ARTICLES Chinese Science Buetn 2004 Vol, 49 No, 25 2508-2514 Northern China maximum temperature in the summer of 1743: A historical event of burning summer in a relatively warm climate background ZHANG De'er' & Demaree Gaston” 1. Nations imate Center of China. Bening 100081, Chin 2, Royal Meicgrologiel losiute, Brussels, Beau Correspondence should he addressed Zhang Deer (ena deerhange cma govan) Abstract In the contest of historical climate records of China and carly meteorological meastrements of Beijing Aiscovered recently in Europe, a study is undertaken on 1743 hottest summer of north China over the last 700 a, cos~ ering Beijing, Tianjin, and the provinces of Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, with the highest temperstire reaching 444°C in July 1743 in Beijing, in excess of the maximum. record in the 20h century. Resul’s show that the related weather/elimate features af the 1743 heat wave, 684 ood! Arought distribution and Meiyu activity and the external forcings, sach as solar activity and equatorial Pacitic SST condition are the same as those of the 1942 and 1999 heat events, It is noted that the 1743 hurning summer event oc- cnrs in a relatively warm climate background prior to the Industrial Revolution, with a lower level of CO; release, Keswords: extreme climate, heat wave ese record, historical climate, northern China ly meteqrotogical DOE: 10.1560/046d0200 Exteme climate events are among the main concerns of climate change. Estraordinarily high temperatures in suocession have ovcurted since 1998 in Europe, North America and India, and in the year 1999 in North China Chased on the measurement in Beijing) a temperature of 42.2C_was observed. a record that is next o the 42,6 in 1942, Besides. in 2001 and 2002 hit summer evens happened in the extensive aren of north China’ In ree sponse to the concem of giobal warming and increase in COs release!!! and discussion of extremely hot events happening in vecem years whether these high temperatures au reafly the extremes in the past 1000-a and whether similar events happened before the Industial Revolution are the problems thar need 10 be answered 38 soon 28 pos- sible, In investigating these problems ane approach és by 1) Data are provided by the Division of las Assessment under the referring to the rich Chinese literature of climate evenis 10 demiify major climate disasters like the 1743 heat wave bout itis difficult 10 infer the climate values from verbal descriptions. Fortunately, the anthors as tive researchers of the Sino-Belgium Science/Technology Cooperative Pro- gram discovered in the ancient archives Kepl i Europe some long-lost early metvorological records of Beijing”, making it possible to reconstruct the historical hottest vent, Susprising's, we found the records of July 1743 heat thereis. which was not known to Chinese scientists and thus nnused in rescarch, Moreover, from letters write ten by European Jesuits missionaries in Ching a that time swe aequited information on the observational methods, instruments and eather conditions, whereupon the pre= sem work is made possible. 1 (i) Climate records in historical literature of China, ‘The records of cold and warm events are taken dircetly from A Compendium of Chinese Meteorological Records ‘of the Last 3000 years! which was compiled from official historical books. local chronicles, official documents and the writings of well-educated people, totaling 8221 sources afler careful correction or comrigenda, and the 3742 and 1743 climate conditions descriptions thereof are «quoted for reconstructing related wesnher situations ‘The letters were written by French Jesuits in Beijing and the French Academy of Science in Paris to cach other!" For example, Father Antoine Gaubil wrote an ac- count of the 1743 scorching heat and described observa fiomal practice that now serves as a useful supplement to the meteorological description of China in the 18th con tury. (iI) “Daily Weather Records”. Weather phenom- were written down for the emperors of Qing Dynasty ‘and related officials, with vital. information gathered throughout the country! (with dates of the quoted part changed from the lunar to the solar calendar), Used in this, work are daily records of finefrainy weather, wind direc- tion, and the number of successive sunny and no-tainy days with which to demonstrate the Severity of the 1743 heat event and furthermore, this work adopts the records rade at Nanjing, Suzhou and Hangzhou for inferring the chavacteristics of Meivu activities (Plum rain} in the lower basin of the Yangtze!" to uncover weuther/climate features, ed with the scorching even. sal messurements. The discovered cluding the observations presented