Senzori si Sisteme

de Achizitie de Date

Prof.dr. Doru Ursutiu

udoru@unitbv.ro

Catedra DEC - IESC

 Vom discuta:
• Alegerea unui sistem de achizitie de
date corespunzator aplicatiei
• Selectarea celui mai bun senzor
pentru aplicatia noastra
• Eliminarea posibilelor influente
externe, perturbatii…
• Asigurarea acuratetii de masura
impuse folosind diversi senzori si
diverse tehnologii hard
 Inca o data: ce este
Instrumentatia Virtuala?

Processor Display

Power
RAM
Supply

ROM Hard Disk

Customer-Defined
Traditional Vendor-Defined PC-Based Measurement and
Instruments Automation Solutions
Instrumentatie Virtuala 2012
si evolutia PC-ului
10000

1000 10,000x
Performance
MIPS

2002

100 Increase! 2.2 GHz

512 MB RAM
80 GB HD
CD-ROM
10
100 MB
Ethernet
1981
Color VGA, 32
4.77 MHz 1 MB
64 kB RAM
$2,100
5.25" FD, 160
kB 0.1
Monochrome 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
$3,000
Case: Azza Hurrican 2000 Full Tower Gaming Case
with 4 Hot Swappable HDD Cage & (4) 230MM Fans
Extra Case Fan Upgrade: Default case fans
CPU: Intel® Core™ i7-980 3.33 GHz Six Cores 12M
Intel Smart Cache LGA1366
Cooling Fan: Asetek 510LC Liquid Cooling System
120MM Radiator & Fan (Enhanced Cooling
Performance + Extreme Silent at 20dBA) (Single
Standard 120MM Fan
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• 4GB RAM + 64GB eMMC For Advanced
Multitasking
• Microsoft Windows 10 OS
• Etc.
ALTERA +INTEL
(Terasic)
SPECIFICATIONS
FPGA
SCHEMA BLOC
 Sistemul de
Input Signals Achizitie de Date

Driver and App Software

V

DAQ Device
Conditioning

(Digitizer)
Output Signals Signal
i

V
Sistemul DAQ pentru acest curs
LabVIEW si Placa DAQ

SCXI sau …..

Sensors
 Cum concepeti un sistem DAQ
Pasi in conceptia
sistemului DAQ:
1. Definiti aplicatia si
cerintele ei
2. Selectati platforma de
masura
3. Selectati Senzorii
4. Selectati Hardul
corespunzator:
• Placa DAQ
• Conditionarea de semnal
5. Select Software
Pasul 1 – Definiti aplicatia si
obiectivele si cerintele impuse
Objectives: Requirements:
• Masuratori dinamice de • Rata mare de
semnal esantionare
• Precizia digitizarii • Convertor AD de
• Masurarea semnalelor inalta rezolutie
de nivel mic • Amplificare
• Masuratori in mediu • Filtru trece jos
industrial zgomotos necesar
 Rata de Esantionare

• Frecventa de esantionare prea mica

conduce la reprezentare eronata a
semnalului esantionat (aliasing)
• O data ce semnalul este “aliased”,
este imposibil de refacut originalul
• Trebuie esantionat cel putin cu dublul
frecventei maxime din semnal
 REZOLUTIA
• Numarul de “biti” pe care convertorul AD ii folosete
sa reprezinte semnalul
• Cu cit rezolutia creste cu atit semnalul minim detectabil creste

16-Bit Versus 3-Bit Resolution

(5kHz Sine Wave)
10.00
111
8.75
16-bit
110
7.50
101
6.25
Amplitude 5.00 100
(volts) 011
3.75
010 3-bit
2.50
001
1.25
000
0 | | | | |
0 50 100 150 200
Time (ms)
23
16-bit si 12-bit

