Information System

Abstract
An information system typically refers to a fundamental computing system but may also
describe a telephone or atmosphere management system. The IS requires tools for
information being exchanged or stored, as well as the device operators. People are treated
as part of the system and processes cannot run properly without them. The IS consists of IT
specialists, engineers, network analysts, senior managers and assistants. A triangle of
"information systems triangle" is also used to describe the elements (such as computers),
individuals and processes at the three vertices of an IS. Based about how many they need to
fill, there are several forms of information systems. This report considers the case of
Amazon and Nike corporations as case studies to be discussed in order to conclude
insightfully.
Keywords: IS, Information System, Nike, Amazon
Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction....................................................................................................................................2
Example:......................................................................................................................................3
Significance of IS:............................................................................................................................3
Global Information System:...........................................................................................................4
Transaction Processing System:....................................................................................................4
Inter-organizational System:..........................................................................................................5
Functional and Management System:...........................................................................................5
Finance and Control:...................................................................................................................5
Human Resource:........................................................................................................................5
Information Technology:............................................................................................................6
Supply Chain:...............................................................................................................................6
Role of IS in decision making:........................................................................................................6
Case Studies:...................................................................................................................................7
Nike Inc.:......................................................................................................................................7
Amazon Inc.:................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion & Recommendations:................................................................................................10
References:....................................................................................................................................10
Introduction
A systematic, socio-technical and organizational framework for the collection, sorting,
storing and dissemination of information (IS) is an information system (IP). With respect to
socio-technology, IT is made up of 4 components: work, workers, structure (or roles) and
technology. Information management can be defined as the combination of data collection,
storage and data processing elements used for information, expertise and digital goods.
Information systems can be defined as data collection components. A system of data
information consists of people and machines that store or perceive information. The term is
used to refer to a software-installed operating system (Laudon & Laudon, 2018).

Figure 1: Hierarchy

Both hardware, applications, operating system and information links, users of the
information system and housing of the system are part of the IS. Digital computers, tablets,
libraries and networks are only a few examples. Companies and companies are using
computer technology to communicate with their clients and vendors, carry out business,
administer their organisations and execute marketing strategies. They can be used for a
wide range of uses, from the operation of supply chains to the engagement with digital
markets. Individuals often use ISs to connect with colleagues and friends via social
networks, to perform day-to-day business practices like banking and shopping, or just to find
information and expertise.
A transaction support system, like a transaction processing system, turns market data into
useful information (financial transactions). Similarly a data base knowledge processing
system uses performance report information, allowing consumers and organizations to
determine by extracting data. Data is obtained from multiple sources in the Decision
Support System and then verified by management, who determine based on the compiled
data. An executive information system can be used to analyze organizational dynamics and
allow consumers to easily access personalized strategic information, which can be analyzed
in more depth (Laudon & Laudon, 2018).

Example:
Any famous television shows can also be seen as an extraordinary and surprising IS example.
The TV viewer is invited to vote on talent shows to decide which contestants will be present
for the next level of the programme. The machine which gathers and records votes is the
hardware machine, the steps these votes are taken (phone calls, email or online polls), and
the rules governing who is being eliminated are being used, as well as the voters who
participate in the system. The census tabulator, invented in 1890 by Herman Hollerith, is the
first large-scale mechanical information system that automates table work in the U.S.
census.

Significance of IS:
For each technical company, investment in business information technology is essential. For
any company that wishes to prosper, an outstanding organization is vital. Your business can
be coordinated, create quick strategies and take quicker decisions in all conditions with an
outstanding information system. Both knowledge can be handled and the execution of
company procedures can be enhanced by workers. The data is kept in a database of data
recorded with the company by your staff.
Quality information systems feature a MIS (Management Information System), designed to
coordinate the database and increase the company's productivity. With software, which
relies on any required resource in the system, MIS will provide you with history, current and
prediction knowledge. The data of your business is worthless and can only create further
issues without an excellent data organization. Any management who wants to change
could, using a great MIS, create a wider viewpoint. A MIS will therefore monitor the whole
company's organization and make it possible to evaluate independent processes. These
systems involve structured labor, information and expertise for the creation of useful goods
or services. Without a well-designed and organized information system, the business cannot
compete with other profitable businesses.