by Gaubil from y. 1793 to March, 1746 consist of temperature, wind dincetion and synopti¢ phenomena in Beijing at that time measured a 06:30 and 15:30, with temperatures plotted in Fig, 1, Data were incomplete in July—September, 1743 assoc! ad Climate Conor Being 2) Zhang De'et, Demaee. G, Early Metecrnlesial Records of China Disoered in Europe 2508 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol.49 No. 23 December 2004but the records on 20-26 of July were Kept, Before use wwe had converted the records in wnits of Réaumur degree CR) to Celsius CC) through!” O°R=0'C: 80°R =100°C: ¥ C= (Z1.25)°R. a) We know about the used instruments from the letters of Father Antoine Gaubil to Mr. de Mairan, Secretary of the French Academy in Paris” that by the end of 1741 the Réaumur-scaled thermometer had replaced the Lubin- scaled thermometer. with their values in one-to-one cor respondence shown in Fig. 2, whose linear relationship is shown in Fig. 3 and takes the form R= 04838 “L = 14.174. rey Moreover, from the letter No, 230" we know that although Father Parrenin died on September 29, 174, his Labin-seale thermometer remained itt use for continual observation in the following years, which, for instance, gave the reading of 103 “Lon July 25, 1743, thus making it possible for us to have a way to make comparison of Réaumur-with Lubin-scale readings, The resolution of the discovered data is 0.25 °R, equivalent to 0.31'C, but we have no ways to examine possible errors exeept for no singularity found of the 1743—1746 records compared t0 the 1757—1762 obser- vations made at the same site of Beijing”. Additionally, there is something Worthy of the scientific auinu wards observation, The letters Nos, 203 and 230 instance, mentioned the site and operational instructions suggested by the Academy. In the leter No, 202 discus- sion was made o the renewal. supplement and correct fixation of devices for accurate measurement. Further, as mentioned! in the letters, all data were to be sent from Bei- Jing, Macao and Guangzhou to the Royal Academy of Sciences for its compilation before their application to ARTICLES statistical efimnate study!) Jt should be noted that in the 18th century French sciantists paid much attention 1 the standardization of measuring systems. canking first in the world. Accordingly, itis believed that quite possibly the thermometers used in Beijing may have passed the calibration against measurements hut we have no idea of details. For this reason, we highly value the 1743 data for rarity where observations, time, site and instruments are given in detail. In the absence of sound evidence ar doubting their reliability the data are adopted for use. 2 Analy (1) The 1743 heat wave attack (2) A careful horrifying picture, Selection of 56 en tries concerning the 1743 heat event is made after exain- ining the Chinese literature", It is noted that only one of the entries of the same origin is taken into use, A total of 48 places under the heat attack covering Beijing, Tianjin sand the provinees of Hebei, Shanxi and Shando! shown in Fig, 4. For space limitation only 8 entries de- scriptions for $ regions chosen as typival points are put o Table | to demonsteate the severity of the hotness in northem China, ‘The terrible situation in Beijing was described at length in the letter sent to Paris by Gaubil!, from which somie lines are quoted as Follows: “Senior inhabitants say they have never seen a hot summer like this.” “From the 13th July onwards, the heat seemed in- supportable and the consternation was general at the sight of dead people lying everywhere, mostly fat and poor hu- nans, They died suddenly and were found on roads, in streets or in houses. A lot of Christians made their general 2» 1793.07.20 1744.02.01 InttBas Date Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 49 No, 23 December 2004 1745.02.27 v7ss-o9-11 1746-0327 2809ARTICLES Mb Be Reowmedt | ila 2, Part of Father Gabi rna-temperatures (Le) 10 Lisin-sele ones (2h) fe No Nea ay as ; age \ gor - ) Da ion (ual ™, 30. |git fo. | 30 a | Fi. 4, The (43 seoncing ev iting oth China (ed ae) fen he ! Chinese Meare, Befjing 8 Zhengohou:C Wala D, Shang Bel ae aly confessions” “Mandarins, by order of the Emperor, were debating tener flated © the relation of Réau Kept arte Biboinéque de Olnervaive de Pars fon the best means of relieving the victims, In the major 3 30 2 ob Fig. 3 Lincar clationship between Réaumur- aed Lubin-scae tem Streets and at the town gates. free medicines (sometimes a bit of ive) and aims were distributed” “Since the 14th July until the 25th of the same month, the Great Mandarins counted eleven thousand four hun- dred persons. dead from the heat in the