24
 Conditionare de semnal:
Amplificarea

Amplifier

0-10V 16-bit 0-10V 16-bit

Inputs Digitizer Inputs Digitizer

65 levels 65,536 levels

10 mV 10 V
of resolution of resolution
signal signal
 Conditionare de semnal:
Amplificarea
Amplifier

Creste Raportul Semnal – Zgomot (SNR)

Noise
Instrumentation
Amplifier

+
_ ADC
Lead Wires

Low-Level Signal External

Amplifier DAQ Device
Demonstratie: Amplificare

Amplifier
Conditionare de semnal:
prin filtrare
Lowpass
Filter

Time Domain Time Domain

Lowpass
Filter

Frequency Domain Frequency Domain

• Extrage zgomotul
• Blocheaza frecvente nedorite
 Demonstratie:
actiunea unui filtru trece-jos

Lowpass
Filter
 Scalarea Datelor
Conversia tensiunilor masurate in unitati
ingineresti
Canalele “NI virtuale” convertesc masuratorile
facute de cei mai des intilniti senzori
Trebuie sa introducem doar:
• Tipul de senzor folosit
• Constantele de scala
 Cum sa eliminam introducerea
datelor cu mina?
“Smart” Sensors
Plug & Play
Sensors Sensor A/D P
Ease of Configuration

Sensor
and Connectivity

TEDS

?
Traditional
Sensors
Sensor

Raw Transducer Intelligent Networked

Sensor
Sensor Integration
 Senzori “Plug & Play”
IEEE P1451.4 Virtual TEDS
Smart TEDS Sensor “Legacy” Sensor
Analog Signal
(bridge, IEPE, mV, etc.) Analog Signal
Sensor Sensor

TEDS
Digital Virtual TEDS
(EEPROM) (extra line, or switched w/ file
analog)

Transducer Electronic WWW

Data Sheet (TEDS)
• Sensor manufacturer
• Model number
• .
Serial number
• Measurement range
• Transfer function TEDS
• Calibration info Database
• User Info (location)
• And more …
 Pas 2 - Definiti platforma
PC utilizata in masurare
• Selectionati “factorul de forma”
(dimensiunea) si “bus-ul”:
– PCI, PXI, PCMCIA/CardBus, VXI,VME, CompactPCI,
IEEE 1394 (Firewire), USB, RS-232/422/485, Parallel,
Ethernet, MXI-3

• Selectionati Sistemul de operare (OS):

– Windows 95/98/NT/2000/2003….Win8.1/Win10
Macintosh, Real-time OS, Linux
 Sisteme DAQ pentru toate
platformele Hardware
cPCI/PXI

PCI

FireWire
USB
PC Card

Ethernet,
Serial,
Wireless,
Fieldbus
FieldPoint Portable Desktop PXI
 PXI/CompactPCI

• Platforma Industriala bazata pe PCI

• Control de timp si triger-are integrate
• Carcasa compacta
• Numar mare de sloturi:
pina la 18 pe sasiu (pentru numar mare de canale)
NOI GENERATII PXI NI
FieldPoint si Compact FieldPoint
Sistem de Achizitie si
Conditionare Distribuit

Ideal masuratori I/O distribite

Suporta LabVIEW RT pentru
controlul aplicatiilor
in timp real
Viteza de achizitie
destul de mica
Pas 3 – Selectia senzorului

Sensors Driver and App Software

DAQ Device
Conditioning

(Digitizer)
Signal

V
The World of Sensors
(Ex: SENSOTEC)
Torque
Others
Viscometers
Tilt
Thickness Temperature
Vibration

Rotary

Load

Displacement

Pressure
Humidity

Level Flow
Senzori de la Sensotec
Sensotec
Sensors

Non-Application Targeted
Specific Requirements
Different Process
Measurement Types Control
Miniature
Different Accuracies Food Industry
Ultra High
Ranges
Different Ranges

High Frequency
Different Electrical
Outputs Test Stands
Battery
Different Mounting Operated
Arrangements Aerospace
Different Electrical
Connections Low Cost
Different Temperature
High Volume
Compensations
Demonstratie:
Senzorul adecvat
unei aplicatii date