Global Information System:

A Worldwide ITS/GIS database offers information on the localization and features of real-
world characteristics. It links businesses in two countries. It is an income tax structure for a
citizen if received in their country of origin or in another country. The global information
system combines all types of geographically references information with hardware,
applications and data for storing, handling, evaluating and displayed. The Global Information
System helps us in many ways, to display, analyze, query, and view data in the form of maps,
globes, reports and charts, showing relationships, patterns and trends (Laudon & Laudon,
2018).

Transaction Processing System:

The method for handling purchases allows the organization to generate records and results
promptly. TPS can help lower costs and offer a strategic edge to the business. This allows
the organization to offer its customers goods and services. When customers buy the
commodity, transaction data are generated that is captured by the processing device for the
transaction.
Inter-organizational System:
Inter-organization is essential for company knowledge as you can learn more about your
market and other companies. In collaboration with other organisations you can extend your
expertise and experience to improve your understanding of your profession or subject
matter. You would meet many people and develop more partnerships to make your
business possible because it will be easier to get into work or get guidance from experts if
you were associated with more people. Around the same time, it will be easier for you to
trust and work together as a team of others because you have already experienced it
through services in all organisations, whether you were ever moved to another business or
to a partner.

Functional and Management System:

Great talent enables clients, families and peers at any corner of their industry to bring
sustainable benefit to them. Their management and control departments, human resources,
IT processes and the supply chain change life every day in true, concrete ways. Those are
wonderful places, as you imagine, for improving technological and managerial skills, for
learning the fundamental facets of our industry and for beginning a persistent, always
volatile and never painful postgraduate career.

Finance and Control:

Keeping the figures higher keeps them above the race. Enter the finance and control team
and enable you to give them a fresh advantage by the exact tracking and reporting of
company divisions and partnering roles in the strategic review. You should have a shot
regardless the financial history, with a large spectrum of obligations including expenses,
accounts, budgeting and taxation. The only thing is that you are open to modifying and
enhancing agreed procedures.

Human Resource:
HR provides opportunity in three main markets, as a function to draw, cultivate and engage
more of the exceptional talent they need to expand their business. You will develop a career
in a human resources relationship that lets line managers boost their organizational success
with people. Or maybe your talent is in a specialized field of human resources, for example,
procurement or teaching. Finally, you could enter your Scale Center, where your workers
take care of their daily needs so that they can concentrate their best efforts.

Information Technology:
They can unlock innovations by unlocking your own as part of IS/IT team. The GLOBE team
will be one of the main outlets for this. GLOBE is a global leader in industry and IS that
develops best practices and shared infrastructure. As part of GLOBE you can join a project
team working on better market practices and technical processes. Be prepared for several
challenges and partner with peers from different perspectives to make the thoughts known.

Supply Chain:
We reinvent with their supply chain role. They become a real development partner, ensuring
that those with client connections becomes dedicated to their improvements and to
distribution relationships. All this means that you are searching for a new line of experts in
the supply chain. You may also work in a variety of tasks – a professional customer service, a
request manager or a supply chain planner. The main argument is that your goods will be
taken closer to their buyers by ensuring that they are in the correct shape at the right time.

Role of IS in decision making:

In information management systems, you can make valid decisions by correct and up-to-date
information and analytical functions. You have to be confident that you can work with the
information formats you can use to have the functionality you like with the management
information system you want. The simple data available from your business practices and
documents should be structured into reports in the correct management information
systems, so that you can find direction about your choices (Abu-Naser & Al Shobaki, 2016).
If you focus your decisions on information systems available to management, they represent
information obtained from your company's activities. In information management systems,
the work-level data is gathered and structured into useful formats. Including revenue
figures, rate, and expenditure and employee figures in management information systems. If
you have to know how much the business has benefited every year by making a decision in
the last five years, management information systems will provide you with reliable statistics.
A crucial decision-making tool is the opportunity to run simulations. This function is
implemented with some management information systems, while others will provide
information on other applications, such as tablets, needed for running scenarios. What
happens if you decide in a certain direction affects your choice. It will join decreased
personnel or expanded sales expenditures to see what happens with various cuts or
changes in income, costs and profit. In order to make practical situations feasible,
management information systems play a vital role. Any decisions you make will affect the
business consequences and will include improvements in the organizational plan and overall
priorities. Included or can provide information that can allow you to conduct such an
analysis are either pattern analysis management systems. Projections on all basic
operational outcomes are used in traditional market strategies. A pattern review helps you
to display what your outcomes will be and how these results will change after the actions
you have made have been enforced. Your strategy plan is focused on the latest principles
(de Camargo Fiorini et al., 2017).