city and in the suburbs of Beijing. all poor people, like craftsmen, or workers; one did not count the well-off and the ones in service, but there were 2 large number.” The copied lines, ate given in Fig. 5 From the aforementioned lines we come to the fe lowing statement that it was very hot from late June to late July, with the interval of July 1325 being extraordinar ily hot, especially on 25 July. > -odeann-i4.74 R=0989 DN 0 Hw 7 8 oO WO emperature!"L peratures Toble 1 Northen Chis under the effects ofthe 1743 feat altack based on pat the historical descriptions, withthe dates changed 1 the solar ean No. Pace noted description and source Ist Beijing The capital sufers severe heat om luly 25. From Dong. Hua-£u Coltection Sequel 2nd Tani Suly's heat sinsopponable fields full of cracks ks Scorched: melvin Metal om mus 9p; many died hea. Fron To Fanjan Chronicle Sea hed Gy Tereratune i as hot fre i rooms and under heavy shales oF ees with mtg ted and int midday and way died of thinton 19-26 July. From Minzuo Gaosi Couns Chronicle 4th Shense A Fonmidbte drought began earl ia June (= mid July inthe solar eslendar: is 50 strong that tees 30) Changehi fh Fushan TW Gaogine six ingyen such extent 19 give ff thai scorched odor. Inthe first dog days dovens wi people died suidenly of heastroke each dy, Such being the ease over severa!bundnads of fr aren, The disaster i ined uprecdented. From Xianfens Shence County Chronicle In the month of May inthe lunar ealend the sing sam looks reddish brown and when striking Wall. the beim make tem Took so, Teels extremely hot and many people a dying, From Qianking Choageh Conny Chnoricle “The month oF Mey (ia the lonar calendar) is bot suficeny dhat many pedestrians have died on the wa. es pital of Beijing, Somie ofthe Fushan rages Going business inthe capital have ded oft high femperatre. Fi Fushan Comms Chronicle Severe drovght cover thousands of Li arourd fom the county. warming. up everyth oF tre a ways many’ victims eft meen im Wading sosth oF Tani, tot dying Cones Chionice MidaleJuty is hot enough 1 cause people to die of thie, From Qianlong Pingywan Count Chromite n houses: how SW ssn injured fo oods, Foon Qiang Qrngebsn The Bd and Apiaceae ws Hobsi the Sang Git in Shanxi and the Mh and 8b Shandong. 2510 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 49 No.23 December 2004LeDBtncee bay, tepeare’ mawrolent Jbifessrent et, iotocnon; Oisdes Chains WE maribarive parr D252 Bayer Futager Capeuyslef, davwfouttes (ei $ ondleibsatt Praha dee zemsides, on.d0 lout defender aliarossaes ore & he uilleragiive ag. he wo here theo penunes wsvrtes de iowa et fears ales cfrer & owas aieortl Meistirb de. Fis.) Pant of Father Gis eer om he 1788 heat sae in Benge (2) Temperature measurements. The extreme hot ness of the 1743 event can be indicated by Beijing quanti- tative observations, With the 13—-19 July data absent we have only the measurements (in units of °R) on 20-26 July that are given in Table 2 Table 2 Temperature measured at 3:30-pim on 20 26 July. 1743 in Bejing Remark TCanveninal wi a6 2 as ws ws wes a ws na 726 5 a9 wore 9 depicts the temperature course in units of °C based on Table 2 (Fig. 6), indicating that the afiernoon temperatures are higher than 40°C on July 20—25, with 444C in the aftemoon of July 25, denoted as 7) 44a. Also. we got the measurements of 103 °L.on July 24 revorded by Ganbilsrom the Lubin-seale ther- 1 remaining in use”, with the reading denoted by T. as a good comparative value ta the Réaumur.scale one Through eq, (2) we find T; = 103 °L = 35.66 °R und by the conversion (1) we obtain Ty = 48.87°C. The 103 *L is of paramount importance in identifying the heat severity The reading from the Luhin-scale thermometer demon strates that the Réaumsur-device-in-conventional-use eiven T, = 35.25 °R (see eq. (1) for conversion) was not taken by mistake. Obviously, Ts = 44.57 °C originating from the Chinese Science Bulietin Vol. 49 No. 23 Decemver 2004 ee ee orn ste Connptageos pec fi ARTICLES Bah Iuslt? Clhaidyarutyinporhile Ktalarifernuhoe, fio as fesse cAasctres fitout Loe) iow Miotuots inevts Basis ber eovd dee Coupbulone Generales, Deh be rerer up fier es andes nuts eaciee porter Dulas ited — wrswit de ba Ltace?, Llersplaivor peor — Go? iets (ba ffpersde mnasidsr ses — ville of-Ceo — ¢ Chaud diasss (it Granduobre? 