• Selectarea categoriei
senzorului
• Potrivirea acuratetii
senzorului cu a
sistemului
• Rezolutia senzorului
• Suprasarcini pe
senzor
Trei parametrii de baza
ai unui traductor

Conectarea la
sistemul de
achizitie DAQ

Carcasa
senzorului

Conectarea la
elementul testat
Probleme ce trebuie luate
in considerare
Connection
Connection to measurement
to structure system
Size Sensor Electrical Input
Weight Connector
Connector ororCable
cable
MountingConsiderations
Mounting considerations Connector or cable
Sensitivity
Bolt hole patterns
Digital O/Ps
Thread sizes TEDS
TEDS
Amplified/Unamplified
Amplified or unamplified
Excitation

Internal External
Measurement Type
Measurement Type Temperature Range
Dynamics of measurement
Environmental
Range
Overload
Overload protection
Protection
Accuracy/Linearity
Measurement Type
Frequency response Extraneous Influences
 Introducere in “PEIP”

• Pre
Engineered and
Interchangeable
Parts
• Senzori
“construibili”
dupa specificatiile Celula PEIP de ansamblare la Sensotec

cerute
 ANIMATIE
Constructia Senzorului
Constructia PEIP a senzorului
Connector or cable
Housing
4 pin DIN Silicon
connector style chosen
substrate added
Amplified outlet chosen
to or
Unit tested
un-amplified
pressure
Bodyandstyle
output chosen
or chosen
electronics potted
6 pin Bendix
Voltage or 4-20mA
differential output chosen
pressure Connector
platform
Pressure port chosen
from one
Pressure platform of 6 options
chosen

Welded and
final tested
External zero
and gain pots
Mini DIN Connector
 Tipuri de senzori
• Senzori construiti in PUNTE:
– Celule de sarcina (forta)
– Senzori de presiune
– Senzori de torsiune (cuplu)
• LVDTs (traductori liniari de deplasare)
• Sensori de Vibratie :
– Senzori de acceleratie (piezoelectrici)
– Accelerometri Piezorezistivi
10 dec
 Senzori in Punte:
Principiul de functionare
• Celule de sarcina
• Senzori de presiune
• Senzori de torsiune
• Accelerometre
Tension
piezorezistive

Compression
 Celule de sarcina:
Principiu de functionare

Jojele opuse se afla

compresie si intindere
 Domenii de aplicare a
celulelor de sarcina

Scale manufacturers Truck scales

Retail Weighing

Weighing in process industries

Scientific Weighing

Tensile testing Test & Measurement force measurement

Tipuri de celule de sarcina

Compression Only Tension Only

Tension and
Compression
 Domeniul masurat si
protectia la suprasarcina

Domeniul de incarcare la o celula tipica de sarcina

Demonstratie:
Domeniul senzorului si suprasarcina

• Marimea sarcinii dinamice

(cade o bila de la o inaltime)
• Alegerea domeniului adecvat
pentru incarcare dinamica a
senzorului
• Esantionare suficient de mare
pentru a se putea detecta
incacarile (sarcini) dinamice
Domeniul si protectia la
suprasarcina
Spatiu uzinat adecvat pentru
a permite deplasarea

Partea inferioara in caz de suprasarcina

Montarea corecta a celulei

Suprafata Cuplaje
Suprafata sa fie plata speciale cu
nedeformabila
rulmenti

Suprafata
suficient de dura
Miniaturizare functie
de spatiul disponibil
 Senzori de presiune:
Principiu de Functionare
Joja
tensometrica

