and cross-sectional ares A square centimeters in an ambient temperature environment of T "C. by means of fan ammeter it is found that a current of I amperes is passed by the conductor. By means of Ohm's Law, the Fesistance R ohms offered to the passage of electric ‘current is feund by Rov, ” Ifa constant DC voltage V volts is applied across the ends of various materials of equal uniform lengths and cross-sectional areas at constant temperature, itis found that cach material passes a different current 1. By the use of equation (1), the resistance offered to current flow can be determind for each material. This leads to the conclusion that resistance is determined by the con. ducting. property of each material. For the purpose of comparison of conducting properties of various mate als at constant temperature, a coefficient of resistance, p—termed the “resistivity"—Is calculated by the use of paunxaya a IER is in units of ohms, L in centimeters, and A in Square centimeters, pis in units of ohn-centimeter ‘The resistivities of several metals at 20° C. as taken from “Properties of Metals as Conductors", Handbook of Phys and Chemistry, CRC Press, 1979-80, are given below: METAL RESISTIVITY (x 10- ohm ~ ew) ‘Alina ane Samah 0 Copper, Anveaed ia Gold 2 Tron, 99.98% pre 109 vad 20