4 lieu Blin. Det EP parent e 1 the manaserip kept inthe Bilioheque de Observatoire de Pads, Lubin type is also rational, showing the maximem tem perature of the day, hut the Reaumur-seale reading was taken at 15.30 being later than the hour of maximus tem pperatuse in the day, leading to Ty = 44.4°C that was nat rally lower compared to Tr = 44.57°C (Ty 40°C. and the temperature arrived at 42.6 oon fune 15, 1942. The next maximum temperature interval appeared in 1909, For July 23-80 north China recorded generally 38—39°C but the central part of Hiches Province and the central to western portions of Imer Mongolia were hit by 402°C. The highest temperature was 42.2 °C measured in Beijing on July 24, 1999 as the sevondary maximum in the 20th eeniury“! Table 3 summarizes the characteristic values of the events in the 18th and 20th centuries just mentioned, with daily maximam of the 1743 heat given by 15:30 abserva- tion for understandable reasons. Note that the 15:30 tem perature was definitely a bit lower than the expected maximum for the daily highest temperature typically o&- cursing sround 15:00. after which it hegins to drop grau- ally. After examination the interval of 20—25 July. 1743, ‘was a period of vigorous sunshine so that the time of maximal temperature was not delayed hecause of cloudi- ness. Undoubtedly, the record of 44.4°C on July 25, 1743, although not the actual maximum. exceeded all maxima in 1942 and 1999. From Table 3, it can be inferred that the statistical Values of the 1743 heat wave are higher compared 10 the extremes in the 20th century although we have no ways 10 discuss or correct the possible errors. However, the pur- ose of the comparison is only to show that the 1743 heat is stronger than the extremely high temperatures in the 20th century. To sun up, the 1743 hot summer is the strongest event in the period of the 15th to 19th centuries, therehy indicating the severity higher than the counterparts in th, past 700 a ii) Weather/etimate charaeteristies. The weather! sfimnate features inferred from the reconstruction of the 1743 heat are compared with those of the 1942 and 1999 2} Rept in dhe Reports on Assessment af Climate Ecce in China, Naional Chimste Comer 2512 Chinese Science Bulletin Vol. 49 No. 23 December 2004able § Climate eatin! to ARTICLES ws ofthe 1743 hea ws the 1942 and 1990 events te 3rd decade a July, 1783 Maxaman aad Daysot AOC 6 Suesossine diye of 38 C 6 2nd decade of June. 1982 IstdecadeoFuly, 1942 3rd decade of iy, 1999 D6 2, 2 3 1 3) The 18:30 obsercaion Rana ‘equivalents to advance the understanding of causes of the 1743 heat event. (1) Floodirought pattem, The distribution of floods and droughts”) shows that a severe drought hit north Ching in 1742—1743 during which dryness (wet- ness) occurred in North China (the mid-lower basin of the Yangtze and the Jiang-Huai reach), As & consequence, 1743 is a typical year with drought (Mood) in the north (south), It iy noteworthy that the scorching event struck noxthern China in 1942 and 1999, and in the summer of 1942 drought happened in nostiern China and the Huang-Huai basin in contrast to rich ramfall inthe mid-lower basin of the Yangtze, resulting in a pattern with drought (flvod) in the north (southy'!, such being the ease in the summer of 1999" with rainfall being the mini min or a secondary minimurn in the same season over the ppast 50 years in many parts of north China?” (2) Meiyu (Plum rain). Depending on atmospherie citeulations, Meiyu activity in the mid-lower basin of the Yangve is one of the important climate phenomena over China and from the activity we acquire information on the circulations with which to understand the causes of north- cemn-China heat events despite the fact that Meiyu rainfall is not related to the heats in a simple manner From the research of reconstructed climate se- quences of Meiyn over the fower hasin in the 18th eeu tury"! we know that Meiyu rainfall was normal in 1743 except for its somewhat later starting and termination on une 22 and July 11, respectively, compated to a 40-t ny period in 1742, begimiing from April 28, ht deserves attention that the Meiyu activities of 1743 bear a clowe arty to those in 1942 and 1999 events, in that for the three northem-China heaty Meiyu began and ended in its due time or slightly later, with usual rainfall or a bit mores and in 1742, 1941 and 1998, i.e. one year ahead Meiyu began in its due time or a Title earlier and ended as usual ‘or somewhat later, with much more rainfall”, as given in Table 4 (iv) Climate background and extemal forcings, The 18th century as a reknively warm stage of the Little lee Age came by he cold intervals (1620—1690 and 1810—1890}, and 1743 was in the persistent temperature rise phase of the warming!” confirmed by the temper {ure trend in the Northern Hemisphere! (figure omitted). Solar activity represents a non-negligible factor in discussing the causes of climate anomaly. Based on the solar peak values!) 