Fluid sub
presiune
Aplicatii ale senzorilor
de presiune

In-vehicle HVAC Process Control

Medical
Military Test &
Measurement

Petro-chem
Special applications
 Tipuri de masuratori de
presiune

Differential
Pressure

Pressure
Absolute
True Gage
Absolute

Gage

Barometric
Differential Today’s Atmospheric Pressure
Psi of Vacuum

Gage Atmospheric Pressure on

Barometric day gage was sealed
True Gage
Vacuum
Inches Water

Absolute Vacuum
 Tipuri de
Masuratori de presiune
True Gage Pressure Measurement

Dual
Atmospheric
Diaphragm
Vent

Fluid Gauged
under Element
pressure
 Tipuri de
Masuratori de presiune
Absolute Pressure Measurement

Single
Sealed at
Diaphragm
vacuum

Fluid Gauged
under Element
pressure
 Tipuri de
Masuratori de presiune
Differential Pressure Measurement

Dual
Diaphragm

Fluid Gauged
under Element
pressure
 Sisteme de prindere

‘Clean-in place’ Male/female

thread
Tapered
thread

Flush mount Straight

Through-hole thread
Domeniul de presiune si
suprasarcina
Overload
Working Range Range Progressive Mechanical
Damage failure

Senzor de presiune cu strat subtire

Mechanical
failure
Working Range Overload Progressive
Range Damage

Senzor de presiune cu membrana de siliciu

 Protectii

Protectie la
condens
Filtru (apa)
micrometalic
Principiu de functionare la
senzori de torsiune
Flange
Doua tipuri:
Miniature • Torsiune de reactie (rotatie < 360%)
• Torsiune de rotatie
Reaction torque

Shaft
In line

Rotary Torque
Clamp on
 Torsiune de roatatie
Antena “Wireless”

Semnalul
trimis
inapoi la
antena

Alimentare jojei tensometrice

Unitatea de alimentare prelucrare
se face “wireless” de la antena
 Diverse tehnologii

Rotary transformer and strain

Wireless rotary torque cell Slip rings and strain gauged shaft
gauged shaft

Reaction Torque Cell Wireless collar and strain

Moment arm and load cell
gauged shaft
Aplicatii ale senzorilor de
torsiune

Condition Monitoring Torque wrench calibration Fastener Industry

Process Control Horsepower monitoring

Test & Measurement

Machine tools Steel industry

Dynamometers Automotive
 Senzori de deplasare
liniara LVDT: principii

Eout Miezul in pozitie

5Khz Power centrala
EOUT
Ein
OUT =
= EE11--EE22
2

Eout Miezul miscat la

E1 Ein stinga (in faza cu
E22
excitatia)

Eout Miezul miscat in

dreapta (defazat
Ein cu 180 grade fata
de excitatie)
 Senzori de deplasare
liniara LVDT: principii
LVDT – Linear Variable
Differential Transformer

Ansamblul bobinelor Miezul

 Diverse structuri si
tehnologii

Non-contact Laser
Proximity probes
String pots

LVDT’s
Rotary Encoders

Glass scales
Linear pots
Magneto-strictive
 Aplicatii ale senzorilor de
deplasare

Aerospace
Robotics Automated
assembly

Motion Control
Structures Liquid level

Actuators
Machine Tools Test & measurement
 ACCELEROMETRE
piezoelectrice
Sarcina este proportionala cu acceleratia

Acceleratia
Masa seismica
F=MA
Cristal piezoelectric
+ + +
+
+
+ ++
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+
+
Carcasa senzorului
+ + + +
+ + + +

SEMNAL
de iesire
 Accelerometre
Piezorezistive
Rezistenta se schimba cu acceleratia