Case Studies:
Nike Inc.:
In order to solve changing market and consumer needs Nike is building a new, highly
flexible, cloud and retail network platform for next generation. The company sportswear
plans to make its new technology the basis for the virtualisation of the various data centers
worldwide. The new network would also improve application efficiency and IT versatility for
the retailer. Nike has selected network provider Juniper in order to support their existing
and potential market priorities with its cloud computing initiative and will implement new
architecture in Juniper's datacenter, MetaFabric. Juniper unveiled last year MetaFabric -
which connects its switching, routing and applications through a robust cloud networking
and datacenter solution. According to Andre Kindness, senior analyst for Forrester Research,
the architecture connected to networking with the datacenter pushes the networking
industry beyond a myopic approach. The networking of the data centers and the cloud, he
said was behind other aspects of the IT industry. The foundation for the virtualization of
several Nike data centers around the world would also be MetaFabric. The athletic brand is
located on Nike's colleges and multi-tenant, third-party data centers on the world. More
than 18 datacenters (de Camargo Fiorini et al., 2017).

Figure 2: Nike IS

The business model includes two primary information structures. The first named A is an
information system which is exchanged by rivals and suppliers by Nike Inc. So Nike contacts
this device if it needs information about its vendors and the same thing happens to its rivals.
On the other hand, the providers will also be told by a single information system about the
organisations they are servicing. Nike may also order goods and provide its vendors with
payment communications through the same method. There is another information structure
called B, which describes all actual and future information flows between the focal company
(Nike Inc.) and its rivals and their clients. The Nike scheme provides customers with details.
Similarly, its rivals, such as Adidas, can also collect information from its clients or from their
competitors to represent. It is also important to remember that the flow of information can
go everywhere, demonstrating that all organisations in this model can exchange information
among themselves (DeLone & McLean, 2016).

Amazon Inc.:
At Amazon, the business process refers to activities intended to accomplish business
objectives. Three independent divisions include policy making, processes and competitive
plans. These tasks. At Amazon.com, information management optimize enterprise
procedures for transactions by collecting and storing product information, current
employment, hardware and service information, supply chain information and other
operations information. The primary role is to provide organizational support. Knowledge
process applications in production plans, packaging controllers and production tracking
systems. Furthermore, IT programs capture human resource records, pay arrangements, job
experience and information on people. IT programs translate this information into
information costs per employee and production per employee.
Figure 3: Amazon IS

Amazon.com, particularly the product page, should prevent cluttering of pages. So much
inconsistency distracts future buyers from the goods seen on a particular product page
because of multiple ads. The website of Amazon.com lacks contact details and forces a
customer to look for these records. In order to provide important details about the company
including contacts, biography and history information, the company should enhance its
website. The organization can also have notices to warn consumers about the arrival of new
goods (de Camargo Fiorini et al., 2017).

Conclusion & Recommendations:

Management involves the processing and dissemination of knowledge and information
processes, ensuring that administrators can interact easily and efficiently with information
systems. E-mail is easy and reliable but administrators can still more effectively use
information structures by keeping records in files they share with the workers who need
them. This kind of collaboration allows workers to systematically cooperate. By making
improvements to the system, each employee may share extra information. The boss gathers
the insights and gives his target group the revised document. The key priorities of every
business owner are to eliminate human error and to optimize quality of work. But without a
decent information system that contains the data you need in only a couple of seconds, they
cannot be done. Enterprises should involve recent technological advancements in
Information Systems.

References:
 Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2018). Management information systems: managing the
digital firm. Pearson Education Limited.
 de Camargo Fiorini, P., & Jabbour, C. J. C. (2017). Information systems and sustainable
supply chain management towards a more sustainable society: Where we are and
where we are going. International Journal of Information Management, 37(4), 241-249.
 Al-Emran, M., Mezhuyev, V., Kamaludin, A., & Shaalan, K. (2018). The impact of
knowledge management processes on information systems: A systematic
review. International Journal of Information Management, 43, 173-187.
 DeLone, W. H., & McLean, E. R. (2016). Information systems success
measurement. Foundations and Trends® in Information Systems, 2(1), 1-116.
 Abu-Naser, S. S., & Al Shobaki, M. J. (2016). Computerized Management Information
Systems Resources and their Relationship to the Development of Performance in the
Electricity Distribution Company in Gaza.
 Abu Amuna, Y. M., Al Shobaki, M. J., & Abu-Naser, S. S. (2017). The Role of
Knowledge-Based Computerized Management Information Systems in the
Administrative Decision-Making Process.