1743 happened to be in the (m-2)- phase of the solar activity cycle m 1734—1745, Follow the comespondence of the solar activity cycles to atmos- pherie circulation patterns staistically obtained by mete~ Drologists, the (m-2}-phase of 1743 is related to the rein- forced zonal citculations. fn contrast, 1942 and 1999 are respectively in the (m-2)-phase and the (m-I}-phase of the 17 Q2nd) eyele oF the activity. Thus, we see that the three heat events with anomalous kot temperatures are analogous as regards the phase of the solar eycle ‘The equatorial Pacitie SST field is also an important vompongnt. According to the dats of El Nifio years”, the 1743 hot summer is just hetween such events, with ah E] Nino episode of imensity M (M+1) happening ia 1740 (1744), showing 1743 10 be associated with relatively low SST over the equatorial Pacific. OF particular inrerest arc the heat events in 1942 and 1999, Tn 1940—1941 there ‘vas @ strong El Nifo phenomenon intensity S, followed by another one of moderate intensity AY in 1943. For the 1999 sorching heat, a very strong El Nifio event (VS) occured in 1997—1998, followed by sharply lowered Table _Meiyu Reaures in 1743, 1942 an 1099 he year of norhexn- China ho evens versus feb 1742, J941 and 1998 Tent Meiyu sesinning Meiy ending Rointal 17s ‘Tne 22 Glighty lat - “Tuly 11 (a bit later) a ir June 16 {nermaly aly 9 normal) sore fa nena 1999) une 23 (abit ater) Wy | (normal) sin i782 Apri 28 09 carly) Inky 10 (normal) sina on, ne 22 (abit ater) Sly 25 (2 baat) so 19% June 24 (abit ner) Agus 1 Gomewhot tte) sive 1) Repo on itll etimate effect assessment of the National CHimate Center, 1998 2) Offered hy the Pet Division ofthe National Climate Center of Chia Chinese Science Bulletin Vol.49 No. 23 December 2004 2513ARTICLES SST in the part of the Pacific for a La Nifia episode at a greatest strength from 1999 to Apel, 2000", Stated an- other way, ke the 1743 eveot, th: scorching summer events in 1542 and 1999 happened when the equatorial Pacific SST was in its low-value phare, 3. Concluding remarks From the foregoing analysis of the 4743 heat the following conclusions are reached, (i) The 1743 heat happens anterior to the Industrial Revolution in a relative warm phase of the Northern Heinisphere climate background, indicating a stare of eli- mate in ils development, The vent serves as a case of maximum wmperature when anthropogenic effects and COs discharge were uta lower level. (ii) The 1743 hot summer is more severe than ail the equivalents in the 15th 49 19th centuries mensity. injury. hit-awva and duration, leading ding the to the con- clusion that it is the highest-temperature event in the past 700 a The 1743 highest temperature occurred on July 25 in Beijing, exceeding the counterparts in 1942 and 1999 (4a ys, 42.6 and 42.2°C, respectively). (iii) The weathevictimate featores relative to the 1743 event are analogous 10 those associated with the 1942 and 1999 events us observed in Beijing, They share the Features as follows. Firstly, north China has a persis tent drought and the eastern part of China sees a drought {Mood} in the north (south). and secondly, Meiyu rainfall Js close 10 its normal over the mid-lower basin of the Yangize, with iy start and nd emerging in dus time or a bit Tater but one year ahead, ie. 1742, 1941 and 1998 ‘Meiyu was excessive, covering a longer period. (iv) The 1743 event happens two years ahead of the lowest-value year of the solar activity cele, ie. in the (1n-2)-phase and between Fl Nilo episodes, conesponding to a relatively cold stage of the equatorial Pacific SST. AS regardy the relations of heat intensity to the phase of the solar activity cyele and equatorial Pacific SST condition, the 1743 event is highly similar to the 1942 and 1999 ‘equivalents happening in a warming climate background. Acknowledgements The auihess sce erat (o Prof. Lu Longhas for Sis suggestions and somments. and thank to Mr. Liang Youye & Miss Li fing for preparing charts, This work wes sopported jointly by the Sivo-Beleiom Jntergovermmental Cooperative Program under Cowraet Na. INICNA09 and the National Natural Seience Foundation of China {Grant No, 49975022), References . FPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Pet of the ‘Working Group I Contribution the Third Assessment Repowt of the International Panel on Ctiats Ceange, Cambridge (U.K) CCumbrge Univ, Press, 2001, 2546, 72 2514 6. ‘Dhuag, D.E., A Compendium of Chinese Metearological Recon ‘of the Last 3000 years {in Chinese), Nanjimg: Siamgsu Eduction ress, 2000, 23401-2366 ‘Gat, $1, Antoine, le Ry, Comespondance Ge PVkin, 1722-178 Puivies par Renée Simon, Preface par Paul Dewstville, de Mastin Appendise par le P Joseph Dehergne, S.J. Genin Lit 1976, XVEE 1DOSp, “Zhang, D. 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