Acceleratie
Masa seismica
F=MA
Elemente piezorezistive
Carcasa senzorului

Semnal
de iesire
Aplicatii ale Senzorilor
de Vibratie

Process Shock
Structures
R&D monitoring

In-vehicle Freight & Packaging Seismic Exploration

Condition
Aerospace monitoring Aerospace Nuclear
Vibratii: tipuri de masuratori

Amplitude
n
tio
a
er
el
Acceleratie Ac
c

Viteza Velocity

Deplasare
Di
s pl
ac
em
en
t

Frequency

Senzor de Accelerometru cu
deplasare cu iesire viteze
curenti Eddy

Accelerometru cu
iesire acceleratii
 Domeniul dinamic la
acclerometre

10 100 1000 10,000 100,000

Accelerometrele piezoelectrice au gama dinamica

mai mare ca si cele piezo-rezistive
Masurare comparativa
pentru cele doua tipuri

• Domeniul dinamic
pentru diverse
accelerometre
• Domeniul timp
• Domeniul frecventa
 Discutii comune diverselor
tipuri de senzori
• Cu conectror sau cablu legat
• Amplificati sau nu
• Iesire de tensiune sau curent
• Acuratetea (linearitatea,
hysterezisul)
 Conector sau Cablu
Connector - Cable Comparison

Connector Integral Cable Submersible

Easy to disconnect Ideal for permanent Submersible connectors are

cabling from the sensor installations very expensive

Easy to replace the Integral cable is a more cost

sensor Often the only option on effective solution
small sensors
Ideal for temporary More permanent installation
installations Cable must be protected to (by definition)
avoid damage
Ensure of definition between
More expensive Strain relief often required waterproof and submersible

Point of vulnerability Cable damage means

replacing or repairing
Subject to water, sensor
moisture, mechanical
damage
Amplificat sau Neamplificat
Senzorii neamplificati cer sisteme
externe de conditionare a
Unii senzori au
semnalului
amplificatorul
incorporat
 Zgomotul captat de
senzorii neamplificati

Semnal Influenta de Sau inecat in

zgomot zgomot
Prin amplificare si filtrare se
poate face rejectia zgomotului
• Se prefera de multe ori
conditionarea de semnal
integrata in senzor
• Se pot face calcule de
raport semnal-zgomot
• Prin filtrare se poate
reduce zgomotu
senzorului
 Iesire in Curent
sau Tensiune
Amplificatorul in
interiorul senzorului

4mA 4mA

Iesirea in curent este imuna la “zgomot

electric” si “fluctuatii de temperatura”
 Curba reala si ideala
de raspuns la excitatii
a senzorului

Output
y
Output

ivit )
nsit rated
e
l S ge
tua exag
iv ity c
A wn
o
nsit (sh
e
a lS
e
Id

Zero offset

Input
Input

Raspunsul unui senzor O curba de iesire reala

IDEAL (exagerata ca neliniaritate)
Linearitate si Histereza
Output

Output
Linearity

Hysteresis

Input Input

LINEARITATE HISTEREZA
Acuratetea tipica la senzori
Less
Low Low Medium High Ultra High Calibration
Demanding
Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Accuracy Class
Accuracy
Accuracy

5% 1% 0.5% 0.25% 0.1% 0.05% 0.02%

Bathroom Process
scales Weighing
SENSOTEC LOAD CELLS
HVAC Medical
Sensors Sensors
SENSOTEC PRESSURE SENSORS
SENSOTEC LVDT’s
SENSOTEC
ACCELEROMETERS
SENSOTEC
REACTION TORQUE
SENSOTEC
ROTARY TORQUE
 ACURATETE

Joasa repetabilitate Mare repetabilitate Mare repetabilitate

Valoare medie excelenta Valoare mediue slaba Valoare medie excelenta
Acuratetea senzorilor

• Tehnici de calibrare
• Calcule de liniaritate
• Calcule de histereza
• Calibrare pe mai multe
domenii
 Calibrare duala
Output

Maximum
Error
Curve for
Maximum (Linearity)
Ratio of errors
calibration
error over
approximately
half full range 1:2
(linearity)

Input
 Pas 4 Alegerea
hardware-ului
• Alegeti hardul bazat pe platforma
dorita, aplicatia si cerintele de semnal
impuse
– In PC sau inafara PC-ului
– Conditionare de Semnal pentru
amplificare si filtrare
– Sisteme de conditionare integrate in
interiorul senzorului
 Conditionarea de semnal
si Conversia AD
Amplification
Filtering Resolution
Excitation Sampling
Rate
Sensor
Input Signals Connectivity
DAQ Device
Conditioning

(Digitizer)
Signal

V
Optiuni de conditionare
de semnal
Front-end Signal Conditioning

Built-in Signal Conditioning

 Conditionare de
semnal la intrare
SCXI
• Sunt necesare la senzori
neamplificati
• Ofera amplificare, filtrarea
SCC si excitatie senzorului
• Ofera conectivitatea
senzorului
• Iesirea dupa conditionare
ajunge la digitizer
 Sisteme de
conditionare interne
FieldPoint • Unele dispozitive produc
semnale de conditionare si
digitizare
• Au in general numar nic de
canale (densitate mica de
canale)
• Limitate in sensibilitate si de
Modular frecventa maxima de lucru
Instruments
Alegerea sistemului de conditionare

SCXI SCC FieldPoint

Signal Types   
Expandability   
Connectivity   
Acquisition Speed   
System Accuracy   
Channel Density   
Portability   
Rugged/Industrial   
Distributable   
 Good  Better  Best
 Dispozitivul DAQ
Multiplexer Amplifier Analog-to-Digital Converter

MUX NI PGIA ADC

Synchronization
Bus
• Disponibile ca: PCI,
Analog Input
PXI, PCMCIA, USB,
Analog Output
1394
Digital I/O
NI DAQ-STC
• Determina rezolutia
Counter I/O
convertorului AD
• Determina rata
NI Mite

maxima de
esantionare
 DAQ
• Rezolutia nu este acelasi lucru ca
Acuratetea
• Proprietati pentru noua generatie de
placi DAQ:
– Circuite electronice de protectie la deriva termica
– Tehnologii de imbunatatire a rezolutiei
– Amplificatorul de masura
– Autocalibrare pe placa DAQ
 PAS 5 – Selectia softului
• Grafic:
– LabVIEW
– VEE-Pro
• Text
– Visual Basic
– Visual C++
– LabWindows/CVI
– Etc.
LabVIEW
• Mediu de dezvoltare grafic
• Analizeaza datele achizitionate cu VI-uri
preconstruite
• Prezinta datele in Panou (user interface)
prin diverse scule
• LabVIEW usor de controlat web
 Soft de Configurare
Measurement and Automation
Explorer (MAX)
• Configureaza si testeaza
partea hardware
• Ruleaza dignostic de
hardware pentru a
verifica resursele
sistemului
• Creaza canale virtuale
pentru a scala automatic
datele aqizitionate
 Soft pentru DAQ
System Management Software
Test Management, Data Management

LabWindows/ Measurement Other

LabVIEW CVI Studio Software

Measurement and Control Services

Data Acquisition Modular PXI/CompactPCI Motion Vision Distributed I/O PLCs

GPIB/Serial and Signal
and VXI Instrumentation
Conditioning
Sensotec Programul de
Stocare Standard

• In jur de 4M$ in
produse stocate
• Diponibile pentru
livrare in
urmatoarea zi
Sensotec Fast Delivery
Customization
• You configure the sensor
from configuration tables
• Configuration on the web
or datasheet
• 69,000 different
combinations
• Delivery is two weeks or
better (average is 5
working days)
Engineered to Order
• New Design
• Customer proprietary
or application specific
• Fixed price quotation
and mutually agreed
specification
Sensotec Products and
Services
• Pressure transducers
• Load cells
• Rotary Torque cells
• Reaction Torque transducers
• Accelerometers
• LVDT’s
• Welding control products
• Digital Gauges
• Wireless based sensors for
rotating machinery
• Calibration services
 How to Get Sensor
Assistance
• Call 1-800-848-
6564
– Sales Dept
• Sales@sensotec.co
m
• www.sensotec.com

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